Family Economic Situation Research Articles

Analysis of the influencing factors of fearful anxiety for patients before surgery and nursing interventions

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of preoperative fearful anxiety,and explore the effect of nursing intervention for the improvement of preoperative fearful anxiety. Methods 500 cases of surgical patients in our hospital from January 2009 to January 2010 were chosen as the research objects.They were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 250 patients in each group.The control group was given routine preoperative nursing care.The observation group was given preoperative nursing intervention.The general information,surgery program,knowledge of surgical program,the patients' family situation and economic situation were taken for statistics.Their SAS score 30 minutes before the surgery was determined,and the influencing factors of preoperative fearful anxiety were analyzed. Results The study showed that the influencing factors of fearful anxiety included:character,education background,family economic status,knowledge of the situation of surgery and other factors.The anxiety score 30 min before surgery was compared,the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group.The difference between the two groups was significant. Conclusions The preoperative fearful anxiety was directly related to patients' own situation and level of medical services.Fully understanding of the situation before surgery and targeted preoperative nursing interventions can effectively reduce preoperative anxiety,and is conducive to the successful implementation of operation and postoperative rehabilitation. Key words: Preoperative fearful anxiety; Influencing factors; Nursing intervention

Investigation on the unintentional injuries among rural children in Shaanxi province

To investigate the current status of unintentional injuries among rural children aged 0 - 12 years in Shaanxi. Using a three-stage stratified random sampling method to study the status of unintentional injuries among 4668 children aged 0 - 12 years old during the period of 2010 in rural areas of Shaanxi province. The overall incidence of injure was 27.3%, with boys as 28.7% and girls as 25.6% respectively (χ(2) = 5.91, P = 0.015). Age differences in unintentional injuries rate were also significant (χ(2) = 9.91, P = 0.007), with children under 0 - 3 years old having the highest rate of injuries, followed by 7 - 12 and 4 - 6 year-olds. Falls took the leading type of accident among both sexes and all age groups. Poorer the family economic situation was, higher the incidence of unintentional injuries appeared. Falls was the leading cause of unintentional injuries among rural children in Shaanxi province, with age 0 - 3 year group appeared the highest to suffer unintentional injuries. Unintentional injuries were associated with the economic status of the families.

Hong Kong Chinese community leaders' perspectives on family health, happiness and harmony: a qualitative study

This paper examines the views of Hong Kong community leaders on the underlying issues that affect family health, happiness and harmony (3Hs) in Hong Kong. Using a community reconnaissance method, a series of individual in-depth interviews with 26 leaders that represent neighbourhoods of diverse socio-economic status (SES) from June to August 2008 were conducted. Participants considered that changing family structure, economic situation and strong work ethic are the most salient factors that affect family 3Hs. The deprived comprehensive social security assistance recipients, single-parent families and migrant women were considered to be the most vulnerable groups to breakdown in family 3Hs and particularly, they lack family resources. Families from different SES have to overcome different challenges in order to achieve and sustain family 3Hs. Leaders from low SES neighbourhood were concerned more about providing tangible help such as child care facilities to improve family resources, whereas leaders from high SES neighbourhood focused more on preventive interventions such as education on relationship skills to achieve better family well-being. The findings offer insights in designing effective social marketing education campaigns and family-friendly workplace policy to promote social harmony through the maintenance of 3Hs families.

Social Attitudes of Turkish Students Towards Participation in Physical Education and Sport

The aim of the study was to determine the factors that are effective in encouraging Turkish high school students to try sports and to identify ways to increase the number of students taking part in sport. The importance of sport in acquiring appropriate social attitudes, making good use of free time, and acquiring self-discipline and positive attitudes by learning patience, anger management, tolerance, courage, affection, and competition has been noted. In the study it was found that factors that are effective for encouraging potential participants vary according to gender and family economic situation. It was found that families give more encouragement to males compared to females for participating in sports. Wealthier families were also found to provide more support compared to less well-off families.

Overweight and obesity among adolescents in Norway: a response from the UK

The article by Groholt et al.1 is valuable for its insights into the cultural and socio-economic differences that affect whether adolescents are overweight or obese, and these differences are important public health issues. However, as medical students who represent a relatively similar age group to the participants in the study, we question the accuracy of the self-reporting. Reflecting on our experiences in the UK, we consider that many 15–16 year olds will not be able to reliably categorize their family's economic situation. We also question whether a teenager's future educational plans at this age are an accurate proxy for socio-economic status, and whether social desirability bias may act to some degree when filling in the questionnaire. The use of self-reported height and weight is often unavoidable; however, evidence exists describing the underestimation of weight and overestimation of height by adolescents, particularly girls.2–4 With this in mind, it would be relevant to know whether the questionnaires were filled out alone and privately, or publicly with friends/colleagues in a classroom. The lack of association between physical activity, overweight and obese status seems evidence in itself of possible inaccuracies in self-reporting. We wonder if the term ‘activity’ is too diffuse and if further clarification of its appropriate use may have led to a different result. Furthermore, we suggest an assessment of mental health status among the participants could have added an extra-dimension to the results and subsequent conclusions, especially as evidence exists showing an association between body weight, psychological well-being and future aspirations.5 We appreciate our relative lack of knowledge of Norwegian adolescent cultures compared with the authors'. However, the issues we have described might assist the public health initiatives in Norway and possibly facilitate the application of the results to other countries.

Comparative analysis of environmental risk factors in nine years in an area polluted by arsenic coal-burning in Guizhou Province

Objective To comparatively analyze the changes of environmental risk factors in 9 years in an area polluted by arsenic coal-burning in Xingren County of Guizhou Province,in order to provide evidence for reasoning the occurrence and development as well as its effective prevention and control.Methods Epidemiological sampling methods was used to conduct follow-up investigation on 181 arsenism patients who were diagnosed in 1998 in arsenic polluted area.Control group included 65 residents who lived far from polluted area of 12 km.The follow up investigation included age,sexuality,family economic situation,time of use or stop use of arsenic coal, ventilation of the room,desiccation of food etc.Diethyl dithiocarbamate silver(Ag-DDC)method was used to detect arsenic content of coal,soil,air,water and rice,corn,chili;Single factor and multivariate factors non-conditional Logistic regression models were used to analyze exposure factors of patients and related environmental risk factom, and the differences of those in 1998 and 2006 were compared. Results The arsenic content in indoor and outdoor air,coal,chili and corn went down from 0.0880 and 0.0220 mg/m3,397.20,45.07 and 2.64 mg/kg in 1998 to 0.0790 and 0.0070 mg/m3,93.01,3.46 and 1.50 mg/kg in 2006. Arsenic contents of other samples were less than national standard. The analysis of single factor and multivariate factors non-conditional Logistic regression showed that time of using high arsenic coal,age,fluorosis and smoking(x2 = 50.159,12.195,37.69,6.358,P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01 ) were still the main risk factors for arsenism,while family economic situation was still influential factors (X2 = 4.614,P ＜ 0.05);Ventilation of the room changed from a risk factors at 1998 to an influencing factors at 2006(X2 = 38.093,P ＜ 0.01 ). Single factor non-conditional Logistic regression model analysis showed that food desiccation by arsenic coal-burning and educational level were no longer risk and influencing factors,while food preservation and gender had become influencing factors(x2 = 17.463,11.004,all P ＜ 0.01 ) nine years after. Conclusions Environmental arsenic pollution in arsenism area in Guizhou Province has been obviously improved after nine years. However,the continued existence of low doses of arsenic pollution is still a major cause of failure of controlling arsenism. Time of using high arsenic coal,age,smoking,fluorosis,family economic situation and ventilating room are closely related to the occurrence and the development of arsenism. Prohibition of use of high arsenic coal,furnace improvement,health education and economic development are effective measures Key words: Air pollution,indoor; Arsenic poisoning; Coal; Risk factors

The impact of HIV/AIDS on families and children - a study in China

The goal of the study was to understand the needs of families and children affected by HIV/AIDS. This study used a mixed method combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Focus groups were conducted with local health workers, local schoolteachers, village leaders, persons living with HIV/AIDS, and caregivers for children affected by HIV/AIDS in Anhui, China. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 154 caregivers of HIV-affected children. The majority of the caregivers interviewed in the quantitative study were parents (84%), 80% were HIV-positive, and 58% were female. About 54% of the caregivers rated quality of life as poor and 85% reported frequent negative feelings. The annual income per person for HIV/AIDS affected families was much lower than the provincial average. HIV also impacted family relations and family economic situation. The impact of HIV on children was reflected in children's school performance. Children's nutrition and health were also compromised. Interventions that address the challenges that families face, build families' coping skills, and form supportive local community networks, are needed.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PREDICTORS OF LIFE STYLE. A PILOT STUDY

In epidemiological studies there exists the evidence of relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health. The suspicious cause of these differences is life-style. The aim of the presented study was to identify the relationship between SES, demographic characteristics and the life-style in an industrial region. A structured questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of some 3,000 aged 25-70 and collected by postal delivery. The SES and demographic factors being analysed were sex, age, education, marital status and economic situation of the family in the relationship with a wide range of information on life style. The data was analysed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. The total number of analysed questionnaires was 634. The lowest response-rate was in the group with the basic education. Significant differences were found by sex in education (less women with university degree) and household income (more women in the lowest income category, men in the highest one). A detail analysis of the aggregated variables (adjusted for all SES variables) found: passivity and contentment were in adverse correlation with the level of education and economic situation; psychical well-being was correlated with family status and economic situation, risk behaviour was correlated with all SES factors except sex and education. Among the analysed factors economical situation of respondents, family and education were the most significant determinants of the differences in life-style.

Alcohol consumption in a national sample of the Russian population.

Alcohol has been suggested as an important determinant of mortality in Russia but survey data on individuals' alcohol consumption in Russia are sparse. We have analysed the levels and distribution of alcohol consumption in a national sample of the Russian population. Cross-sectional survey. A multi-stage random sample of men and women of the Russian Federation (N = 1599, response rate 66%). Data on frequency of drinking alcohol and the average amount consumed at one occasion were collected in an interview. Information was also collected on smoking, self-rated health and a broad range of socio-economic factors and political attitudes. Nine per cent of men and 35% of women reported that they never drink alcohol; 10% of men and 2% women drink several times a week; 44% of men and 6% of women reported that they drink an equivalent of 25 cl of vodka or more at one occasion and 31% of men and 3% of women would do so at least once a month (25 cl of vodka contains 78.5 g of absolute alcohol). There were differences in alcohol consumption between geographical areas. Material deprivation was not related to alcohol consumption. Among men, smokers, unmarried, unemployed and men reporting poor health consumed more alcohol; women with higher education, widows, non-smoking and with worse health consumed less alcohol. Variables related to reaction to economic and political changes, rating of family economic situation general satisfaction or political preferences were not related to alcohol consumption. While the overall levels of alcohol consumption appeared low, possibly due to under-reporting, the proportion of men who can be considered as "binge drinkers" was relatively high. The absence of sizable socio-economic differences suggest that drinking may be spread relatively uniformly in Russia, especially among males. Alcohol consumption seems unrelated to individuals' perception of the recent societal changes.

Does aging mean a better life for women?

OBJECTIVE: To study 10-year changes in selected quality of life dimensions in a cohort of aging Eastern Finnish women. DESIGN: Ten-year follow-up of a representative population sample. SETTING: The county of Kuopio in Eastern Finland. PARTICIPANTS: In 1982, a representative sample (n = 296) of 50 to 60-year-old women was examined in the FIN-MONICA study. Ten years later, 241 of the participants were re-examined. MEASUREMENTS: Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data. Self-rated health, self-rated physical fitness, frequency of leisure time physical activity, functional capacity, reported symptoms, occurrence of diseases, and satisfaction with family life and economic situation were measured. In 1992, total life satisfaction at that moment and 5 years earlier were also assessed. RESULTS: The self-rated health assessment remained unchanged. During the 10 years from 1982 to 1992, the proportion of women who reported diagnosed cardiopulmonary diseases increased; angina pectoris, in particular, increased from 6% to 20%. However, even though their running ability had decreased, the number of women rating their physical fitness as good or fairly good increased from 23% to 32%. The participants reported significantly less headache and feelings of exhaustion than they had 10 years earlier. Average satisfaction with their economic situation increased, and satisfaction with family life remained the same. Thirty-seven percent of the women rated their current life situation as better than 5 years previously, 29% felt that it had remained the same, and 34% indicated that it had become worse during the past 5 years. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that some quality of life dimensions may improve during aging in postmenopausal women.

Does aging mean a better life for women?

To study 10-year changes in selected quality of life dimensions in a cohort of aging Eastern Finnish women. Ten-year follow-up of a representative population sample. The county of Kuopio in Eastern Finland. In 1982, a representative sample (n = 296) of 50 to 60-year-old women was examined in the FIN-MONICA study. Ten years later, 241 of the participants were re-examined. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data. Self-rated health, self-rated physical fitness, frequency of leisure time physical activity, functional capacity, reported symptoms, occurrence of diseases, and satisfaction with family life and economic situation were measured. In 1992, total life satisfaction at that moment and 5 years earlier were also assessed. The self-rated health assessment remained unchanged. During the 10 years from 1982 to 1992, the proportion of women who reported diagnosed cardiopulmonary diseases increased; angina pectoris, in particular, increased from 6% to 20%. However, even though their running ability had decreased, the number of women rating their physical fitness as good or fairly good increased from 23% to 32%. The participants reported significantly less headache and feelings of exhaustion than they had 10 years earlier. Average satisfaction with their economic situation increased, and satisfaction with family life remained the same. Thirty-seven percent of the women rated their current life situation as better than 5 years previously, 29% felt that it had remained the same, and 34% indicated that it had become worse during the past 5 years. These data suggest that some quality of life dimensions may improve during aging in postmenopausal women.

The birth order factor: ordinal position, social strata, and educational achievement.

The relationship between birth order and academic attainment of 817 men and women from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States was explored. A measure of respondents' family economic situation during their growing-up years was incorporated. Birth order was found to have an impact on total years of education completed among members of the middle class. The observed patterns also indicate that "only" children, contrary to findings of previous research, appear disproportionately to excel in terms of educational attainment. These findings support a resource-dilution hypothesis.

Family Economic Hardship, Parental Support, and Adolescent Self-Esteem

Basing our research on self-reports and observational data from a sample of 451 families of early adolescents, we use structural equation modeling to examine the effects of parents' reports of family economic hardship on the self-esteem of their adolescent children. We found that family economic hardship affects early adolescents' self-esteem indirectly by decreasing parental support and involvement, but had a very weak direct effect. We conclude that the effects of the family's economic hard times on parents' behaviors toward their adolescent children are more psychologically central to early adolescents than are the direct consequences of the family's economic situation. The psychological effects of socioeco

Women's off-farm work and gender stratification

We argue that the traditional conjugal division of labour found in the household reflects more general patterns of gender stratification as deplcted in theories of patriarchal capitalism. We selected the farm household in order to explore empirically factors affecting the organization of family work roles. Data are from a survey of 416 married farm couples from Louisiana. The suggestion that women in higher status occupations exercise more control over their domestic situation finds no support within our farm family data. The kind of off-farm occupation of farm husbands, on the other hand, has some effect on how record-keeping activities are allocated, more wives being involved when the husband has a blue collar job off the farm. These findings suggest that the more directly household labour is linked to the economic welfare of the family, the greater the influence of the male's human capital characteristics on the allocation of those tasks. Women's responsibility for household tasks not directly related to the family's economic situation remains resistant to both the human capital and socialization factors we examined. The nature of these relations suggests that the patriarchal capitalism model offers a credible explanation and should provide the stimulus for continued empirical research.

The utilisation of preschool health and education services

The distribution of the utilisation of health and education services during the period from birth to 5 years was studied in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. Overall patterns of service utilisation showed the presence of considerable inequities with children in the lowest 8% of the distribution receiving seven or fewer of the available services in contrast to the children in the top 8% of the distribution who received in excess of 15 services. Patterns of service utilisation showed a clear tendency to vary with the child's social and familial characteristics with children from socially disadvantaged home backgrounds, unplanned and later born children, children from economically depressed home environments and children in families facing various forms of stress and adversity showing a clear tendency to receive less care than other children. Path modelling of the results suggested that the child's family social background and family composition made the largest direct contributions to variations in rates of service utilisation with family economic situation and levels of adversity having smaller but nonetheless statistically significant effects. It is concluded that the findings provide a clear case study of the way in which well intentioned social policies may emphasise rather than eliminate inequities in the care received by children.

Recruitment to a Ritual Role

In the Zutuhil-Maya community of San Pedro la Laguna, a Guatemalan highland settlement with a population of 5000 Indians, midwives are recruited from the pool of married women in the 35-40 year age range who have heavy responsibilities as wives and mothers. They are relatively few in number and carry heavier patient loads than midwives in other communities. Their office is owed to divine mandate, and their work is guided by supernatural tutelaries. Duties of the midwives in this community include ritual performances. As sacred professionals, Pedrano midwives enjoy high status. The biography of Juana, a prototypical midwife, is recounted to illustrate how some Pedrano women do manage to become midwives. In San Pedro, midwives are born and not made, yet this is only the 1st step in the selection process. The common elements of the pattern of selection and recruitment include birth signs, enigmatic dreams in preadolescent years, the onset during married life of misforture and persisting illness accompanied by dream revelation, confirmation by a shaman of the woman's true destiny, discovery of strange objects mysteriously placed in her path, and disappearance of ill health and ill fortune upon beginning practice. The women who go this entire route and become successful midwives tend to share certain characteristics related to family background, parental expectation, and economic situation.

Resource Use In Household Activity Patterns—A Systems Approach*

Primary objective of this study was to identify from observed activities of the homemaker and family members patterns of resource conservation and augmentation that might explain improvement in the family's economic situation. Observations were performed in 30 rural nonfarm households, all reporting incomes below the poverty level five years previous to the study. An ecological systems model of the household was developed from categories of observed activities. Data indicated that patterns in which storage of materials was a frequently performed activity were most promising for further investigation. A high degree of interdependency was exhibited among household activities

PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DI KELUARGA

Family is the first and foremost environment for a human child. In the family a child is raised, learns the ways of association that he will develop later in the social life environment that is outside the family. In simple terms it can be argued that the function of the family is to stabilize the family situation in the sense of stabilizing the family's economic situation. Then the family functions also educate and maintain the physical and psychological family, including religious life.
 Here the role of parents, especially mothers, is very influential on the development of the child. Family education is called primary education because in this environment all human potential is formed and partially developed. There are even some potentials that have developed in family education. Children will grow up to be characterless individuals if they can grow in a characteristic environment, so that the nature of every child born holy can develop optimally. Character education must start from the family to build a noble national personality. To achieve the child's character expected by parents, parenting given by the family to children is closely related to the character of the child in his growth and development. These characters will be carried to adulthood even if they form their own family.
 On the contrary, family failure in shaping children's character will result in the growth of a society that has no character. Therefore, every family must have an awareness that the formation of children's character is very dependent on character education at home. Furthermore, Megawangi (2003) mentions that there are at least three basic children's needs that must be met, namely maternal bonding, security, and physical and mental stimulation