Class Families Research Articles

Increased Prevalence of Germline Pathogenic CHEK2 Variants in Individuals With Pituitary Adenomas.

CHEK2 is a cell cycle checkpoint regulator gene with a long-established role as a clinically relevant, moderate risk breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater risk ascribed to truncating variants than missense variants. To assess the rate and pathogenicity of CHEK2 variants amongst individuals with pituitary adenomas (PAs). We assessed 165 individuals with PAs for CHEK2 variants. The study population comprised a primary cohort of 29 individuals who underwent germline and tumor whole-exome sequencing, and a second, independent cohort of 136 individuals who had a targeted next-generation sequencing panel performed on both germline and tumor DNA (n = 52) or germline DNA alone (n = 84). We identified rare, coding, nonsynonymous germline CHEK2 variants amongst 3 of 29 (10.3%) patients in our primary cohort, and in 5 of 165 (3.0%) patients overall, with affected patients having a range of PA types (prolactinoma, thyrotropinoma, somatotropinoma, and nonfunctioning PA). No somatic variants were identified. Two variants were definitive null variants (c.1100delC, c.444 + 1G > A), classified as pathogenic. Two variants were missense variants (p.Asn186His, p.Thr476Met), classified as likely pathogenic. Even when considering the null variants only, the rate of CHEK2 variants was higher in our cohort compared to national control data (1.8% vs 0.5%; P = .049). This is the first study to suggest a role for the breast cancer predisposition gene, CHEK2, in pituitary tumorigenesis, with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants found in 3% of patients with PAs. As PAs are relatively common and typically lack classic autosomal dominant family histories, risk alleles-such as these variants found in CHEK2-might be a significant contributor to PA risk in the general population.

Associated factors of child wasting among children aged 0 – 23 months in India: Analysis of the National Family Health Survey-5

The enduringly high prevalence of child wasting (weight-for-height-2SD) in India is a significant cause for concern. The objective of this study is to identify areas with high incidence of wasting among children aged 0 – 23 months and to uncover the factors influencing wasting among young children in India. The analysis utilized individual and district-level data from the National Family Health Survey-5 in 2019 – 2021. The wasting prevalence exceeding 30% was found in 81 districts, with 501 districts surpassing 15%. Our analysis indicated that children from the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.43 – 1.79), those lacking access to improved sanitation facilities (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.11 – 1.25), belonging to other backward class families (AOR =1.12, 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.20), and born to mothers with body mass index (BMI) <18.5 (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.23 – 1.37) faced higher odds of wasting. In addition, low birth weight (<2500 g) increased the odds of wasting by 27% (AOR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.20 – 1.36). The study further found that a minimum acceptable diet and female gender had protective effects on wasting among children aged 6 – 23 months. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive programmatic response to addressing wasting in young children. Urgent policies and programmatic actions are warranted, with a specific focus on strengthening the care of low birth weight and premature babies, as well as promoting optimal child feeding practices. There is a call for intensified nutrition services as an integral component of routine health services for mothers. Early identification and management of wasting and counseling during pre-conception and pregnancy should be prioritized.

Freshwater Malacofauna and Distribution of Trabzon, Türkiye

In this study, freshwater molluscs and their zoogeographical distributions in Trabzon were investigated. During the period of June-December 2021, samples were collected from 38 freshwater river localities. From the study area, Ancylus fluviatilis from Gastropoda class, Planorbidae family, non-native species Physella acuta from Physidae family, and Dreissena polymorpha from Bivalvia class and Dreissenidae family were identified. While A. fluviatilis specimens were found from all freshwater systems in Trabzon region, the non native P. acuta could be identified from Fol Stream, Yıldızlı Stream, Sera Lake and Manahoz River. Empty shells belonging to the D. polymorpha species were identified from the area where Çatalzeytin Stream joins the sea. P. acuta and D. polymorpha are new records for the freshwater streams of Trabzon region.

IJCM_9A: Violence among pregnant women attending a secondary care maternity hospital, Ramnagara Taluk, Solur– A Cross-Sectional study.

Background: According to NFHS 5 data, 3.1% of pregnant women in India suffer from domestic violence. Domestic violence in pregnant women can lead to unfavourable effect on physical, mental and emotional health of women, not only women, the growing fetus is also affected. Objectives: i) To assess the prevalence of violence among pregnant women in a private secondary level hospital in Solur, Ramnagara. ii) To assess the factors associated with violence among the study population. Methodology: All pregnant women of age group 18-40 years availing services at the out-patient department of the Snehalaya Hospital, Solur except those who were in labour or having serious medical emergency irrespective of gestational age were included in the study. Our sample size were 384 pregnant women in Solur. Study period were from November 2022 to February 2023 with the help of validated interview guide domestic violence among pregnant women has been assessed and data collected using Epicollect 5®. Chi-square test for association was done to identify associations, if any. Results: In the study, antenatal women who experienced violence were 146 out of 384 (38%). Of these, the distribution of cases were as follows: psychological violence – 114 (29.6%), physical violence – 19 (4.9%), sexual violence – 5 (1.3%) and economical violence – 75 (19.5%). Factors associated with violence were husband’s alcoholic addiction, higher age of pregnant women, higher education and unemployed pregnant women, multigravida and middle class family (Chi-square test, P< 0.05). Conclusion: In the study, 1/3rd of pregnant women were suffering from domestic violence. Early identification of domestic violence during the antenatal clinics and providing proper counseling to husband and family members regarding later consequences to mother and child due to violence can improve maternal and child health in future.

IJCM_412A: Self Medication Practices Among Patient Attending Fever Opd At Tertiary Care Hospital In Mumbai.

Background: Self-medication is defined as the use of drugs to treat self- diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms. The practice of self-medication is common worldwide in both developed and developing countries which often leads to dangerous unwarranted adverse effects, antimicrobial resistance, ultimately increasing cost burden due to health care. Objective: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication among patients; to identify risk factors that could influence self-medication practices; to identify sources of information about medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication. Methodology: cross-sectional study was carried out among patient, information regarding self-medication use in the past six months and associated sociodemographic factors, purpose, source of drug procurement, attitude toward self-medication use were collected. The data were obtained using a validated pretested self-administered questionnaire. The collected data will be analyzed using SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In our study the prevalence of Self Medication practices were observed to be 45.6%. The practice was noticed more among individuals from lower middle class family with a prevalence rate of 26%. Telling the symptoms to pharmacist was the commonest method adopted to procure drugs by the users i.e. 61%Majority of the self-medication users expressed that self-medication is harmless and 32.2 % found it effective and 88.9% said they had never experienced any adverse effects, 81.3 % consider it as acceptable practice. Conclusion: Prevalence of SM practices are high. Most common reason being poverty, confidence in self – diagnosis, In order to mitigate the negative effects of SM behaviours, additional prompt measures are required.

The Diversity of Mollusks (Bivalve and Gastropod) in the Intertidal Zone of Mutun Coastal, Padang Cermin, Lampung

Mutun Coastal has a diversity of biota species. Biota that are commonly found include the mollusk phylum (Bivalve and Gastropod classes). The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of mollusks (Bivalves and Gastropods) on Mutun Coastal Lampung. This research was conducted on February 5-7, 2021. The method of data retrieval at both stations used the belt transect method by purposive sampling. Station I is substrated fine sand, while station II is substrated by coarse sand. Based on the research conducted, 26 individuals were found consisting of 7 families, namely 6 families of the Gastropod class (Trochidae, Strombidae, Cerithiidae, Muricidae, Potamididae and Pisaniidae) and 1 family of the Bivalve class, namely the family Mactridae. The value (H') at station I is 1.44. At station II it has an H' value of 0.86. The value of H' at station I belongs to the medium category. The H' value at station II belongs to the low category. The value of E at station I is 0.72. While at station II it has a value of 0.1. The evenness value at station I belongs to the high category. The value (E) at station II of the evenness index belongs to the low category. The value (D) at station I is 0.57. While at station II it has a value of 0.35. The value of D at station I belongs to the medium category. The value of D at station II belongs to the medium category. Based on data analysis, Mutun Coastal has suitable habitat for mollusk and it is also supported by abiotic parameter conditions.

PREDICTION OF HYPERTENSION USING ITS RISK FACTORS: A CASE CONTROL STUDY IN AZIZ BHATTI SHAHEED HOSPITAL

Hypertension is becoming the major risk factor of the cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension is also known as “raised blood pressure” in medical terms. The main purpose of this study is to identify the potential risk factor of hypertension using chi-square test of association and also predict and classify the respondents into hypertension and healthy controls by Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A sample of 300 (150 cases and 150 controls) were selected using purposive sampling from Aziz Bhatti shaheed Hospital Gujrat, Pakistan. Data collected by interviewing the patients using well-designed questionnaire and checked their BP where cases considered as hypertension patients with (BP: 140/90) and healthy controls (BP: 120/80). High prevalence of hypertension is observed in males (54.7%) as compared to females (45.3%). Results also revealed that BMI, family income, age, extra salt intake and stress were the significant risk factors of hypertension in current study. ANN model showed good classification among hypertension and controls. It also predicted 98% chance of patient to have hypertension on the basis of age group 50-59 years, having normal weight, belongs to middle class family, presence of BP issue in family history, take stress and extra salt consumption in diet.

Association between gut microbiota and onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis has been used in the exploration of the role of gut microbiota (GM) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, it was limited to the genus level. This study herein aims to investigate the relationship of GM, especially at the species level, with T2DM in order to provide some evidence for further exploration of more specific GM taxa and pathway abundance in T2DM. This two-sample MR study was based on the summary statistics of GM from the available genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis conducted by the MiBioGen consortium as well as the Dutch Microbiome Project (DMP), whereas the summary statistics of T2DM were obtained from the FinnGen consortium released data. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, strength test (F), and weighted median methods were used to examine the causal association between GM and the onset of T2DM. Cochran's Q statistics was employed to quantify the heterogeneity of instrumental variables. Bonferroni's correction was conducted to correct the bias of multiple testing. We also performed reverse causality analysis. The corrected IVW estimates suggested the increased relative abundance of family Oxalobacteraceae (OR = 1.0704) and genus Oxalobacter (OR = 1.0874), respectively, were associated with higher odds of T2DM, while that of species faecis (OR = 0.9460) had a negative relationship with T2DM. The relationships of class Betaproteobacteria, family Lactobacillaceae, species finegoldii, and species longum with T2DM were also significant according to the IVW results (all P < 0.05). GM had a potential causal association with T2DM, especially species faecis, finegoldii, and longum. Further studies are still needed to clarify certain results that are contradictory with previous findings.

Who Belongs to the Middle Class? Identifying Them Using Monthly Family Income

Social class is a significant factor that influences an individual’s health, education, and lifestyle, among other things. However, there is no standard income-based scale that can classify individuals into different social classes for comparability across studies. In this article, we outlined the method of using monthly family income to identify the middle class of a country and how to use it to define the lower and upper class by using a widely accepted definition of the middle class and implemented it to determine the threshold for middle class family using the monthly median income of a country. This method can be used by any country to classify the community as “lower class” (&lt;75% of the median income), “middle class” (75-125% of the median income) and “upper class” (&gt;125% of the median income). We also presented an example using data from Bangladesh. The results were then adjusted for inflation to provide a guideline for updating the income limits for any future year. The social class in 2023 based on the monthly household income was &lt;12,900 BDT for lower class, 12,900 to 21,500 BDT for middle class and &gt;21,500 BDT for upper class after inflation. This method of social class classification can be used for grouping study participants into comparable socioeconomic categories in the context of any country and can be updated easily in the future.

Who Belongs to the Middle Class? Identifying Them Using Monthly Family Income

Social class is a significant factor that influences an individual’s health, education, and lifestyle, among other things. However, there is no standard income-based scale that can classify individuals into different social classes for comparability across studies. In this article, we outlined the method of using monthly family income to identify the middle class of a country and how to use it to define the lower and upper class by using a widely accepted definition of the middle class and implemented it to determine the threshold for middle class family using the monthly median income of a country. This method can be used by any country to classify the community as “lower class” (&lt;75% of the median income), “middle class” (75-125% of the median income) and “upper class” (&gt;125% of the median income). We also presented an example using data from Bangladesh. The results were then adjusted for inflation to provide a guideline for updating the income limits for any future year. The social class in 2023 based on the monthly household income was &lt;12,900 BDT for lower class, 12,900 to 21,500 BDT for middle class and &gt;21,500 BDT for upper class after inflation. This method of social class classification can be used for grouping study participants into comparable socioeconomic categories in the context of any country and can be updated easily in the future.

Bibliometric Overview on T-Cell Intracellular Antigens and Their Pathological Implications.

T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) and TIA1-like/related protein (TIAL1/TIAR) are two members of the classical family of RNA binding proteins. Through their selective interactions with distinct RNAs and proteins, these multifunctional regulators are involved in chromatin remodeling, RNA splicing and processing and translation regulation, linking them to a wide range of diseases including neuronal disorders, cancer and other pathologies. From their discovery to the present day, many studies have focused on the behavior of these proteins in order to understand their impact on molecular and cellular processes and to understand their relationship to human pathologies. The volume of research on these proteins in various fields, including molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, immunology and cancer, has steadily increased, indicating a growing interest in these gene expression regulators among researchers. This information can be used to know the most productive institutions working in the field, understand the focus of research, identify key areas of involvement, delve deeper into their relationship and impact on different diseases, and to establish the level of study associated with them.

Who Belongs to the Middle Class? Identifying Them Using Monthly Family Income

Social class is a significant factor that influences an individual’s health, education, and lifestyle, among other things. However, there is no standard income-based scale that can classify individuals into different social classes for comparability across studies. In this article, we outlined the method of using monthly family income to identify the middle class of a country and how to use it to define the lower and upper class by using a widely accepted definition of the middle class and implemented it to determine the threshold for middle class family using the monthly median income of a country. This method can be used by any country to classify the community as “lower class” (&lt;75% of the median income), “middle class” (75-125% of the median income) and “upper class” (&gt;125% of the median income). We also presented an example using data from Bangladesh. The results were then adjusted for inflation to provide a guideline for updating the income limits for any future year. The social class in 2023 based on the monthly household income was &lt;12,500 BDT for lower class, 12,500 to 21,500 BDT for middle class and &gt;21,500 BDT for upper class after inflation. This method of social class classification can be used for grouping study participants into comparable socioeconomic categories in the context of any country and can be updated easily in the future.

The British Royals in Australia

The British Royals in Australia

Causal relationship between gut microbiota and diabetic nephropathy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Emerging evidence has provided compelling evidence linking gut microbiota (GM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) via the "gut-kidney" axis. But the causal relationship between them hasn't been clarified yet. We perform a Two-Sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to reveal the causal connection with GM and the development of DN, type 1 diabetes nephropathy (T1DN), type 2 diabetes nephropathy (T2DN), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We used summary data from MiBioGen on 211 GM taxa in 18340 participants. Generalized MR analysis methods were conducted to estimate their causality on risk of DN, T1DN, T2DN, T1DM and T2DM from FinnGen. To ensure the reliability of the findings, a comprehensive set of sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm the resilience and consistency of the results. It was showed that Class Verrucomicrobiae [odds ratio (OR) =1.5651, 95%CI:1.1810-2.0742,PFDR=0.0018], Order Verrucomicrobiales (OR=1.5651, 95%CI: 1.1810-2.0742, PFDR=0.0018) and Family Verrucomicrobiaceae (OR=1.3956, 95%CI:1.0336-1.8844, PFDR=0.0296) had significant risk of DN. Our analysis found significant associations between GM and T2DN, including Class Verrucomimicrobiae (OR=1.8227, 95% CI: 1.2414-2.6763, PFDR=0.0139), Order Verrucomimicrobiae (OR=1.5651, 95% CI: 1.8227-2.6764, PFDR=0.0024), Rhodospirillales (OR=1.8226, 95% CI: 1.2412-2.6763, PFDR=0.0026), and Family Verrucomicroniaceae (OR=1.8226, 95% CI: 1.2412-2.6763, PFDR=0.0083). The Eubacteriumprotogenes (OR=0.4076, 95% CI: 0.2415-0.6882, PFDR=0.0021) exhibited a protection against T1DN. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that there was no significant heterogeneity and pleiotropy. At the gene prediction level, we identified the specific GM that is causally linked to DN in both T1DM and T2DM patients. Moreover, we identified distinct microbial changes in T1DN that differed from those seen in T2DN, offering valuable insights into GM signatures associated with subtype of nephropathy.

Impact of Socio-economic Status on Socio-emotional Development of Children Attending Different Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Centers

The purpose of the 2018–20 study, which took place in the Karnataka state's Dharwad taluk, was to determine how children's social and emotional development was impacted by their socioeconomic status. The study's objectives were to evaluate the social and emotional development of children in both rural and urban locations, as well as to determine the impact of SES on these development factors. A total of 208 children aged between three and six years, comprising 104 from rural and 104 from urban areas, were chosen for the study. Children's social and emotional development was evaluated using the Transdiciplinary Play Based Assessment-2 instrument. The child's family's socioeconomic position was assessed using a Aggarwal Socio-economic status scale. A qualitative approach utilizing the naturalistic observation method was used to observe, analyze, and study the effects of play-based activities on social and emotional development. Naturalistic observations were produced by combining field notes from participant observation with video footage of kids playing in an unstructured manner. The findings showed that most kids in both urban and rural anganwadis were in the social and emotional development watch and worry category. The social and emotional development of children was shown to be significantly correlated with their socioeconomic level. According to the statistical analysis, preschoolers in both rural and urban areas showed a substantial relationship and difference. In both rural and urban settings, children from lower middle class families scored lower on social and emotional development and related domains than did children from upper middle class families.

Bacteriophages for Controlling Staphylococcus spp. Pathogens on Dairy Cattle Farms: In Vitro Assessment.

Pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. strains are significant agents involved in mastitis and in skin and limb infections in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of bacteriophages isolated from dairy cattle housing as potential tools for maintaining environmental homeostasis. The research will contribute to the use of phages as alternatives to antibiotics. The material was 56 samples obtained from dairy cows with signs of limb and hoof injuries. Staphylococcus species were identified by phenotypic, MALDI-TOF MS and PCR methods. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disc diffusion method. Phages were isolated from cattle housing systems. Phage activity (plaque forming units, PFU/mL) was determined on double-layer agar plates. Morphology was examined using TEM microscopy, and molecular characteristics were determined with PCR. Among 52 strains of Staphylococcus spp., 16 were used as hosts for bacteriophages. Nearly all isolates (94%, 15/16) showed resistance to neomycin, and 87% were resistant to spectinomycin. Cefuroxime and vancomycin were the most effective antibiotics. On the basis of their morphology, bacteriophages were identified as class Caudoviricetes, formerly Caudovirales, families Myoviridae-like (6), and Siphoviridae-like (9). Three bacteriophages of the family Myoviridae-like, with the broadest spectrum of activity, were used for further analysis. This study showed a wide spectrum of activity against the Staphylococcus spp. strains tested. The positive results indicate that bacteriophages can be used to improve the welfare of cattle.

Educational anxiety and expectations of middle-class Chinese families Under the promulgation of the double reduction policy

In the context of the policy issued by the Ministry of Education of China to reduce the academic pressure of primary and secondary school students, families across the country are increasingly anxious about education. On this basis, this study has determined to study the educational anxiety and educational expectations of middle class families in China. Using 2021 data from the China Family Data Tracker, this paper analyzes the data of middle-class families in China to explore what factors contribute to educational anxiety and expectations. The results show that family income and the number of family members have no influence on educational anxiety and expectation, and this anxiety will greatly affect children’s mental health development, which needs social attention.

Fluctuation Theory of Continuous-Time, Skip-Free Downward Markov Chains with Applications to Branching Processes with Immigration

We develop a comprehensive methodology for the fluctuation theory of continuous-time, skip-free Markov chains, extending and improving the recent work of Choi and Patie for discrete-time, skip-free Markov chains. As a significant application, we use it to derive a full set of fluctuation identities regarding exiting a finite or infinite interval for Markov branching processes with immigration, thereby uncovering many new results for this classic family of continuous-time Markov chains. The theory also allows us to recover in a simple manner fluctuation identities for skip-free downward compound Poisson processes.

Bacteriological Study and Antibacterial Susceptibility in Ludwig’s Angina in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background: The knowledge of the local pattern of infection and antibacterial sensitivity in Ludwig’s angina is essential to enable efficacious treatment for it. Objective: To find out the pattern of bacteria responsible for developing Ludwig’s angina and their antibacterial susceptibility. Methods: It is a prospective, observational type of study carried out in the Department of Otolaryngology &amp; Head-Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, and the Department of Clinical Microbiology, ICDDR, B, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between April and September of 2016. A total of 100 patients were included in this study. Results: This study was done among 100 patients. In this study, 42 cases (42%) were in the 31-45 years age group. The male patients were 60 (60%) and females were 40 (40%). Majority of patients 70(70%) came from poor class family with educational level up to HSC (75%), maximum 35(35%) patients use meswak to clean teeth, 70 (70%) patients came from rural area, 70 (70%) patients had dental infection, 25 (25%) patients had diabetes mellitus, all the cases (100%) presented with swelling in the floor of the mouth and neck, pain and tenderness and fever. The major complication was necrotizing fasciitis 8 (8%), 36 (36%) patients were discharged within 1-2 weeks after treatment, Streptococcus 40 (40%) was the most common organism and the most effective antibiotic was Ceftriaxone (65%). Conclusion: The most frequently isolated organism in Ludwig’s angina is Streptococcus and sensitivity results showed a majority of isolates are susceptible to Ceftriaxone. Mugda Med Coll J. 2023; 6(2): 71-76

Exploring reciprocal causation: bidirectional mendelian randomization study of gut microbiota composition and thyroid cancer

BackgroundWhile an association between gut microbiota composition and thyroid cancer (TC) has been observed, the directionality and causality of this relationship remain unclear.MethodsWe conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal effect between gut microbiota composition and TC. Gut microbiota data were derived from a diverse population encompassing various ethnicities (n = 18,340 samples), while TC data were sourced from an European population (n = 218,792 samples). Instrumental variables, represented by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), were employed to assess the causal relationship using multiple MR methods, including inverse-variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger, and simple mode. F-statistics and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the findings.ResultsOur investigation identified a comprehensive set of 2934 instrumental variables significantly linked to gut microbiota composition (p < 1 × 10-5). The analysis illuminated notable candidates within the phylum Euryarchaeota, including families Christensenellaceae and Victivallaceae, and genera Methanobrevibacter, Ruminococcus2, and Subdoligranulum, which emerged as potential risk factors for TC. On the other hand, a protective influence against TC was attributed to class Betaproteobacteria, family FamilyXI, and genera Anaerofilum, Odoribacter, and Sutterella, alongside order Burkholderiales. Further enhancing our insights, the integration of 7 instrumental variables from TC data (p < 1 × 10-5) disclosed the regulatory potential of one family and five genera. Notably, the genus Coprobacter innocuum group (p = 0.012, OR = 0.944) exhibited the highest probability of regulation. Our meticulous analyses remained free from significant bias, heterogeneity, or horizontal pleiotropy concerns.ConclusionThrough a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization approach, we elucidated a potential bidirectional causal relationship between gut microbiota composition and TC. Specific microbial taxa were associated with an increased risk or conferred protection against TC. These findings advance our understanding of the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and TC pathogenesis, offering new insights into the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiota for managing TC.