Araceae Research Articles

Research Hotspots and Development Trends of Konjac Based on Bibliometric Analysis

Amorphophallus belongs to the family Araceae and contains a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide that was originally extracted from corms called Konjac glucomannan. During the past 10 years, a vast body of research of Amorphophallus konjac has been published. Based on the Web of Science literature database, this work used Co-Occurrence, VOSviewer, and SciMAT bibliometrics analysis software tools to conduct literature analyses and big data mining of Amorphophallus Konjac research from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2021. Therefore, the present research sorted the development process of this field and analyzed the popular changes in research topics by combing through the visualization of the analysis results to systematically review and forecast the research of Amorphophallus Konjac-related fields. This work discusses current research trends and hotspots and explores and analyzes the content that needs improvement to provide a reference for follow-up research.

The Effects of Different Strength of MS Media on In Vitro Propagation and Rooting of Spathiphyllum

The Spathiphyllum, is an indoor ornamental plant belonging to the Araceae family. Spathiphyllum genus, which has 36 species in nature, is a very strong growing and easy to care for an indoor plant. Vegetative propagation of spathiphyllum is known to be difficult. For this reason, current production does not meet the demand sufficiently. Today, plant tissue culture methods are used in addition to classical production methods to meet the increasing demand for spathiphyllum. In the present study, we aimed to detect the effects of different strengths (full, ½, and ¼) of MS media on micropropagation and rooting of spathiphyllum. Shoot tips of spathiphyllum ‘chico’ variety were cultured in different strengths of MS media containing 1 mg L-1 BAP for micropropagation. Plantlets obtained from micropropagation were transferred to different strengths of MS media containing 1 mg L-1 IBA for rooting. Plantlets in magenta boxes were removed and replaced in a controlled greenhouse. The best strength of medium was detected as the full MS in all parameters in vitro propagation. The rooting rate was determined 100% for each medium. However, there are significant differences among the media in view of the number of roots, length of roots.

BIO EFFICACY OF EPIPREMNUM AUREUM: A REVIEW

Epipremnum aureum belonging to the family Araceae are most commonly known as Money plant. Epipremnum aureum species is one of the most popular houseplant and generally used for a ornamental purposes. It is a common indoor plant and has air purifying properties which removes air pollutants such as xylene, formaldehyde and benzne.. In this article, we review origin, distribution, morphological characters, Qualitative screening, ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal properties of Epipremnum aureum. Every part of the E.aureum possess antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It can also contain anti-malarial, anti-cancerous and wound healing etc properties. There are many more hidden properties in Epipremnum species that need to be exposed through using the scientific investigation to make it useful for the human health and environment.

Diversity of Floricultural Crops traded in Langsa City Aceh Indonesia

Indonesia is a tropical country that has abundant biodiversity, including floriculture plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of floricultural plants traded in Langsa City. Determination of the research location by purposive sampling. This research was conducted using survey and interview methods, namely tracing floriculture plant traders in each sub-district of Langsa City. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively, namely grouping by type (species) and family. The diversity of floricultural plants traded in Langsa City is 234 species belonging to 61 families. In Langsa Baro sub-district there are 109 species and 39 families; Langsa Barat as many as 52 species and 19 families; Langsa Kota as many as 96 species and 37 families; Langsa Lama as many as 26 species and 12 families; Langsa Timur as many as 86 species and 30 families. The Araceae family is the largest family found in all floricultural plants traded in Langsa City, which is as many as 51 species.

Comparative analysis of ICE1 and ICE2 gene expression in Arum Korolkovii (Araceae family) under low temperature stress

The identification of mechanisms of plant resistance and adaptation to adverse environmental factors opens broad prospects for the development of breeding biotechnology. The subject of the present study was Arum Korolkovii, a rare endemic species in Central Asia, included in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. In the present work a comparative analysis of expression of ICE1 and ICE2 genes involved in abiotic stress response in the studied plant under cold and frost conditions was carried out. Low temperature stress was induced by placing the plants in cold rooms and reducing the temperature to 0...+2°C for seven days (cold stress), followed by temperature reduction to -4...-6°C for five days (freezing). The relative level of gene expression was analysed by classical polymerase chain reaction. Under stress induction, increased expression of both studied genes, with different levels of expression already at the stage of acclimatization, was shown. The genes studied can be resistance markers for finding donors in gene collections

Occurrence of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari, Tenuipalpidae) in the Southeast region of the state of Pará, Brazil.

The red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst attacks coconut, banana and açai trees. In 2007, the mite was recorded for the first time in South America. In the State of Pará, R. indica was recorded in the municipalities of the northwest, a region that is closer to the State of Amazonas, called ‘Low Amazons’. Between October and November 2019, it was observed, by chance, that coconut and banana plants infested by R. indica, in residential backyards in municipalities from Marabá and Parauapebas, Southest of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Three species from the Araceae family, two from Arecaceae, one Heliconiaceae and one Zingiberaceae, in addition to the banana Musaceae and açaí plantations, were examined. All stages of development of R. indica were found on coconut, banana trees and imperial palms, and few individuals were found on areca palm and red ginger leaves. This is the first record of the occurrence of the pest mite in the Southeast Pará sub-region.

Study on the effect of antioxidants on the quality and antioxidants capacity of duck sausages

Areca taro is a plant of the Araceae family, which is rich in starch and dietary fiber. Taro is boiled and mashed to make a paste, which is called taro paste. The fat content of duck sausages is high, and the nutritional composition of sausages can be improved by adding taro puree and provide the special aroma of taro in the sausages. Thus, the research object is duck sausage with taro paste. This study aimed to improve the quality and prevent oxidation of duck sausage with taro paste by adding ginger juice, onion juice and sodium erythorbate as safe antioxidants. The quality characteristics of sausages were evaluated by analyzing the cooking loss, colour, texture and sensory changes, and the optimal amount of antioxidants was obtained by analyzing the acid value, TBARS value, and DPPH free radical scavenging rate. The research results show that adding D-sodium erythorbate to duck sausage can significantly reduce the hardness of the sausage, maintain the elasticity of the sausage, and effectively slow down the pH value of the sausage during the oxidation process. The water retention and oil retention of duck sausage maintain the brightness value of the sausage. The sausage with D-sodium erythorbate has better antioxidant capacity. The acid value and TBARS value of the sausage added with D-sodium erythorbate at 18 h were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the DPPH was significantly increased. This technology can provide data support and reference for food processing companies. The taro paste would be widely used as food ingredients in future.

An Unusual Cause of Upper Airway Obstruction: A Case Report

Background: Dumb cane, or Dieffenbachia, is a tropical decorative house plant belonging to the Araceae family and the Arum class, and its colored leaves are appealing to children.
 Objective: The rationale of this report is to notify health workers and the community about the danger of such plant poisoning and increase awareness about its toxic effect on humans.
 Case Report: A 14-month-old girl presented to the emergency department complaining of a history of cough, difficult breathing, excessive crying, lip swelling, and drooling of saliva after ingestion of Dieffenbachia. Upon arrival, she had mild respiratory distress associated with stridor. Her examination showed lip swelling, tongue sore, and redness with scattered blisters. These symptoms resolved after a few hours of receiving respiratory support with oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, intravenous Dexamethasone, racemic epinephrine, oral antihistamines, and normal saline rinses.
 Conclusion: The community lacks awareness about home plant poisoning. The significance of reporting such cases highlights the need for parents and community awareness to prevent the toxicity of more people, especially youngsters.

Identifying and characterizing Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum causing spot blight on Pinellia ternata in China.

BackgroundPinellia ternata (Thunb.), a perennial herbal plant in the Araceae family, has great medicinal value and market demand. In August 2020, an outbreak of severe leaf spot blight disease resulted in a huge yield loss of P. ternata. It is necessary to isolate and identify the pathogens that cause spot blight on P. ternata.MethodsIn this study, we isolated and identified the pathogens by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Disease samples with typical spot blight symptoms were collected and pathogens were isolated from the diseased tissues. The pathogen was identified based on its biological characteristics and molecular analysis of internal transcribed (rDNA-ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequences. Phylogenetic tree were constructed using MEGA7 software and pathogenicity tests were performed using in vivo inoculation. Finally, the pathogen was recovered and identified from the inoculated plants.ResultsBased on Koch’s postulates, we identified the pathogen causing spot blight on P. ternata as Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore spot blight on P. ternata caused by S. cucurbitacearum in China.

Tandem high resolution mass spectrometry based phytochemical composition of Sauromatum guttatum tubers and its enzyme inhibitory potential with molecular docking

Sauromatum guttatum has been traditionally used in the treatment of snakebite and tumors in India, Pakistan, and China. However, it lacks detailed phytochemical composition like other members of the family Araceae. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical composition of crude methanolic extract and subsequent fractions from S. guttatum tubers and to determine their enzyme inhibitory potentials. The phytochemical profile was studied through tandem high-resolution mass-based phytochemical analysis and Global Natural Product Social (GNPS) molecular networking. Similarly, crude extract and fractions were also investigated for enzyme inhibitory activity against urease and α-glucosidase. Twenty-six compounds were dereplicated belonging to flavone C-glycosides, flavone O-glycosides, phenolic acids, phenolic acid glycosides, and iridoid glycosides. The n-butanol fraction was particularly found rich in flavone di-C-glycosides including schaftoside, isoschaftoside, neoschaftoside, and vicenin-2. The n-butanol fraction exhibited the highest in vitro inhibition against urease and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 113.7 µg/mL and 155.3 µg/mL, respectively. The results of enzyme inhibition potential were also supported by in silico molecular docking studies against the above-mentioned enzymes. This is the first report on the detailed phytochemical profile of S. guttatum tubers, and these results will contribute to the chemosystematic knowledge of the Araceae family. The results of this study also suggest that S. guttatum may find possible applications in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and diabetes.

Chemical profiles and biological activities of essential oils of Arisaema and Homalomena species (Araceae) – A review

In this review, the chemical compositions and bioactivities of the essential oils isolated from Arisaema and Homalomena species, two large genera belonging to the Araceae family, have been reported for the first time. Accordingly, the essential oils isolated from the plants of two genera consisted of some chemical groups, including monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, etc. In addition, the essential oils and their major compounds isolated from Arisaema and Homalomena plants possessed biological activities, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, nematicidal, antiproliferative, larvicidal and anthelmintic activities. This review mainly provides information on the Arisaema and Homalomena oils which are able to use as a guide for the collection of the species with the best chemical composition and biological activities.

Complete chloroplast genome sequences of three aroideae species (Araceae): lights into selective pressure, marker development and phylogenetic relationships

BackgroundColocasia gigantea, Caladium bicolor and Xanthosoma sagittifolium are three worldwide famous ornamental and/or vegetable plants in the Araceae family, these species in the subfamily Aroideae are phylogenetically perplexing due to shared interspecific morphological traits and variation.ResultThis study, for the first time ever, assembled and analyzed complete chloroplast genomes of C. gigantea, C. bicolor and X. sagittifolium with genome sizes of 165,906 bp, 153,149 bp and 165,169 bp in length, respectively. The genomes were composed of conserved quadripartite circular structures with a total of 131 annotated genes, including 8 rRNA, 37 tRNA and 86 protein-coding genes. A comparison within Aroideae showed seven protein-coding genes (accD, ndhF, ndhK, rbcL, rpoC1, rpoC2 and matK) linked to environmental adaptation. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed a close relationship of C. gigantea with C. esculenta and S. colocasiifolia, and the C. bicolor with X. sagittifolium. Furthermore, three DNA barcodes (atpH-atpI + psaC-ndhE, atpH-atpI + trnS-trnG, atpH-atpI + psaC-ndhE + trnS-trnG) harbored highly variable regions to distinguish species in Aroideae subfamily.ConclusionThese results would be beneficial for species identification, phylogenetic relationship, genetic diversity, and potential of germplasm resources in Aroideae.

Composition of Spermatophyta (Seed Plants) in the Biological Greenhouse Area of Univet Bantara Sukoharjo

Spermatophyta is a seed plant with a very high diversity and is easily found in the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of Spermatophyta in the biological greenhouse of the Univet Bantara Sukoharjo. Research This research is exploratory description research with the cruising method (survey). The research was conducted in the biology greenhouse of the Univet Bantara Sukoharjo campus which has an area of about 350 m2. The research procedure consisted of several stages, namely the preparation of tools and materials, observation and documentation of Spermatophyta in the greenhouse, recording of plant characteristics, identification and determination of plants, and data analysis. determination result. The plants data collected were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that the composition of Spermatophyta in the biological greenhouse was 58 species and all of them were angiosperms group which included dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. The number of families found was 40 families. These results indicate that the biological greenhouse is not dominated by a few families but many families that live in the area. Families with more than one species are the Araceae family (talas taro tribe) with 6 species, the Euphorbiaceae family with 4 species, Papilionaceae and Asparagaceae each with 3 species, Mimosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Oxalidaceae, and Orchidaceae were found 2 species. The diversity in the composition of spermatophytes in terms of their families is quite diverse, but the number of species from each family is not large enough so that further development is needed to enrich the diversity of Spermatophyta compositions in the biological greenhouse.

Sustainable prospective of some selected species from Moraceae and Araceae family of Northeast India: A Review

The north-eastern region of India is a rich hub of floristic diversity. The intricate relationship between forest resources and indigenous people is a key to sustainability and rural livelihood. The objective is to review on some plants that has possible function for sustainable source of food. The regional people have been utilizing various species of the two commonly available angiosperm plant families viz. Araceae (Alocasia macrorrhizos, Colocasia esculenta) and Moraceae (Ficus carica, F. semicordata, F. auriculata) as a source of food, herbal medicine, and fodder plants. A variety of natural compounds found among various members of these two families are alkaloids viz., Alocasin B, ?-monopalmitin in A. macrorrhizos; flavonoids viz., orientin, isovitexin, in C. esculenta; betulinic acid, lupeol in F. auriculata; quercetin, leucine, tryptophan in F. carica; terpenoids like ?-thuzene, ?-pinene in F. semicordata; besides the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, fats, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, minerals like Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Cu. The rich tradition of indigenous herbal healthcare practices for curing various ailments are widespread among the rural communities. The review entails the indigenous practices with pharmacological efficacy, phytochemistry and sustainable prospects of Moraceae and Araceae which are widely used in food, nutraceutical and medicinal aspects. These lesser-known plant species may attribute to ecological restoration, bioremediation of toxic compounds, discovery of novel therapeutics, sources of carbon sink in near future as well.

Genome Size of Life Forms of Araceae-A New Piece in the C-Value Puzzle.

The genome size of an organism is an important trait that has predictive values applicable to various scientific fields, including ecology. The main source of plant C-values is the Plant DNA C-values database of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, which currently contains 12,273 estimates. However, it covers only 2.9% of known angiosperm species and has gaps in the life form and geographic distribution of plants. Only 4.5% of C-value estimates come from researchers in Central and South America. This study provides 41 new C-values for the aroid family (Araceae), collected in the Piedras Blancas National Park area in southern Costa Rica, including terrestrial, epiphytic and aquatic life forms. Data from our study are combined with C-value entries in the RBGK database for Araceae. The analysis reveals a wider range of C-values for terrestrial aroids, consistent with other terrestrial plants, a trend toward slightly lower C-values for epiphytic forms, which is more consistent for obligate epiphytes, and comparatively low C-values for aquatic aroids.

MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, PROXIMATE CONTENT, AND TOTAL PHENOL OF Lemna perpusilla Torr. GROWN IN SUMEDANG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

Water lentils or duckweeds (Lemnoideae, Araceae family) grow abundantly in the tropical aquatic environments of West Java, Indonesia. There are several types of Lemna plants, however, in this study, we explored Lemna perpusilla Torr. grown in Ciparanje Pond, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia for its potential to be utilized as a fish feed supplement. The antioxidant activity of this small-sized plant is believed to belong to the phenolic compounds or other active secondary metabolites contained in the plant. Methods used were molecular docking study, the proximate analysis, antioxidant activity using DPPH reagent, and determination of the total phenolic compounds of the plant. The molecular docking simulation was performed between zeaxanthin, lutein, carotenoid, and stigmasterol with the NADPH-dependent human carbonyl reductase-1 (hCBR-1), an enzyme that works by protecting cells against cellular damage resulting from oxidative stress. Phytochemical screening showed that our Lemna positively contains alkaloids, flavonoids or carotenoids, polyphenols, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids. Molecular docking simulation revealed that stigmasterol, lutein, zeaxanthin, and carotenoid in this plant could interact with important residues in the catalytic site of hCBR-1. The proximate analysis indicated a high content of crude protein and fat. The antioxidant activity conveyed a strong activity which is parallel with its total phenolic compounds content. It can be concluded that Lemna perpusilla Torr. grown in Ciparanje Pond, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia is the potential to be utilized as a fish feed supplement.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of Amorphophallus konjac provides insights into konjac glucomannan biosynthesis

Amorphophallus konjac, a perennial herb in the Araceae family, is a cash crop that can produce a large amount of konjac glucomannan. To explore mechanisms underlying such large genomes in the genus Amorphophallus as well as the gene regulation of glucomannan biosynthesis, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of A. konjac with a total genome size of 5.60 Gb and a contig N50 of 1.20 Mb. Comparative genomic analysis reveals that A. konjac has undergone two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events in quick succession. Two recent bursts of transposable elements are identified in the A. konjac genome, which contribute greatly to the large genome size. Our transcriptomic analysis of the developmental corms characterizes key genes involved in the biosynthesis of glucomannan and related starches. High expression of cellulose synthase-like A, Cellulose synthase-like D, mannan-synthesis related 1, GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase and phosphomannomutase fructokinase contributes to glucomannan synthesis during the corm expansion period while high expression of starch synthase, starch branching enzyme and phosphoglucomutase is responsible for starch synthesis in the late corm development stage. In conclusion, we generate a high-quality genome of A. konjac with different sequencing technologies. The expansion of transposable elements has caused the large genome of this species. And the identified key genes in the glucomannan biosynthesis provide valuable candidates for molecular breeding of this crop in the future.

An Upper Airway Obstruction by Dieffenbachia: A Case Report

Background: Dumb cane, or Dieffenbachia, is a tropical decorative house plant belonging to the Araceae family and the Arum class and its colored leaves are appealing to children. Objective: The rationale of this report is to notify health workers and the community about the danger of such plant poisoning and increase awareness about its toxic effect on humans. Case Report: A 14-month-old girl presented to the emergency department complaining of a history of cough, difficult breathing, excessive crying, lip swelling and drooling of saliva after ingestion of Dieffenbachia. Upon arrival, she had mild respiratory distress associated with stridor. Her examination showed lip swelling, tongue sore and redness with scattered blisters. These symptoms resolved after a few hours of receiving respiratory support with oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, intravenous Dexamethasone, racemic epinephrine, oral antihistamines and normal saline rinses. Conclusion: The community lacks awareness about home plant poisoning. The significance of reporting such cases highlights the need for parents and community awareness to prevent the toxicity of more people, especially youngsters.

In-Vivo Neuropharmacological and Anti-Nutrient Study of Methanolic Extract of Lemna Minor

Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of a country. They play a significant role in providing primary health care services to rural people. They serve as therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for the manufacture of traditional and modern medicine. Lemna minor, the common duckweed is an aquatic freshwater aquatic plant of the genus Lemna. They belong to the family of Lemnaceae, which is monophyletic to the Araceae family. The study assesses In-vivo Neuropharmacological and Anti Nutrient Study of methanolic extract of Lemna minor. The plants were collected from Chandpur were extracted in methanol solvents using soxhlet apparatus. Chemical tests to identify different anti nutrients, total phenolic and flavonids were carried out using specific reagents. Several test such as open field test, hole cross test, hole board test and phenobarbital induced sleeping time test are performed to check possible neurological activity.The study of anti-nutrient properties showed a very high amount of tannin (5.625gm/kg) but a low amount of phytic acid (0.03gm/kg) & alkaloids (0.526gm/kg) comparison with standard value. Total phenolic (19.22 GAE/g dry weight) and flavonoids (7.68 QE/g dry weight) content determine that Lemna minor have a very good amount of phenolic and flavanoids content and which may act as good anti-oxidant. In the study of in-vivo neurological activity the efficacy of Lemna minorextract was compared with standard anxiolytic drug diazepam (1 mg/kg b.w.) showed limited sedation as well as anxiolytic properties in mice. The present study of in-vivo & anti-nutrient is biological evaluation of this plant forms a primary platform for further phytochemical, anti-nutrient & pharmacological studies.

Investigation of milk coagulation properties of some taxa belonging to the Araceae family

Bu çalışmanın amacı Aracea familyasına ait Biarum aleppicum, Biarum bovei, Arum rupicola gibi bazı bitkilerin yumru ve yapraklarından süt pıhtılaştırma özelliklerinin araştırılarak doğal bir yöntemle yoğurt üretmektir. Yaptığımız çalışmada sütün pıhtılaştırılmasında kullanılan bitkilerin kök yumruları dilimlenerek, yaprakları ise doğranarak doğrudan kullanılmıştır. Mayalama işleminin ikinci kez tekrarlanması ve ikinci işlemden sonra elde edilen yoğurt renginin daha beyaz, akışkanlığının daha katı olduğu, tadının daha tatlı olduğu görülmüştür. Yaptığımız bu çalışma ile daha önce kullanımına rastlanmamış olan Biarum aleppicum, Biarum bovei, Arum rupicola bitkilerinin yumru kök ve yaprakları kullanılarak yoğurt benzeri tatlı süt pıhtısı elde edilmiştir