Families Of Flora Research Articles

Taxonomic structure of local floras in Sidinskiy and Pribaitakskiy steppes (Krasnoyarsk region)

Sidinskiy and Pribaitakskiy steppes are the part of the Minusinsk province of the Altai-Sayan mountain country. On the territory of steppes 12 local floras (LF) were marked and examined using the same method. Studies were carried out according to the recommendations of A.I. Tolmachev (1931): identification of different types of ecotypes of LF, the full species composition of ecotypes (flora inventory), tracking the completeness of detection in LF. In the Sidinskiy steppe the number of families in the LF varies from 25 (Syida) to 43 (v. Alha), in the Pribaitakskiy steppe there is a big difference in the number of families in the LF from 31 (Krasnoyarsk reservoir, Tuba) to 65 (Mayak, Idra). The leading families in the local steppe flora are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae. The Fabaceae family ranks third in the top of ten families in 50 % of LF, determining the type of flora as the Mediterranean-Central Asian (Fabaceae-type). Different types of LF allow to determine the type of all steppe flora as mixed, combining features of boreal (Asteraceae-Poaceae- type) and steppes flora (Fabaceae-type) with close ties with Central European floras (Rosaceae-type). 4 distinct levels of species richness are determined: 1 − 496-544; 2 − 408-413; 3 − 319-374; 4 − 279-298 species.

MODELOS ARQUITETÔNICOS PARA AS ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS DE UMA FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SUBTROPICAL NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Os modelos arquitetônicos ajudam a descrever o desenvolvimento e a organização das copas das árvores.Este conhecimento é essencial para a compreensão do desenvolvimento das árvores na floresta e podeajudar a entender a relação evolutiva entre táxons. O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a riqueza demodelos arquitetônicos das espécies arbóreas de uma Floresta Estacional. Os dados foram coletados a partirde observações de campo e literatura especializada. Foram encontradas 53 espécies da flora arbórea de umaFloresta Estacional Subtropical de Santa Maria - RS, distribuídas em 45 gêneros e 28 das famílias. No total,13 diferentes modelos arquitetônicos foram reconhecidos. Os modelos com maior destaque foram Rauh,Troll, Scarrone, Roux e Massart. A complexidade arquitetural, refletida pelo elevado número de modelosdescritos, se deve ao desenvolvimento do dossel no remanescente estudado. O trabalho teve um caráterpioneiro e exploratório e deve fornecer um marco para novos estudos sobre arquitetura de plantas na regiãosubtropical do Brasil.

The study of lichens in the state natural reserve «Zavolzhsky» (Chuvash Republic)

The paper provides information about lichens found on the territory of the state natural reserve Zavolzhsky, which is a specially protected natural area of the Chuvash Republic. It was established for the protection of the unique natural landscape, located on the territory of Cheboksary and Cheboksary District, as well as for rare and endangered animals, plants and other organisms from high anthropogenic activity. As a result of lichen investigations (20112016) 134 species belong to 59 genera from 31 families of lichen flora were recorded. It emphasizes a high environmental significance of this territory. The paper shows substrate and biotope confinement for each lichen species. The investigations were conducted in detail-route method using a GPS-navigator. In the paper the locations of rare lichen species are given according to the new quarterly network of the Cheboksary forestry. We examined the lichen diversity in 14 quarters of 3 forest districts: Pihtulynskoe, Severnoe, Sosnovskoe; lichen collections were carried out in 36 habitats. The habitat of rare and endangered lichen Lobaria pulmonaria was found on the territory of the reserve. This species is included to the Red Data Book of Russia. According to the results of the study we recommend to include 15 rare lichen species to the new edition of Red Data Book of the Chuvash Republic: Arthonia cinereoprunosa, Acrocordia gemmata, Bryoria implexa, Bryoria subcana, Bryoria nadvornikiana, Dimerella pineti, Lobaria pulmonaria, Mycobilimbia epixanthoides, Mycobilimbia carneoalbida, Mycobilimbia tetramera, Platismatia glauca, Usnea dasopoga, Usnea lapponica, Usnea subfloridana, Xanthomendoza ulophyllodes.

Invasive species of Asteraceae family in Kursk flora

The paper deals with biological features and quantitative characteristics of populations of some invasive species of the family Asteraceae in Kursk flora and their distribution. Kursk, being the industrial and administrative center of the Kursk Region, is characterized by a strong degree of flora transformation, as a result of the active transformation of the territory in recent years, which determines the suitable conditions for the introduction of invasive species and their wide distribution. In Kursk flora there are 43 invasive species, the proportion of Asteraceae is 21%. The paper presents biological features and characteristics of Xanthium albinum and Cyclachaena xanthiifolia populations. The following population indicators were studied: number of individuals, height and total projective cover. It was revealed that the populations of Xanthium albinum in different growing conditions show significant differences in the studied parameters. In the populations of Cyclachaena xanthiifolia fluctuations were observed in the number of individuals per 1 m. The reasons that determine the parameters of populations of invasive species is the degree of disturbance and shading. The study of urban vegetation is a necessary step in the development of measures to optimize the urban environment. The obtained materials will allow to evaluate the consequences of the introduction of these invasive species in the plant communities of Kursk and will provide a scientific basis for monitoring in order to prevent biological invasions.

Review of asteroid-family and meteorite-type links

AbstractThe materials of large asteroids and asteroid families are sampled by meteorites that fall to Earth. The cosmic ray exposure age of the meteorite identifies the collision event from which that meteorite originated. The inclination of the orbit on which the meteoroid impacted Earth measures the inclination of the source region, while the semi-major axis of the orbit points to the delivery resonance, but only in a statistical sense. To isolate the sources of our meteorites requires multiple documented falls for each cosmic ray exposure peak. So far, only 36 meteorites have been recovered from observed falls. Despite these low numbers, some patterns are emerging that suggest CM chondrites originated from near the 3:1 resonance from a low-inclined source (perhaps the Sulamitis family), LL chondrites came to us from the ν6 resonance (perhaps the Flora family), there is an H chondrite source at high inclination (Phocaea?), and one group of low shock-stage L chondrites originates from the inner main belt. Other possible links are discussed.

The common origin of family and non-family asteroids: Implications

AbstractBecause the number of asteroids in the IMB with absolute magnitude H<16.5 is effectively complete, the distributions of the sizes and the orbital elements of these asteroids must be devoid of observational selection effects. This allows us to state that the observed size-frequency distributions (SFDs) of the five major asteroid families in the IMB, defined by Nesvorný (2015) using the Hierarchical Clustering Method (Zappala et al. 1990), are distinctly different and deviate significantly from the linear log-log relation described by Dohnanyi (1969). The existence of these differences in the SFDs, and the fact that the precursor bodies of the major families have distinctly different eccentricities and inclinations, provides a simple explanation for the observations that the mean sizes of the family asteroids, taken as a whole, are correlated with their mean proper eccentricities and anti-correlated with their mean proper inclinations. While the latter observations do have a simple explanation, we observe that the mean sizes of the non-family asteroids in the IMB are also correlated with their mean proper eccentricities and anti-correlated with their mean proper inclinations. We deduce from this, and from the fact that the SFDs of the non-family and the family asteroids (again taken as a whole) are almost identical, that the family and most of the non-family and asteroids have a common origin. We estimate that ~85% of all the asteroids in the IMB with H<16.5 originate from the Flora, Vesta, Nysa, Polana and Eulalia families with the remaining ~15% originating from either the same families or, more likely, a few ghost families (Dermott et al. 2018).

The Dingle Dell meteorite: A Halloween treat from the Main Belt

AbstractWe describe the fall of the Dingle Dell (L/LL 5) meteorite near Morawa in Western Australia on October 31, 2016. The fireball was observed by six observatories of the Desert Fireball Network (DFN), a continental‐scale facility optimized to recover meteorites and calculate their pre‐entry orbits. The 30 cm meteoroid entered at 15.44 km s−1, followed a moderately steep trajectory of 51° to the horizon from 81 km down to 19 km altitude, where the luminous flight ended at a speed of 3.2 km s−1. Deceleration data indicated one large fragment had made it to the ground. The four person search team recovered a 1.15 kg meteorite within 130 m of the predicted fall line, after 8 h of searching, 6 days after the fall. Dingle Dell is the fourth meteorite recovered by the DFN in Australia, but the first before any rain had contaminated the sample. By numerical integration over 1 Ma, we show that Dingle Dell was most likely ejected from the Main Belt by the 3:1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter, with only a marginal chance that it came from the ν6 resonance. This makes the connection of Dingle Dell to the Flora family (currently thought to be the origin of LL chondrites) unlikely.

The common origin of family and non-family asteroids

All asteroids are currently classified as either family, originating from the disruption of known bodies, or non-family. An outstanding question is the origin of these non-family asteroids. Were they formed individually, or as members of known families but with chaotically evolving orbits, or are they members of old ghost families, that is, asteroids with a common parent body but with orbits that no longer cluster in orbital element space? Here, we show that the sizes of the non-family asteroids in the inner belt are correlated with their orbital eccentricities and anticorrelated with their inclinations, suggesting that both non-family and family asteroids originate from a small number of large primordial planetesimals. We estimate that ~85% of the asteroids in the inner main belt originate from the Flora, Vesta, Nysa, Polana and Eulalia families, with the remaining ~15% originating from either the same families or, more likely, a few ghost families. These new results imply that we must seek explanations for the differing characteristics of the various meteorite groups in the evolutionary histories of a few, large, precursor bodies. Our findings also support the model that asteroids formed big through the gravitational collapse of material in a protoplanetary disk.

Botanical Diversity of the Steppe Plains of the Suhbaatar and Dornogovi Aimags (Eastern Mongolia)

The botanical diversity of the steppe plains of the Suhbaatar and Dornogovi aimags (eastern Mongolia) is examined on the species and cenotic level and on the basis of the ecofloristic classification. The taxonomic diversity of vascular Embryophyta plants of the observed area is represented by 35 families, 104 genera, and 169 species, which is 51% of the total eastern Mongolia flora families, 36% of its genera, and 25% of its species. The species were assigned to ecocenotic groups by the characteristics of their zonal distribution as follows: 37% of all observed plant species fit into the “dry-steppe” category, 25% are in the “meadow steppe—dry steppe” category, 15% are in the “dry steppe—desertificated steppe” category, 16% are in the “dry steppe—desert” category, and 7% were “widespread.” The syntaxonomical diversity of the observed plains is established by processing geobotanical descriptions by the Braun-Blanquet method and is represented by one class, three alliances, and eight associations reflecting the features of the watershed plain “plakor” vegetation. The selected associations are distinguished by their higher vascular flowering plant species, genera and family diversity, species abundance, grass density, and position in the relief. An indirect indicator of the humidification conditions, which express the relation of plant species inhabiting the outer ranges on the humidification gradient, was developed: plants found in desertified steppes and deserts and plants found in forest steppes. Subzonal affiliations of associations were adjusted in accordance with the value of the indirect indicator.

Flora of the K.V. Ivanov square of Cheboksary of Chuvash Republic

The square named after K.V. Ivanov was founded in the 1930s. The total area of 5,3 hectares. Tilia cordata Mill. Predominates. The flora of the square contains 86 plant species from 74 genera and 35 families. The division Pinophyta is represented by two species Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Picea pungens Engelm. Six species from the families Poaceae and Cyperaceae are monocotyled. The systematic diversity of the flora is very low. Virtually every genus is represented by only one species. The average level of species wealth in one family is 2,46. The number of families with one species is 19 (54,3%). The top ten in the number of species families concentrate 64% of the species. The spectrum of the leading families of the square flora indicates its thermophilic appearance. The share of synanthropic species in the flora as a whole is 61,6%. The index of synanthropization (Is) of the square flora is 1,61 and emphasizes the anthropogenic nature of the landscape. The aboriginal fraction of the flora is strongly altered (Is = 0,61). In the spectrum of life forms hemicryptophytes (33,7%), phanerophytes (30,2%) and therophytes (22,1%) dominate. According to the biomorphs system of I.G. Serebryakov perennial herbaceous plants (41,9%) dominate, whose spectrum reflects the forest type of biocenosis, annuals (22,1%), trees (19,8%) and shrubs (10,5%). In the ecologo-cenotic spectrum weed species (36%), forest species (18,6%), cultivar species (17,4%), meadow plants (11,6%) dominate. In the hygromorph spectrum mesophytes (72,1%) dominate, then xeromesophytes (15,1%) follow, the share of the remaining groups varies from 1,2 to 5,8%. In the spectrum of trophomorphs mesotrophs (57%) and megatrophs (37,2%) dominate. The square named after K.V. Ivanov is characterized by stability of functioning, provided by wood and shrub plantations. The lawn is heavily clogged and requires its reconstruction.

Taxonomic analysis of saline habitats flora of the Southern Urals

The paper presents a taxonomic analysis of saline habitats flora of the southern Urals. The authors have established vegetation of 317 types of glycophytic and halophytic higher plants belonging to 172 genera and 44 families on the saline soils of the southern Urals (including adjacent territories). The number of halophytic species in the studied area is low and estimated at 59 or 18,6% of the total number of species. Among them are representatives of the genus Limonium, of the family Chenopodiaceae - Halimione verrucifera , Salicorna perennans , Suaeda acuminata , S. corniculata , S. prostrata ; family Asteraceae - Artemisia lerchiana , A. nitrosa , Cirsium esculentum , family Poaceae - Hordeum brevisubulatum , Puccinellia distans , etc. The vast majority of flora - 316 species (99,9%) - belong to the division Magnoliophyta, 251 species (79,4%) are Magnoliopsida members and 65 (20,6%) are registered in the class Liliopsida. The ratio of monocots and dicots is expressed in a proportion of 1: 3,8. The largest families in saline soils flora of the southern Urals are: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae. Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae number of species from 57 to 9, in total 247 species. There is a clear predominance of the hemicryptophytes - 232, 19 geoview, 11 - geloview, biennials - 9; one - biennials - 4, tirefits - 56, hamiphites - 19, nano phanerophytes - 5, - 1 phanerophytes. In halophytic communities on salted soils that form complexes with glycophyte ones 4 of relict and endemic species Koeleria sclerophylla , Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi , Nanophyton erinaceum , Ephedra distachya meet, 27 are in need of protection, including 4 halophyt ( Frankenia hirsuta , Limonium bellidifolium , L. macrorhizon , L. suffruticosum ).

Structural Analysis of Higher Aquatic and Coastal-Aquatic Plants of Vyzhivka River

Purpose. Determination of the species composition and determination of the systematic and ecological structure of the aquatic and coastal-aquatic flora of the Vyzhivka River. Methods: morphological, botanical, comparative ecology, statistical. The ecological classification of species was given according to V. Papchenkov. Results. Flora of the Vyzhivka River has 36 species of higher aquatic and coastal-aquatic plants belonging to 31 genus, 20 families, 14 orders, 3 classes (Equisetopsida, Liliopsida and Magnoliopsida) and 2 divisions (Equisetophyta and Magnoliophyta). The Magnoliophyta division includes 35 species, or 97,22% of the total number of species. The species composition is dominated by representatives of the class Liliopsida. Up to 4 families of flora (Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Cyperaceae, Lemnaceae) own 41,66% of all species. The ecological structure of aquatic and coastal-aquatic plants of Vyzhivka river includes four ecotypes. The first place in terms of the number of species is occupied by hydrophytes, which amount 33,33% of the total number of species, hygrohelophytes are represented by 30,56%. The share of helophytes and hygrophytes, respectively, is 19,44% and 16,67%. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, the species composition and features of the ecological structure of the higher aquatic and coastal-aquatic flora of the Vyzhivka River were established. The greatest species diversity is characteristic for the plot number 1 – 24 species. In the second section, 21 species of aquatic and coastal aquatic plants were identified. The smallest number – 18 species, is in the third area. The anthropogenic factors have the greatest impact on biodiversity: the presence of a drainage system, straightening of the riverbed, the use of the river basin for agricultural needs, the discharge of insufficiently treated sewage of housing and communal services.

Pollination by fungus gnats and associated floral characteristics in five families of the Japanese flora

Pollination by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae) is uncommon, but is nevertheless known to occur in 20 genera among eight angiosperm families. Because many fungus gnat-pollinated plants possess a dark red floral display, we hypothesized that fungus gnat pollination is more widespread among plants with similar floral display than currently known. We thus studied the pollination biology of flowers with dark red pigmentation in five families, focusing particularly on plants having small, flat, actinomorphic flowers with exposed nectaries and short stamens, because these floral characteristics mirror those of a known fungus gnat-pollinated genus (Mitella). We observed daytime and night-time floral visitors for a total of 194.5 h in Aucuba japonica (Garryaceae), Euonymus spp. (Celastraceae), Disanthus cercidifolius (Hamamelidaceae), Micranthes fusca (Saxifragaceae) and Streptopus streptopoides (Liliaceae). Visitors were categorized into functional groups, and a pollination importance index (PII) was calculated for each functional group based on visitation frequency, pollen load and behaviour on flowers. Fungus gnats were dominant among the 1762 insects observed (36-92 % depending on the plant species) and were the most important pollinators among all plants studied (PII: 0.529-1). Fungus gnat visits occurred during the daytime and, more frequently, at dusk. Most often, pollen grains became clumped on the ventral side of the head and/or thorax as the short-proboscid fungus gnats foraged on nectar and came into contact with anthers located close to the flower base. Pollination by fungus gnats is probably more common than previously thought, especially in habitats similar to those of the plants studied (moist forest understorey, streamside or subalpine meadow) where fungus gnats are abundant year-round. Our results further suggest that there may be a previously unnoticed association between fungus gnat pollination and dark red coloration, and a shared overall floral architecture among the plants studied.

Metabólitos Secundários e ação antioxidante de Croton helliotripifolius e Croton blanchetianus

Antioxidantes são compostos que reagem com os radicais livres controlando o estresse oxidativo. Muitas doenças estão associadas à produção de radicais livres, os quais tem estimulado investigações do potencial antioxidante de diversas famílias da flora mundial. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários presentes nos estratos etanólicos das folhas de Croton blanchetianus (Marmeleiro) e Croton helliotripifolius (Velame), e avaliar o seu potencial antioxidante. Os estratos etanólicos foram obtidos das folhas, apresentou um rendimento de 3,29% e 3,26%. Em seguida, os estratos foram submetidos a análise fitoquímica, nos quais foi possível identificar a presença de taninos condensados, flavonoides, flavononas, flavonóis, flavononóis, catequinas e xantonas. A atividade antioxidante dos estratos foi determinada pelo método fotocolorimétrico in vitro realizada por meio do sequestro de radicais livres, usando o DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidraliza). Ambos os estratos foram capazes de sequestrar o radical livre DPPH, sendo que o estrato de Croton blanquetianus mostrou ser mais eficiente do que o BHT (Hidroxitolueno butilado; controle positivo), com CE50 = 6,5 ± 0,5 mg mL-1. Contudo, os resultados observados para os estratos etanólicos, possivelmente sejam atribuídas à presença e a concentração de compostos fenólicos pertencentes as classes dos taninos e flavonoides, os quais foram identificados nesse estudo.

Plants in traditional home gardens: richness, composition, conservation and implications for native biodiversity in Benin

Home gardens have received increasing attention and have been insistently presented as hotspots for agro-biodiversity over the last decades. However, apart from their exceptional high plant species diversity, there is little quantitative evidence of the effectiveness of plant species conservation in home gardens. This study examined this issue by assessing (i) the size and membership of garden flora and the contribution to the maintenance of the national flora, (ii) how home garden flora connects to the larger ecosystem it belongs to and (iii) the conservation status of plant species at the home garden level. 360 home gardens distributed in three agro-ecological zones and nine phyto-geographical districts in Benin were visited and inventoried. Diversity parameters at different taxonomic levels were calculated. Species accumulation and spatial occupancy, multivariate methods and rarity index were also used for data analysis. Findings showed that the 360 studied home gardens hosted up to 14.21% of plant species and 44.32% of plant families of the national flora. Home garden flora was constantly dominated by exotic plant species but strongly connected to their surrounding ecosystems, being composed of at least 60% of plant species from their phyto-geographical districts. Finally, home garden plant species were mostly rare and threatened at the home garden level. In this study, we acknowledge the contribution of home gardens to the maintenance of plant species diversity at regional and global levels than local level. Based on the observed prevalence of exotic species, HG effectiveness in sustainably conserving native plant species biodiversity remains questionable.

Shape and spin of asteroid 967 Helionape

AbstractKnowledge of the spin and shape parameters of the asteroids is very important for understanding of the conditions during the creation of our planetary system and formation of asteroid populations. The main belt asteroid and Flora family member 967 Helionape was observed during five apparitions. The observations were made at the Bulgarian National Astronomical Observatory (BNAO) Rozhen, since March 2006 to March 2016. Lihtcurve inversion method (Kaasalainen et al. (2001)), applied on 12 relative lightcurves obtained at various geometric conditions of the asteroid, reveals the spin vector, the sense of rotation and the preliminary shape model of the asteroid. Our aim is to contribute in increasing the set of asteroids with known spin and shape parameters. This could be done with dense lightcurves, obtained during small number of apparitions, in combination with sparse data produced by photometric asteroid surveys such as the Gaia satellite (Hanush (2011)).

Forming the Flora Family: Implications for the Near-Earth Asteroid Population and Large Terrestrial Planet Impactors

Abstract Formed from a catastrophic collision of a parent body larger than 150 km in diameter, the Flora family is located in the innermost part of the main belt near the secular resonance. Objects in this region, when pushed onto planet-crossing orbits, tend to have relatively high probabilities of striking the Earth. These factors suggest that Flora may be a primary source of present-day LL chondrite-like NEOs and Earth/Moon impactors. To investigate this possibility, we used collisional and dynamical models to track the evolution of Flora family members. We created an initial Flora family and followed test asteroids 1 and 3 km in diameter using a numerical code that accounted for both planetary perturbations and nongravitational effects. Our Flora family members reproduce the observed semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination distributions of the real family after to 1.4 Gyr. A consistency with the surface age inferred from crater spatial densities found on (951) Gaspra may favor the latter age. Our combined collisional and dynamical runs indicate that the family has lost nearly 90% of its initial kilometer-sized members. At its peak, after the family-forming event, Flora family members filled NEO space with nearly 1000 size bodies before fading to its present contribution of 35–50 such NEOs. Therefore, it is not currently a major source of large NEOs. We also find 700–950 and 35–47 kilometer-sized asteroids struck the Earth and Moon, respectively, most within the first 300 Myr after family formation. These results imply that Flora played a major role in providing impacts to the mid-Proterozoic Earth.

ЕЛЕМЕНТНИЙ СКЛАД БРУНЬОК БАЛЬЗАМІЧНИХ ТОПОЛЬ, ЯКІ КУЛЬТИВУЮТЬ В УКРАЇНІ

Методом атомно-емісійної спектрографії у бруньках п’яти видів бальзамічних тополь, які культивують в Україні, визначено вміст 19 елементів. В бруньках усіх видів за вмістом переважають К (925 - 1190 мг/100г), Са (530 - 655 мг/100г) та Мд (200 - 245 мг/100г). Найбільший вміст практично усіх елементів визначено у бруньках тополі волосистоплідної.

La richesse de la flore comme levier pour maintenir la biodiversité dans le vignoble ?

The intensification of crop management have led to an impoverishment of the biological diversity, resulting in the loss of ecosystem services. In viticulture, flora could play an interesting role because it can compensate the negative impacts of vine monoculture. The flora biodiversity favours fauna biodiversity, sustaining especially the presence of pollinating insects in the grapevine inter row sown with grass or legumes and area around grapevine plots. These aspects have been poorly studied until now. A grapevine experiment set in Alsace at INRA Colmar in the frame of the DEPHY-EXPE PEPSVI project was used to address these questions. Between 2014 and 2016, floristic survey was carried out on 4 sites, within an area of 500 m2 within each plot. On those sites, different grapevine systems based on integrated, biological, or biodynamic production were tested. The “presence/absence” method implemented to characterize flora composition and richness on the grapevine row, the inter-row sown with grass, and the tilled inter-row. Results showed that Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae were the most represented flora families. Asteraceae and Fabaceae may provide pollination ecosystem services if they are well managed and allowed to flower. Moreover, Fabaceae family increases soil fertility by symbiotic fixation. The role of environmental factors, i.e., semi-natural area like hedge or forest edge close to vineyard, and anthropic factors, i.e., soil cover management, were also characterized and shown as impacted on flora composition and richness under grapevine rows and between inter- rows. Flora characterization will continue in 2017 and 2018 to validate the present results and to assess the evolution of flora composition and richness in different climatic conditions.

Diversity and geographical distribution of Pteridophytes in Wenzhou

Based on the review of literature and samples, and collection and identification of samples, this paper analyzed 277 species (belonging to 93 genera, 44 families) of the Pteridophyte flora in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province. There are rich species of Pteridophyte flora in Wenzhou. The dominant families are Dryopteridaceae (5 genera and 50 species), Thelypteridaceae (10 genera and 36 species), Athyriaceae (9 genera and 31 species), Polypodiaceae (10 genera and 30 species) and Aspleniaceae (1 genera and 15 species). The dominant genera are DryoPteris(26 species), Asplenium(15 species), Pteris(14 species), Selaginella (13 species) and Arachniodes (11 species). The flora origin traces back to the ancient time, including quite a few ancient families, genera and relic species. The flora elements are complicated and contain various geographical features, the tropical and subtropical features being comparatively distinctive.