Familiar Rules Research Articles

Genetic scrambling as a defence against meiotic drive

Genetic recombination has important consequences, including the familiar rules of Mendelian genetics. Here we present a new argument for the evolutionary function of recombination based on the hypothesis that meiotic drive systems continually arise to threaten the fairness of meiosis. These drive systems act at the expense of the fitness of the organism as a whole for the benefit of the genes involved. We show that genes increasing crossing over are favoured, in the process of breaking up drive systems and reducing the fitness loss to organisms.

The Evolution of Natural Resource Prices under Stochastic Investment Opportunities: An Intertemporal Asset-Pricing Approach

The authors consider the competitive equilibrium of an economy with technological uncertainty in the production of a composite good and in the extraction of a nonrenewable natural resource. The familiar Hotelling-type rule takes the form of the intertemporal asset-pricing equation of portfolio theory. It characterizes the evolution of the resource price. In its so-called consumption-beta formulation, it predicts that the expected excess return to holding the resource in the ground is proportional to the covariance between the return to holding the resource and the rate of change of per capita consumption. This suggests a framework for testing the Hotelling rule. Copyright 1991 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.

Nash Implementation Using Undominated Strategies

We study the problem of implementing social choice correspondences using the concept of undominated Nash equilibrium, i.e. Nash equilibrium in which no one uses a weakly dominated strategy. We show that this mild refinement of Nash equilibrium has a dramatic impact on the set of implementable correspondences. Our main result is that if there are at least three agents in the society, then any correspondence which satisfies the usual no veto power condition is implementable unless some agents are completely indifferent over all possible outcomes. Many common welfare criteria, such as the Pareto correspondence, and several familiar voting rules, such as majority and plurality rules, satisfy our conditions. This possibility result stands in sharp contrast to the more restrictive findings with implementation in either Nash equilibrium or subgame perfect equilibrium. We present several examples to illustrate the difference between undominated Nash implementation and implementation with alternative solution concepts.

TALENT AND INTELLIGENCE

Abstract Specific outstanding abilities are found at all levels of general cognitive functioning, and are independent of it Furthermore, people who are gifted in a particular area but differ widely in general intelligence nevertheless seem to utilise similar mental processes and structures. Thus idiot‐savant musicians remember, as well as generate, musical patterns derived from familiar musical rules, and their ability is not based on rote memory. Calendri‐cal calculators use the rules and structures on which the Gregorian Calendar is based to calculate dates rapidly. Children with low intelligence but outstanding drawing ability need less visual information for the identification of pictures than those who cannot draw but have high IQ's.

Ground state and excitational properties of atoms

We have carried out self-consistent electronic structure calculations on atoms, positive and negative ions and on X-ray transition energies by employing a generalized version of the Kohn-Sham theory which applies to anyN-electron eigenstate. This theory has recently been developed by Fritsche (Phys. Rev. B33, 3976 (1986)). As in the original Kohn-Sham version of density functional theory, it turns out that exchange and correlation can rigorously be described by a local energy-independent potential. The latter is in the present paper approximated by using correlation factors that have the form of a Gaussian or of a Lorentzian to the power 5/2. The width of these functions is determined via the familiar sum rule. We present results on atoms of the first three rows of the periodic table and on some heavier atoms. It is furthermore shown that the generalized Kohn-Sham theory can successfully be applied to multiplet states of free atoms. We discuss results on helium, carbon, oxygen and silicon. It may generally be stated that our approach yields a better overall agreement with the experimental data than any other approximation that has been used so far within density functional theory.

The Logical Function of Metaphor and Oppositional Coincidence in the Pseudo-Dionysius and Johannes Scottus Eriugena

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Logical Function of Metaphor and Oppositional Coincidence in the Pseudo-Dionysius and Johannes Scottus EriugenaThomas Michael TomasicThomas Michael Tomasic Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 68, Number 3Jul., 1988 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/487874 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Predrag Petrović Cosmological aspects of unity of the affirmative (kataphatic) and negative (apophatic) theological perspective, Sabornost , no.1414 (Jan 2020): 67–80.https://doi.org/10.5937/sabornost2014067P

An Application of the Criteria ASASA for Quadrilaterals

Two polygons are congruent if a correspondence exists between vertices such that corresponding sides and angles are congruent. If the polygons are triangles then each has six parts that must correspond exactly, the three sides and three angles. But, as we all know, the congruence of two triangles can be det ermined from the congruence of only three of these six parts provided that the three parts are chosen according to the familiar rules SSS, SAS, ASA, or AAS.

Bin packing: On optimizing the number of pieces packed

We consider bin-packing variations related to the well-studied problem of maximizing the total number of pieces packed into a fixed set of bins. We show that, when the objective is to minimize the total number of pieces packed subject to the constraint that no unpacked piece will fit, no polynomial-time relative approximation algorithm exists (unless, of course,P=NP). That is, we prove that it isNP-hard to guarantee packing no more than a constant multiple of the optimal number of pieces, for any constant. This appears to be the first bin-packing problem for which this property has been demonstrated. Furthermore, this result also holds for the allied packing variant which seeks to minimize the maximum number of pieces packed in any single bin. We find the situation to be markedly better for the problem of maximizing the minimum number of pieces in any bin. If all bins possess the same capacity, we prove that the familiar SPF rule is an absolute approximation algorithm with additive constant 1, and can therefore be regarded as a best possible heuristic. For the more general and difficult case in which bin capacities may differ, it turns out that SPF fails to qualify as even a relative approximation algorithm. However, we devise an implementation of the well-known FFD heuristic, which we show to be a relative approximation algorithm, yielding a worst-case performance ratio of 1/2 with additive constant 0. Moreover, we prove that (unlessP=NP) no polynomial-time algorithm can guarantee a higher ratio without sacrificing the additive constant.

Optimal monetary policy and the lag structure of disturbances

The paper extends Poole's analysis of optimal monetary policy by linking monetary policy to the lag structure of the model's disturbances. A Keynesian framework which also assumes rational expectations and information lags is used. The paper finds that in this framework monetary policy is determined by the rates at which real sector and money-demand disturbances dissipate. Dynamic analogs of the familiar rules linking optimal monetary policy to the stability of the IS and LM curves are then developed.

More on English vowel shift: the back vowel question

ABSTRACTOne of the pivotal claims of the generative approach to English phonology is that a rule essentially duplicating the historical changes of the English Great Vowel Shift is a part of the phonological competence of contemporary speakers of the language (Chomsky & Halle 1968). Though experiments designed to test this claim have shown that some of the alternations predicted by such a rule (VSR) are at least marginally productive for speakers, a counter-claim has also been proposed (Moskowitz 1973; Jaeger 1980) that this limited productivity is the result of knowledge of the familiar spelling rule (SR) that relates the ‘long’ vs. ‘short’ pronunciations of the five English vowel letters.A comparison between the phonological and orthographic theories shows that certain back vowel alternations are crucial for distinguishing between them, and that certain others critically distinguish the Chomsky & Halle version of the VSR from the more recent reformulations of Halle (1977) and Halle & Mohanan (1985). A concept formation experiment was therefore conducted to determine which of these back vowel alternations were included in the vowel shift set. The results showed that all of the predictions of the SR were confirmed, whereas all three versions of the VSR were falsified on at least one count. Moreover, data from English spelling–sound regularities also proved to be highly predictive of the gradation of the responses found in this study, lending rather conclusive support to the view that the SR is responsible for all that has been found to be productive about the vowel shift phenomenon.

Facilitation in Wason’s selection task: Content and instructions

Two experiments investigated the influence of rule content and instructions on subjects’ ability to reason about conditional rules. Experiment 1 had subjects determine whether two rules were “true or false” or whether two rules were being “violated.” Subjects had direct experience with one rule and indirect experience with the other. Performance was superior with direct experiential rules and with violation instructions. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether violation instructions could facilitate correct selections with content for which subjects had no experience. Subjects were presented with a familiar and unfamiliar rule. The results were consistent with those of Experiment 1. The possibility of a cognitive trade-off between rule familiarity and instructions is discussed.

The simple economics of tort law: An organizing framework

This note outlines a general economic approach to the law of torts. It shows that all efficient rules must define negligent behavior as inefficient behavior and must hold an individual liable when he or she is negligent and the other actor is not. The note demonstrates how familiar rules such as strict liability with a defense of contributory negligence or simple negligence fit into this framework and argues that comparative negligence can also be efficient under a constitent economic approach.

An equational approach to theorem proving in first-order predicate calculus

A new approach for proving theorems in first-order predicate calculus is developed based on term rewriting and polynomial simplification methods. A formula is translated into an equivalent set of formulae expressed in terms of 'true', 'false', 'exclusive-or', and 'and' by analyzing the semantics of its top-level operator. In this representation, formulae are polynomials over atomic formulae with 'and' as multiplication and 'exclusive-or' as addition, and they can be manipulated just like polynomials using familiar rules of multiplication and addition. Polynomials representing a formula are converted into rewrite rules which are used to simplify polynomials. New rules are generated by overlapping polynomials using a critical-pair completion procedure closely related to the Knuth- Bendix procedure. This process is repeated until a contradiction is reached or it is no longer possible to generate new rules. It is shown that resolution is subsumed by this method.

An introduction to the IBA Rules of Evidence

ON 28 May 1983, the Council of the IBA adopted by Resolution and recommendation to its members and others Supplementary Rules Governing the Presentation and Reception of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration. These rules, denominated in abbreviation the IBA Rules of Evidence, are set out in detail at the end of this paper. It may be of interest to those concerned with international arbitration between parties from civil law and common law countries to know the reasons and processes whereby they came about, their scope and the philosophy behind some of their individual provisions. Numerous efforts have, from time to time, been made to develop a uniform arbitration law and uniform rules for application in international arbitration. Both ad hoc and institutional rules have been drawn in order to suit, as far as possible, the various disciplines and approaches to the conduct of the dispute resolving process: The most familiar rules are those of the major international arbitral institutions: the 1975 Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce Court of Arbitration, the Arbitration Rules of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, and the 1985 Rules of the London Court of International Arbitration. There have, however, been others as well. Rules on Commercial Arbitration were formulated by the International Law Association in 1950. A Uniform Law on Arbitration in Respect of Relations of Private Law was developed by UNIDROIT in 1935, revised in 1954, and amended by the Legal Committee of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe in 1957. The European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration of 1961 under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe promulgated its ECE Rules for International Commercial Arbitration in 1966. In 1976, finally, UNCITRAL adopted the most important arbitration rules of all for ad hoc arbitration and …

Sparsely Connected Built‐Up Columns

An elastic analysis is presented for the initial buckling and the post-buckling behavior of simply supported built-up columns consisting of two slightly separated identical parallel elements that are joined together at their ends and middle by rigid connections of negligible axial extent. Numerical results for initial buckling indicate that a familiar design rule (to make the slenderness ratio of the individual elements between fillers no greater than that of the column as a whole) will not necessarily lead to a buckling strength approximating that of the integral column. The post-buckling numerical results in the form of load-shortening curves, show that the post-buckling behavior is unstable, i.e., the load required to maintain any buckled configuration is less than that required to initiate the buckling. This post-buckling instability, which is in marked contrast to the virtually neutral stability of the solid elastic column, has important implications regarding imperfection sensitivity. Embedded in the general analysis is that of the 2-connection column obtained by omitting the middle connection.

Modeling gas transport in packaging applications

The barrier to gas transport provided by the container material is an important consideration in many packaging applications. This paper considers cases where a simple steady-state or pseudosteady-state analysis does not adequately represent the transport situation and, thus, the dynamics of the diffusion process must be considered. In these cases, a simple permeability coefficient is not sufficient to describe the barrier characteristics but detailed knowledge of the solubility and diffusion processes must be known. The adequacy of the phenomenological model used to represent these processes and various mathematical approximations in their application in modeling packaging problems have been considered. A specific example involving prediction of shelf-life of carbonated beverages in plastic bottles is given. In addition, the question of the approach to steadystate in transient permeation experiments is analyzed. The familiar rule of three time lags is seen to provide a conservative criterion for glassy polymers obeying the dual sorption, dual mobility model.

On a proposal for a continuum with microstructure

A recently proposed model for a continuum with microstructure is further substantiated by identifying the microstructure with dislocations. In particular, the continuum is viewed as a superimposed state composed of a perfect lattice state, an immobile dislocation state, and a mobile dislocation state. It is assumed that each state evolves continuously in space-time and transitions from one state to another take place spontaneously according to the balance laws of effective mass and momentum. When the constitutive equations are subjected to the requirements of invariance, familiar statements from dislocation dynamics are deduced. When plastic strain and yield are identified in terms of the parameters characterizing the dislocation states, familiar flow rules and yield surfaces are produced. The capability of the model to predict not only Tresca and Von-Mises plastic behavior but also phenomena such as kinematic hardening, different responses in tension and compression, latent hardening, and the Bauschinger effect, is shown. Finally, the appropriateness of our equations to model creep, cyclic plasticity, and fatigue, is illustrated.

Neutralization of obstruent voicing in german is incomplete

A familiar phonological neutralization rule is the merger of voiced and voiceless obstruents in syllable-final position in German. Thus, the /d/ in Leid ‘sorrow’ is pronounced [-voice] like the /t/ in leit ‘lead.’ A spectrographic test of minimal pairs by nine Germans, however, revealed (1) vowels before underlying voiced consonants were 10% longer than before underlying voiceless ones, (2) there was a slightly longer interval of glottal pulsing into the consonant closure for the underlying voiced consonants, yet (3) consonant closure durations were the same. Since these consonants all sounded voiceless to us, a listening test was performed. Native speakers of German listened to these utterances and indicated which word of the minimal pair was heard. Subjects were able to guess the intended word about 70% correct—significantly better than chance. This “semicontrast” must be nearly useless in conversation. These results show that voicing neutralization is only partially achieved in German and disprove any analysis of the form [+voice] → [−voice]. Instead we propose that Germans employ a “motor implementation rule” of final devoicing that simulates the voiceless feature but is distinct from it. [Research supported by NIH grant HD12511.]

On equations that hold identically in the system of real numbers

The real number system (R, + ,0, , 1)=R is usually studied through an axiomatic system containing seven equations that hold identically, namely: commutative and associative laws for addition and multiplication, the ‘zero law’ for addition and the ‘one law’ for multiplication, and the distributive law of multiplication over addition. Familiar rules of derivation from equational logic permit us to generate an infinite number of new equational identities on the basis of the given seven. In this paper we first list some suggestions for introducing the seven identical equations into the secondary classroom to make them pragmatically meaningful to the student. We then ask whether every equation that holds identically in R is derivable from the given seven, and we show by a counter‐example that x‐ 0 = 0 cannot be so derived. We goon to show that when the identity x.0 = 0 is adjoined to the given seven, we obtain a basis for the equational theory of R from which every other equation that holds identically in R ca...

Exchange of skin grafts among monozygotic quadruplets in armadillos.

Skin grafting experiments, with long-term follow-ups, on three litters of armadillo quadruplets born in our laboratory have confirmed the familiar rule that grafts exchanged between monozygotic littermates are not rejected as a consequence of alloimmune reactions. A possible explanation of the striking discrepancy between the present findings and those of a previous study is uncertainty about the relationships of the previous animals, which were obtained from a commercial dealer at 10 days of age.