Family Organization Research Articles

Pathways to care: IDPs seeking health support and justice for sexual and gender-based violence through social connections in Garowe and Kismayo, Somalia and South Kivu, DRC

A growing literature documents the significant barriers to accessing care that Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) face. This study focuses on gender-based violence (SGBV), an issue often exacerbated in times of forced displacement, and adds to extant debates by considering the wide range of social connections (pathways and actors) involved in providing care beyond the formal biomedical (and justice) system. This research asks, who do IDPs turn to following SGBV and why? How effective do IDPs perceive these social connections to be? To answer these research questions, the study used ‘participatory social mapping’ methodology for 31 workshops held with over 200 participants in Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2021/2022. Pathways to SGBV-related care for IDPs appear eclectic and contingent upon not only the availability and accessibility of support resources but also social, cultural and gendered beliefs and practices. ‘Physical’, mental health, and justice needs are intertwined. They are hard to decouple as many actors cut across need categories, including family, faith and aid organisations, and customary institutions. Comparing Congolese and Somali sites of displaced communities, we see significant similarities and overlaps in pathways to care. While both countries have experienced severe erosions of state capacity, NGOs and parallel faith-based and customary legal, psychological, and health systems have filled the state's weakness to varying degrees of acceptance by IDP participants. A comprehensive understanding of the local milieu, which requires illuminating the logics behind where people actually turn to for care, is crucial for interventions supporting SGBV victims/survivors; indeed, they risk being inefficient if they only address barriers to formal systems.

Theoretical and empirical basis of the development of children's cultural and spiritual qualities in cooperation with family and preschool education organization

A parent's reputation is essential for correctly raising a child; without it, the youngster cannot be raised. The foundation of a parent's authority is their sense of responsibility for their family, their life, their career, and how they behave in public. The most respected people are all mothers and fathers because they successfully balance job and social obligations with family responsibilities, show interest in their children's life, and manage them well. It is not the private responsibility of parents to raise their children in a socially responsible manner. The social responsibility of parents is to provide for their children's education. A person's worth is determined by the advantages he provides to society. The primary educators of their children are their parents. In this article, thoughts and comments are made about the theoretical and empirical foundations of the development of cultural and spiritual qualities of children in cooperation between the family and the preschool education organization.

Assessing the Entrepreneurial Intention of Indian Women

Women entrepreneurship is imperative for the country’s economic growth and development. It empowers women and reduces the gender gap in patriarchal Indian society. Though, Indian women face numerous hurdles on their way to becoming an entrepreneur. Women need support from family, society, government, and various organizations to prosper in entrepreneurship. There are many research studies discussing problems faced by women entrepreneurs in India and offering solution to these problems. Less research has touched upon the topic of motivation and women’s self-help groups. However, less research exists uncovering the entrepreneurial intentions of Indian women. Addressing this lacuna, this study is assessing the entrepreneurial intentions of the Indian women to know how much they are inclined towards entrepreneurship and to know what motivates them to undertake entrepreneurship. The research presents future research avenues based on the study’s findings. Primary data collected from the sample have been utilized in this research.

Antropološki prilog razumevanju položaja porodica nestalih Srba na Kosovu i Metohiji

This paper approaches the topic of missing Serbs in Kosovo and Metohia by the application of the anthropological theoretical framework on waiting, which treats this waiting process as socially and politically constructed. Furthermore, it considers the role of the families of missing persons in memory praxis related to this humanitarian problem. By outlining the relevance of understanding the position of families of missing persons, it was shown that their personal stories contribute to the formation of a collective narrative, which is important to the wider community of displaced Serbs from Kosovo and Metohia. Additionally, it was concluded that the ability of this humanitarian problem to contribute to the conflict resolution, depends not only on the investigation of missing people, but also on a wider recognition of victims and the protection of their family members and organizations formed by them, which carry on the duties of establishing interethnic cooperation. The misuse of this humanitarian problem, as outlined by their families, is shown as a serious impediment to mending interethnic relations. The paper tries to give a closer look at the voices and silences of families of missing persons by showing how their waiting for investigation and information regarding the disappearances is politically structured, and at the same time charged with the promise of social change.

Gender Politics, Debility, and Violence

Gender Politics, Debility, and Violence Zainab Saleh (bio) books discussed in this essay Women of the Midan: The Untold Stories of Egypt’s Revolutionaries. By Sherine Hafez. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2019. Sacrificial Limbs: Masculinity, Disability, and Political Violence in Turkey. By Salih Can Açiksöz. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2020. Politics of Rightful Killing: Civil Society, Gender, and Sexuality in Weblogistan. By Sima Shakhsari. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability. By Jasbir K. Puar. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017. in her foundational work on piety, the late scholar Saba Mah-mood critiqued feminist theory for too often perceiving the subject as either constituted through subjugation or as a site of resistance to power.1 Her work examines how devout women in Egypt carved out pious selves by embodying the Islamic virtue of modesty. These women, she explains, drew ”an ineluctable relationship between the norm (modesty) and the bodily form it takes (the veil) such that the veiled body becomes the necessary means through which the virtue of modesty is both created and expressed” (23, emphasis in original). For Mahmood, the question is not whether a norm — modesty — was subverted or enacted, but how it is lived and inhabited. Aiming to move away from the binary of doing and undoing the subject, Mahmood is interested in the different modalities of moral-ethical action, which contribute to the constructions of certain [End Page 557] types of ”subjects whose political autonomy cannot be grasped without applying critical scrutiny to the precise form their embodied actions take.”2 However, Mahmood does not detail how neoliberal reforms or increased militarization of public spaces in Egypt have impacted the construction of pious subjectivity or the formation of gendered bodies. Her work focuses on the individual’s efforts to define a pious self. In the past two decades, scholars of the Middle East, influenced in part by interventions such as Mahmood’s, have begun to pay attention to questions of gender and embodiment in relation to broader political contexts. Lara Deeb and Jessica Winegar argue that this new literature approaches the body in relation to colonial, medical, and modern projects of subject formation and ethical engagement.3 Farha Ghannam and Sherine Hamdy, for example, approach embodiment and piety by situating Egyptian body politics within neoliberal reforms and the privatization of health care, staggering inequality, the management of toxic waste, and increased surveillance and police brutality. Hamdy explores the religious and medical debates over body integrity related to organ donation and brain death [End Page 558] through the lens of bioethics.4 Meanwhile, Ghannam employs Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of bodily hexis— that is, the ways that bodies reflect their socioeconomic positions — to show how men in Egypt embody a masculine self that is not individual but constructed by both men and women under evolving economic, social, political, and religious norms.5 Here, masculinity is embodied and materialized through different regimes of governmentality, including the family, the community, the school, the military, the state, and international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund. These works emphasize how the state — whether through neoliberal reforms, increased police brutality and surveillance, or failure to deal with toxic waste — shapes the body by producing it as a site of governance and violence. In The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability, Jasbir Puar offers a new reading of the role of the state in shaping bodies through debility or through bodily injury and social exclusion engendered by political and economic realities. The state perceives bodies as sites of intervention in order to debilitate and govern them. Puar critiques disability studies, which often uses a universalistic human rights framing of the usefulness and uselessness of the body, for its failure to consider the specificity of location and the ways that bodies defy identities (xiv). Puar calls attention to how postcolonial studies, ethnic studies, and Indigenous studies have long examined the impacts of racism, colonialism, capitalism, and environmental degradation in producing disability and debility for certain populations. To Puar, connecting critical race theory and postcolonial studies with disability studies unveils the fact that while many bodies might not be labeled as disabled...

Household Troubles: Japanese Women’s Conceptions of Self (1603–1868)

This paper examines how Japanese women’s conceptions of self were shaped by the stem family structure during the Tokugawa period (1603–1868). Stem families, also identified by historians with the Japanese term for “house,” ie, were diverse structures of kinship and economic support. They typically—though not always—consisted of a male household head, multiple generations, and a single heir. In most cases, the stem model was cyclical, ensuring that household headship and assets would be passed down. The Tokugawa period represented a unique historical shift; whereas previously only the samurai class adhered to the ie structure, during the Tokugawa period, households of all classes generally adopted this form of family organization. The ie was important because it delineated certain roles and expectations for different status groups. For women in particular, this role was often complex, contradictory, and open-ended. Two normative characteristics of Tokugawa-era families were filial piety and collective possession. These two values particularly shaped the roles and expectations of household women. Using Noriko Sugano’s research on the Official Records of Filial Piety (1801) and Amy Stanley’s Fashioning the Family: A Temple, a Daughter and a Wardrobe (2019), this paper asserts that women were encouraged to think about their identity in terms of membership within a larger group.

Uncoupling and the New Social Compact: A Paradigm Shift in Western Family Organisation

Uncoupling and the New Social Compact: A Paradigm Shift in Western Family Organisation

Особенности субъективной оценки внутрисемейных отношений у больных псориазом

Psoriasis is a common polyetiological disease that affects significant elements of the patient's personality relationship system, including his intrafamily relationships. The hypothesis was tested about the negative impact of subjective experiences associated with psoriatic disease on the perception of the family environment. The influence of several factors (gender, duration and severity of the disease) on the subjective assessment of patients with psoriasis of their family environment was analyzed. In total, 99 individuals took part in the study: 66 subjects suffering from various forms of psoriasis (30 men and 36 women; age: 38±17.68 y.o., disease duration: 13±7.78 years). 40 subjects had an average severity of the disease according to the PASI index. Comparison group consisted of 33 patients (15 men and 18 women; age: 41±14.56 y.o.) with pathology of the musculoskeletal system (disease duration: 12±9.38 years). The following methods were used: semi-structured interview, Family Environment Scale adapted by S.Yu. Kupriyanov (1985), Uncompleted sentences (Joseph M. Sacks, 1950). The subjective experience of psoriatic disease does not have a strong negative impact on the perception of the family environment. At the same time, the influence of gender and duration of the disease on the subjective assessment of their family microclimate by patients with psoriasis was noted. There is a peculiarity of the family environment of patients with psoriasis in comparison with patients with pathology of the musculoskeletal system: patients with psoriasis more often note that in their families it is allowed to openly act and express their feelings, and independence in decision-making is encouraged; the family microclimate of patients with psoriasis is less characterized by the hierarchy of family organization, the rigidity of family rules, and control by family members of each other. These studies can help improve the effectiveness of psychological work with psoriatic patients.

“Nós, mulheres quilombolas, sabemos a dor uma da outra”: uma investigação sobre sororidade e ocupação

Abstract Introduction In Brazil, the quilombola women have been essential for the survival of the quilombo communities. They are responsible for transmitting traditions, preserving natural resources, and caring for the home and the land. Thus, the historical markers of social and family organization guide the production and reproduction of their occupational roles in this context. Objectives In this article, we reflect on the insurgence of quilombola women from the peculiarity of sisterhood, dororidade, and gender disparity in these women’s occupations. Method This reflection resulted from a study conducted with nine women residing in a quilombo community located in the interior of the state of Bahia, Brazil, through interviews, escrevivências (live writing) and Photovoice. Results The study evidenced that occupations performed by the participants are crossed by gender and conditioned by racism and sexism, in addition to the peculiar modes of the internal functioning of the group and the traditional ways of life in this community. Conclusions Women assume most of the management of the Pinguela quilombo community through the sense of collectivity and union that allows them to combine a continuous network of solidarity and support. In Brazil, studies on the work of occupational therapists with quilombola women are scarce; therefore, we suggest that occupational therapists, in their professional practice, assume an ethical-political commitment and adopt critical perspectives from Afro-Latin-American feminism to develop collective practices as a form of intervention.

A NEW APPROACH TO “THE HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION ACT”- AN ENCOURAGEMENT TO RE-ESTABLISH THE “CASAL DE FAMÍLIA” IN PORTUGUESE LAW

Housing is a fundamental right enshrined in the Constitution. As a structural element of family organisation, the family residence becomes a necessary instrument for achieving the minimum values ​​of human dignity in its family dimension. The Portuguese legal system that constitutionally enshrines the inviolability of the human person's dignity, the protection of the family and the right to housing, attributes a vulnerability to the family residence, allowing it to be seized, with very few exceptions. The "casal de família" institute, which finds its place in the North American Homestead, can recommend a feasible and possible solution to protect the family residence. Under Portuguese law, this institute was in force between 1920 and 1977, assuming the terminology of "casal de família". We will analyse the legal regime of Homestead and the modus operandi of the "casal de família" in Portugal. We wonder whether the Portuguese legal system should again consider the existence of "family property" or "family couple". We believe that such a concept would encourage the family, strengthen its values, strengthen its ties, and solve a pressing social problem, not resolved by the Portuguese law n ° 13/2016, of May 23.

Molecular characterization of Zn(II)2Cys6 cluster gene family and their association with pathogenicity of the onion basal rot pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae

The molecular determinants of Foc (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae) pathogenicity are highly underexplored. The Zn(II)2Cys6 (C6) subclass of zinc finger proteins are an exclusive group of transcriptional regulators associated with multiple physiological processes including development and pathogenicity in fungi. In the present study, we used a genome-wide approach and detected 398C6-type genes (FOXCZF1-398) distributed throughout the Foc genome. The identified proteins were divided into 15 subgroups, majority of which (251, 63%) demonstrated the presence of the highly conserved C6 (CX2CX6CX6CX2CX6C) domain. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the Foc C6-type genes into 12 groups with 45% encoding for fungal specific transcription factors and 17% encoded proteins had a unique developmental specific DUF3468 DNA binding domain. In planta gene expression analysis revealed significant induced expression of a selective group of Foc C6-type genes from group IV and VII. The induced C6-type genes were predicted to be paralogous to the virulence regulatory genes (FTF1 and FTF2) of Fusarium oxysporum. Overall, our study provide a comprehensive information on the genome organization and expression profile of the C6-type gene family in Foc which would form the basis for further analyzing their potential role in regulating pathogenicity to onion by controlling the effector expression in Foc.

СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЦЕССА СОЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ РОССИЙСКИХ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СЕМЬЯХ И ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯХ

The article examines the problems of socialization of Russian schoolchildren in the context of the transformation of family and educational institutions. Sociological analysis based on the institutional approach made it possible to identify the main transformation processes that affect the socializing conditions in the family and educational organizations.

Factors that influence children`s anthropometric indices: a focus on female single-parent families

In the last decades several alterations have occurred in the dynamics of the organization of families, including changes in size, structure, and composition. Among new family arrangements, the increase in female single-parent families stands out. This structure tends to be in a situation of greater social vulnerability in relation to other arrangements. With this in mind, the scope of this study sought to analyze the relationship between the female single-parent family arrangement and anthropometric measurements of under five-year-old offspring, with data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian household budget survey (POF/IBGE). Two equations for the analysis of anthropometric measurements, with the z-score of "height-for-age" and the z-score of "weight-for-height" as dependent variables, were estimated. The results revealed that, taking other important variables into consideration, such as income, education and domestic characteristics pertaining to the "female single-parent" arrangement, had a positive effect on anthropometric measurements when compared with the "couple with children" arrangement, indicating that in households in which the mother does not have a spouse in residence, children had better long-term health indicators than in households in which the spouse was present.

Социальный портрет сельских старшеклассников

The constructed social portrait of rural high school students provided an opportunity to identify a systemically integrated set of characteristics of the studied social group (terminal and instrumental values, lifestyle, attitude to the small motherland, patriotism, social activity, structure of free time, presence in virtual space, cognitive needs, life plans, structure and content of communication of high school students in the family and school, proposals of young people to improve the cultural potential of the local community, etc.). This allows us to find solutions of many pressing problems faced by rural youth. The authors come to the conclusion that the problems of youth at the municipal level should be solved with the active participation of young people themselves in the systemic interaction of government structures, business, family, school, mass media, and public organizations of the socially active population.

Life\u2019s continuation: repro-tech, biogenetic affinity, and racial capitalism

This paper examines the affinity ties of biological and familial whiteness in ART as evident in the 2014 Illinois Northern District Court case of Cramblett v. Midwest Sperm Bank—where a white mother filed a wrongful birth suit and sought legal compensation for the loss of perceived genetic similarity and giving birth to a ‘black’ child via donor insemination. Applying critical legal and critical race studies to the case and engaging its surrounding media, the paper considers what Cramblett can tell us about loss—as it is related to notions of value and property within an overarching system of racial capitalism. This paper considers how race, value, and property inter-articulated in Cramblett through notions of biogenetic relations and familial whiteness within the organization of family; how these ideas travel through to investments in life—and its continuation—as a form of racial property (for some); and what this case can tell us about broader operations of structural racism and the role of biomedicine (and law) within these operations. Ultimately, the paper shows that biogenetic affinity in ARTs condition life’s continuation in ways that resecure the disparities of racial capitalism.

The Disenfranchisement of Perinatal Grief: How Silence, Silencing and Self-Censorship Complicate Bereavement (a Mixed Methods Study).

Based on an ethnographic and mixed-methods research design, the article explores the social and interactive processes of disenfranchisement of perinatal grief through the mechanisms of silence, silencing and self-censorship in encounters between bereaved women and the social milieu. The analysis finds that disenfranchisement results from the constriction of the social space of bereavement along various lines of discourse, cultural values, practice and materiality, that include: the passing of time (expectations of a quick 'recovery'); competing discourses of loss (simplistic-dominant vs. complex-subordinate meaning-making); the biometrics of pregnancy (lower gestational age being equated with less intense grief); gendered ideas of reproduction and feeling rules; asymmetries in social power; social spheres (hospital, home, community, support groups); socio-materialities and performance/ritual; and structural aspects of social and familial organization (gender, age, intergenerational and kin v. non-kin relations). These processes are intimately linked to the complication of grief by undermining support, meaning-making and continuing bonds.

Unraveling the Unconventional Order of a High-Mobility Indacenodithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Copolymer.

A new class of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers found to produce high charge carrier mobilities competitive with amorphous silicon (>1 cm2 V-1 s-1) exhibit the puzzling microstructure of substantial local order, however lacking long-range order and crystallinity previously deemed necessary for achieving high mobility. Here, we demonstrate the application of low-dose transmission electron microscopy to image and quantify the nanoscale and mesoscale organization of an archetypal D-A copolymer across areas comparable to electronic devices (≈9 μm2). The local structure is spatially resolved by mapping the backbone (001) spacing reflection, revealing nanocrystallites of aligned polymer chains throughout nearly the entire film. Analysis of the nanoscale structure of its ordered domains suggests significant short- and medium-range order and preferential grain boundary orientations. Moreover, we provide insights into the rich, interconnected mesoscale organization of this new family of D-A copolymers by analysis of the local orientational spatial autocorrelations.

BARRIERS TO MENTAL HEALTHCARE IMPROVEMENT IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES

The quality of mental health treatment in low and middle-income countries is a source of concern despite publications claiming that mental healthcare is improv­ing.1 Despite the presence of available evidence, that mental healthcare service development has been slow in pace in most of the developing countries.2 There are various mental health barriers which need to be ad­dressed at this point to overall improve the services improve the delivery of mental health services. Low priority on public health agenda: Mental health has a low priority on national and international pub­lic-health agendas, as evidenced by their low visibility in Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).3,4 A higher prominence on domestic and international agendas is necessary not just for increased funding, but also for gaining political support for the tough choices that typically accompany mental health reforms due to lack of consensus among stakeholders which leads to contradictory messag­es turning donors and policymakers off. The immi­nent needs are not prioritized on specialist services. Communication is not clear with decision makers and mental health professionals.5 It is also a matter of great concern that lack of public interest in the wellbeing of those with mental disorders may be due to the stigma associated.6-8 Decision-makers' erroneous belief that mental health treatment is not as cost-effective as the care for a variety of the other physical disorders.9,10 Disorganization of services: The greatest impediment to decentralization and systematic disenfranchisement is the entrenched interests of mental health and hos­pital staff, who fear losing their power base and being compelled to relocate to rural regions. Service consum­ers and family organizations frequently support the old system because they are ignorant of the benefits.11 In a nutshell, a homogenous model of services that must be available for everyone that may prioritizes nurtur­ing and replenishing mental health services in primary care setting that can best serve individuals who suffer from mental illnesses, is missing. Dearth of mental health work force: Only a few people pursue mental healthcare as a profession, thus there aren't enough people qualified to provide it.12 Higher pay in private practise and abroad, on the other hand, incentivize even this workforce to quit government em­ployment or even the nation leading to brain drain. Fur­thermore, there are little incentives for mental health specialists to remain in rural areas, where the majority of the country's population resides. To diversify the workforce, flexibility and creativity is required, includ­ing increase in the number of mental health training programs for working professionals in accordance with authorities' guidelines and regulations. As a result, the function of a mental health practitioner in the commu­nity is expected to shift from clinical care provider to ongoing trainer and supervisor.2 Lack of effective leadership in public health: Most Mental health leaders in low and middle income coun­tries lack public health abilities, and there is a paucity of mental health leaders with public-health training. Senior mental health professionals who are promoted to national mental health leaders frequently focus on individual therapeutic care rather than community-ori­ented actions.2 Few colleges across the world provide public mental health courses to prepare future mental health administrators, planners, and leaders. There are just a few international training and exchange options for leaders to improve their public mental health skills.2 Natural and Man-made Disasters: A recent hurdle in developing countries like Pakistan has been the issues related to natural and man-made disasters including drought, fires, accidents, earthquake, floods and ter­rorism.13 This is harming not just the country's econ­omy, but the ever-changing dynamics of the situation are making it difficult for the general populace to settle and adjust to the circumstances, rendering them vul­nerable to mental health problems. This disruption is aggravating existing mental healthcare issues, as there is no coverage for this additional percentage of the population. Imperfection of Mental Health Infor­mation System: Lacunae in the information system is a hurdle in providing just and and equitable mental health services and this has a general impact on all areas of mental health service provision.14 Inappropriate Legislation: Inappropriate legislation and enforcement of existing laws is a major challenge for health systems in developing countries.15 The need of the day is to establish psy­chiatric treatment services in general hospi­tals and the development of mental health­care in primary care and other health-care settings for societal and communal needs. Also, international cooperation is needed along with local and national efforts to over­come the barriers. In addition, advocacy for persons with mental illnesses may shape po­litical will which has the capacity to increase the chances of availability and access to humane mental health treatment. For the development of community mental health services, in addition to the emphasis on the inclusion of mental health in primary care, services at the secondary care level should be prioritized in the community taking all stakeholders on board.

The Female Burden Visualized: Cinematic Representation of Women during Epidemics

The Female Burden Visualized: Cinematic Representation of Women during Epidemics

Nck adaptors at a glance.

The non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) family of adaptors, consisting of Nck1 and Nck2, contributes to selectivity and specificity in the flow of cellular information by recruiting components of signaling networks. Known to play key roles in cytoskeletal remodeling, Nck adaptors modulate host cell-pathogen interactions, immune cell receptor activation, cell adhesion and motility, and intercellular junctions in kidney podocytes. Genetic inactivation of both members of the Nck family results in embryonic lethality; however, viability of mice lacking either one of these adaptors suggests partial functional redundancy. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we highlight the molecular organization and functions of the Nck family, focusing on key interactions and pathways, regulation of cellular processes, development, homeostasis and pathogenesis, as well as emerging and non-redundant functions of Nck1 compared to those of Nck2. This article thus aims to provide a timely perspective on the biology of Nck adaptors and their potential as therapeutic targets.