False Statements Research Articles

Regulation of Fraud in Civil Code: a Comparative Study Between The Indonesian Civil Code and Netherlands Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek

A person who commits fraud will move something as if something happened and was right but the act does not correspond to reality. The purpose of this study is to examine the elements of Fraud in Article 1328 of the Indonesian Civil Code and examine the regulation of fraud (bedrog) in the civil code in the Netherlands. This research is a Normative Legal Research which is legal research carried out by examining library materials or secondary data. Normative legal research is also called doctrinal legal research. The results indicated that the explanation of the definition of fraud (bedrog) has been regulated in Article 1328 of the Civil Code, but the substantial understanding has not been regulated in Article 1328 of the Indonesian Civil Code, fraud in Dutch civil law is regulated in article 3:44 Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek. The recommendation that the author can note is that as one of the countries adopted by Indonesia, it is appropriate for Fraud to get elaboration and technical procedures to identify Fraud as a defect of will. Bedrog is defined by definition as an act in which a party entices another party to take certain legal actions by, among others: making false and deliberate statements; deliberately not disclosing the fact that it should be mandatory to disclose, and intentionally withholding or providing incomplete information. The formulation of the definition in the NBW should be a reference in the renewal of the Civil Code related to Bedrog.

Edible Insects: Perceptions of Marketing, Economic, and Social Aspects among Citizens of Different Countries.

Because edible insects (EI) have been, in recent years, recommended as a nutritious animal protein food with enormous environmental advantages over other sources of animal protein for human consumption, studies aimed at investigating the consumer perspective have become more prominent. Hence, this study intended to examine the perceptions of participants from different countries about the commercialization and economic and social impacts of edible insects. The study was made using a questionnaire survey, and data were collected in Brazil, Croatia, Greece, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey. The final number of received answers was 7222 participants. For the treatment of the results, different statistical techniques were used: factor analysis, internal reliability by Cronbach's alpha, cluster analysis, ANOVA to test differences between groups, and Chi-square tests. The results obtained confirmed the validity of the scale, constituted by 12 out of the 14 items initially considered, distributed by 4 factors: the first related to the economic impact of EIs, the second related to the motivation for consumption of EIs, the third related to the places of purchase of EIs, and the fourth corresponding to a question presented to the participants as a false statement. A cluster analysis allowed identifying three clusters, with significant differences between them according to all the sociodemographic variables tested. Also, it was found that the participants expressed an exceptionally high level of agreement with aspects such as the difficulty in finding EIs on sale, knowledge acting as a strong motivator for EI consumption, and the role of personalities and influencers in increasing the will to consume EIs. Finally, practically all sociodemographic variables were found to be significantly associated with perceptions (country, sex, education, living environment, and income), but not age. In conclusion, the perceptions about EI commercialization were investigated and revealed differences among samples originating from different countries. Moreover, the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were found to be strongly associated with their perceptions.

Analysis of Fish-Consumption Benefits and Safety Knowledge in a Population-Based Sample of Polish Adolescents

Inadequate fish consumption is common and may result from multiple reasons, especially in adolescents who are a population at particular risk of the negative consequences of not consuming the recommended amounts of fish. The aim of the study was to analyze the knowledge about fish-consumption benefits and safety in a population-based sample of Polish adolescents. The stratified random sampling was conducted within two stages: sampling of counties from all voivodeships in Poland (being the basic administrative units of Poland) and inviting secondary schools from the drawn counties to obtain a sample representative of all regions of Poland. The Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method was applied to gather the data within the study, and a questionnaire concerning knowledge about fish-consumption benefits and safety with 20 true–false statements was applied. Among 1289 participants, the statement with the highest share of correct answers concerned fish being a source of protein (78.9%) and fish-derived fats being health promoting (77.0%). The statement receiving the least correct answers concerned the type of fatty acids found in fish (7.6%) and the risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish (20.5%). Participants who were female, older than 18, underweight, living in an urban environment, from a region far away from the sea and from comprehensive schools provided a higher share of correct answers than other subgroups (p < 0.05). Knowledge concerning fish-consumption benefits and safety among Polish adolescents is in many cases inadequate; thus, nutritional education is needed, especially among younger adolescents, those attending vocational schools, males and those living in a rural environment.

Analysis of The Application of Sanctions Against Notaries Who Forgery Deeds of Transferring Land Rights (Study of Supreme Court Decision Number 139 K/Pid/2016)

The Law on the Position of Notaries does not regulate the existence of criminal sanctions for the actions of notaries. This does not absolve the notary from criminal liability. Notaries can be held criminally liable if their actions contain a criminal element, where the relevant Notary can be summoned by the Notary Honorary Council. The problem is how to apply legal sanctions to a notary who falsifies the deed transferring land rights in Supreme Court Decision Number 139 k/PID/2016? And what is the responsibility of the Notary who falsified the deed of transferring land rights in Supreme Court Decision Number 139 K/PID/2016? The research method used is normative juridical. The results of the research are that the Notary concerned cannot be held responsible when elements of fraud and error are committed by the parties, because the Notary only records what is conveyed by the parties to be included in the deed, this is often known as partij deed. False information submitted by the parties is the responsibility of the parties. This means that a notary is only responsible if the fraud originates from the wishes and/or desires of a notary. In the UUJN which regulates sanctions for violations committed by a notary, the deed made by a notary does not have the power of an authentic deed but only has the power of a private deed. In relation to the actions of notaries who commit criminal acts of forgery of deeds or criminal acts of false statements committed by parties, the UUJN does not specifically regulate criminal provisions because they are based on the principle of legality which are the principles in the Criminal Code.

A Comprehensive Survey on Methods for Image Integrity

The outbreak of digital devices on the Internet, the exponential diffusion of data (images, video, audio, and text), along with their manipulation/generation also by Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, e.g., Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), have created a great deal of concern in the field of forensics. A malicious use can affect relevant application domains, which often include counterfeiting biomedical images, and deceiving biometric authentication systems, as well as their use in scientific publications, in the political world, and even in school activities. It has been demonstrated that manipulated pictures most likely represent indications of malicious behavior, such as photos of minors to promote child prostitution or false political statements. Following this widespread behavior, various forensic techniques have been proposed in the scientific literature over time both to defeat these spoofing attacks as well as to guarantee the integrity of the information. Focusing on Image Forensics, which is currently a very hot topic area in Multimedia Forensics, this paper will discuss the whole scenario in which a target image could be modified. The aim of this comprehensive survey will be 1) to provide an overview of the types of attacks and contrasting techniques and 2) to evaluate to what extent the former can deceive prevention methods and the latter can identify counterfeit images. The results of this study highlight how forgery detection techniques, sometimes limited to a single type of real scenario, are not able to provide exhaustive countermeasures and could/should therefore be combined. Currently, the use of neural networks, such as CNNs, is already heading, synergistically, in this direction.

Are you sure? Examining the potential benefits of truth-checking as a learning activity.

Learners may be uncertain about whether encountered information is true. Uncertainty may encourage people to critically assess information's accuracy, serving as a kind of desirable difficulty that benefits learning. Uncertainty may also have negative effects, however, leading people to mistrust true information or to later misremember false information as true. In three experiments, participants read history statements. In one condition, all statements were true, and the participants knew it. In the other two conditions, some statements were true, and others were false. Participants were either told the statements' accuracy or they guessed the statements' accuracy prior to feedback, a manipulation we refer to as truth-checking. All participants were then tested on recalling the true information and on recognising true versus false statements. We observed a significant benefit of truth-checking in one of the three experiments, suggesting that truth-checking may have some potential to enhance learning, perhaps by inducing people to encode to-be-learned information more deeply than they would otherwise. Even so, the benefit may come at a cost-truth-checking took significantly longer than study alone, and it led to a greater likelihood of thinking false information was true, suggesting costs of truth-checking may tend to outweigh benefits.

National Treatment for Combating Human Trafficking: A Comprehensive Study in Bangladesh

A large number of people particularly the women and the children are being trafficked and smuggled to many countries including India and Malaysia by some organized gangs of human traffickers every year. Human Trafficking causes huge suffering to victims of trafficking ignoring and violating human right values and provoking the victims giving false statements. A trend of human trafficking is increasing day by day in various forms like the sexual exploitation, forced labor, begging, delinquency and adoption, on the other hand, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, ignorance, drug addiction, cross border trade, dowry, child marriage and social curses have so far been identified as the main reasons behind human trafficking. Terming the human trafficking is the heinous crime. It should be emphasized on creating much awareness to vulnerable people specially those are interested to go to abroad as workers, access to need base information and pre-departure orientation along with bringing the recruitment agencies under proper sensitization program, more legal aid farms should come ahead to support the victims legally for compensation from convicted people in this sector. It should be principal agendum to the SAARC country to form Joint Naval and Coast Guards for stopping human trafficking by sea. This article focuses on some cases and recommendations to upgrade the situation.

The Anticorruption Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Corruption Beneficial Owner Rule

To fight corruption, money laundering, and organized crime, a proposed APUNCAC Beneficial Owner Rule would require financial service personnel to obtain and submit certification by the true beneficial owner when covered funds are transacted in amounts exceeding USD 3000. The strategy would trap front men into false statements, create a transaction-level record of assertions by front men that can be tested by a prosecutor, eliminate loopholes that allow criminals to escape prosecution in offshore havens, not require proof of a predicate crime or the illicit nature of funds, trigger a chain of witness cooperation, fight organized crime using a domino strategy, and be accomplished via a relatively simple change in domestic laws. Analysis suggests (1) the required technology exists; (2) transaction friction would be minimal; and (3) that the implementation of the Rule is feasible and practical, both operationally and from a legal standpoint, suggesting that the proposed Rule offers a promising strategy to fight organized crime.

Bringing an Expert to Criminal Responsibility under Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

In the paper, the author analyzes the reasons for the negative attitude of the courts towards such evidence as expert opinions that is applied by both the defense and the investigation. However, the effectiveness of such is currently very low because during pre-trial proceedings and in court they are often recognized as inadmissible. The most common justification for refusal to include an expert opinion is the fact that the expert was not notified of criminal responsibility for giving a willfully false statement. However, this kind of caution is not provided for in the procedural code, and the expert opinion itself is not included in the disposition of Art. 307 «Willfully false statement, expert opinion, specialist or incorrect translation» of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in contrast to Art. 309 «Bribery or coercion to give testimony or avoidance of giving testimony or incorrect translation» of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. According to the author, this is due to the inconsistency of the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as a result of which the application of Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation against experts for willfully false statement or opinion is virtually impossible to implement. The author proposes to make changes to the current procedural and criminal legislation in order to improve the current situation. Thus, the need to add to Art. 58 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation provisions on notifying experts about criminal responsibility under Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and in Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation — expert opinions.

Detection of Banking Financial Frauds Using Hyper-Parameter Tuning of DL in Cloud Computing Environment

When income, assets, sales, and profits are inflated while expenditures, debts, and losses are artificially lowered, the outcome is a set of fraudulent financial statements (FFS). Manual auditing and inspections are time-consuming, inefficient, and expensive options for spotting these false statements. Auditors will find great assistance from the use of intelligent methods in the analysis of several financial declarations. Now more than ever, victims of financial fraud are at risk since more and more individuals are using the Internet to conduct their financial transactions. And the frauds are getting more complex, evading the protections that banks have put in place. In this paper, we offer a new-fangled method for detecting fraud using NLP models: an ensemble model comprising Feedforward neural networks (FNNs) and Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs). The Spotted Hyena Optimizer is a unique metaheuristic optimization technique used to choose weights and biases for LSTM (SHO). The proposed method takes inspiration from the law of gravity and is meant to mimic the group dynamics of spotted hyenas. Mathematical models and discussions of the three fundamental phases of SHO — searching for prey, encircling prey, and at-tacking prey — are presented. We build a model of the user’s spending habits and look for suspicious outliers to identify fraud. We do this by using the ensemble mechanism, which helps us predict and make the most of previous trades. Based on our analysis of real-world data, we can confidently say that our model provides superior performance compared to state-of-the-art approaches in a variety of settings, with respect to both precision and.

Misinformation, Trust, and Use of Ivermectin and Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has been notable for the widespread dissemination of misinformation regarding the virus and appropriate treatment. To quantify the prevalence of non-evidence-based treatment for COVID-19 in the US and the association between such treatment and endorsement of misinformation as well as lack of trust in physicians and scientists. This single-wave, population-based, nonprobability internet survey study was conducted between December 22, 2022, and January 16, 2023, in US residents 18 years or older who reported prior COVID-19 infection. Self-reported use of ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine, endorsing false statements related to COVID-19 vaccination, self-reported trust in various institutions, conspiratorial thinking measured by the American Conspiracy Thinking Scale, and news sources. A total of 13 438 individuals (mean [SD] age, 42.7 [16.1] years; 9150 [68.1%] female and 4288 [31.9%] male) who reported prior COVID-19 infection were included in this study. In this cohort, 799 (5.9%) reported prior use of hydroxychloroquine (527 [3.9%]) or ivermectin (440 [3.3%]). In regression models including sociodemographic features as well as political affiliation, those who endorsed at least 1 item of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation were more likely to receive non-evidence-based medication (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.86; 95% CI, 2.28-3.58). Those reporting trust in physicians and hospitals (adjusted OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56-0.98) and in scientists (adjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.51-0.79) were less likely to receive non-evidence-based medication. Respondents reporting trust in social media (adjusted OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 2.00-2.87) and in Donald Trump (adjusted OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 2.34-3.78) were more likely to have taken non-evidence-based medication. Individuals with greater scores on the American Conspiracy Thinking Scale were more likely to have received non-evidence-based medications (unadjusted OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06-1.11; adjusted OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.13). In this survey study of US adults, endorsement of misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, lack of trust in physicians or scientists, conspiracy-mindedness, and the nature of news sources were associated with receiving non-evidence-based treatment for COVID-19. These results suggest that the potential harms of misinformation may extend to the use of ineffective and potentially toxic treatments in addition to avoidance of health-promoting behaviors.

Be Real, Do Not Be Fake: A Pilot Study on Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia Students' Fake News Literacy

If nothing is accomplished to stop it, the virality of fake news on social media will continue to grow and become more damaging, particularly among young people. Recognizing false information and verifying sources has become increasingly important as people rely on the Internet and social media for their news. The primary objective of this study is to assess the level of understanding of fake news media literacy among university students. Forty-three Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia students enrolled in the New Media Communication program were polled for this research. This study uses descriptive statistics to analyze the data collected via Google Forms—the results of examining the data generated immediately through a Google form. Young people read the news online but still have limited media literacy when assessing the truth of information. Research suggests that false statement is commonly discovered because young people do not carefully examine online news. Researchers conduct in-depth interviews and studies with this demographic to better understand how young people process information and evaluate its veracity. This research adds to the expanding body of knowledge on student use of social media in Malaysia, especially on how students get their news in light of the results of this pilot study, the main research project will consist of in-depth interviews with students to understand more about their perspectives on how to identify and differentiate between real and fake news.

All the President’s Lies: Repeated False Claims and Public Opinion

Abstract A hallmark of the Trump presidency was a stream of false statements, many of which were repeated dozens or even hundreds of times. But whether (and to what extent) this repetition translates into public misperceptions remains an open question. We address this question by leveraging the most comprehensive data on Trump’s repetition of misleading claims during his presidency. In a national survey asking Americans to evaluate the truth of claims from this database, we find a clear partisan asymmetry. An increase in the number of repetitions of a falsehood corresponded with increased belief among Republicans but decreased belief among Democrats. We also find an important moderating role of media consumption. The effects of repetition were larger when people consumed more right-leaning cable news and when falsehoods were mostly repeated on Twitter. We discuss implications of these findings for misinformation research.

M-score and F-score from the Financial Statement for Company Fraud Prediction

This paper investigates the circumstances where M-score and F-score are predicted to find out company fraud from financial statement. The first part goes over the background information for company fraud by answering three questions. The second part introduces the important parameters cited in the research and calculation. The third part shows the result by providing charts and analysis. The last part summarizes this paper. The importance of these two scores is hypothesized to increase the public ability to be conscious of company fraud from hidden data and false statements. However, under specific circumstances, M-score and F-score are not reliable reflections of other parameters like net income and accruals. The results of the data analysis are consistent with our prediction. This work shows the importance of individual thinking as a result does not agree with the accuracy of the model. One of the most significant creative thoughts in this work is about how to break through the traditional blind faith in established model when the result does not follow the standards.

Conceptions and Misconceptions: What Do School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists Think About Dyslexia?

The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') conceptions and misconceptions about dyslexia. Participants were 86 school-based SLPs. They completed an online survey on which they rated their agreement and disagreement with true and false statements related to the scientific evidence about the nature of dyslexia and interventions for dyslexia, as well as common misconceptions about dyslexia. There was considerable variability among SLPs' agreement and disagreement with the statements. Critically, despite abundant contrary evidence in the literature, many SLPs believe that dyslexia involves a visual processing deficit. These findings suggest that many school-based SLPs hold misconceptions about dyslexia, especially those related to dyslexia being a visual disorder. The identified misconceptions may contribute to some SLPs' reluctance to incorporate reading and prereading skills into speech-language assessment and intervention. SLPs need greater knowledge of dyslexia to provide more effective evaluations and intervention services.

Functional threshold power and the (manufactured) critical power controversy

ABSTRACT We read with concern yet another communication from Dotan regarding the critical power (CP) concept which contains a litany of factual errors, false statements, and dated physiological interpretations. Space does not permit us to rebut every incorrect point made about our work (Wong et al., 2022) and the wider field in which it sits, but we will address what we consider to be some of the more egregious errors in his letter. We would first note, however, that our paper was not actually focused on the critical power concept.

Navigating the COVID-19 infodemic: the influence of metacognitive efficiency on health behaviours and policy attitudes.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an infodemic of misinformation and increasing polarization around public health measures, such as social distancing and national lockdowns. In this study, I examined metacognitive efficiency-the extent to which the subjective feeling of knowing predicts the objective accuracy of knowledge-as a tool to understand and measure the assimilation of misleading misinformation in a balanced sample of Great Britain's population (N = 1689), surveyed at the end of the third national lockdown. Using a signal-detection theory approach to quantify metacognitive efficiency, I found that at the population level, metacognitive efficiency for COVID-19 knowledge was impaired compared with general knowledge, indicating a worse alignment between confidence levels and the actual ability to discern true and false statements. Crucially, individual differences in metacognitive efficiency related to COVID-19 knowledge predicted health-protective behaviours, vaccination intentions and attitudes towards public health measures, even after accounting for the level of knowledge itself and demographic covariates, such as education, income and political alignment. These results reveal the significant impact of misinformation on public beliefs and suggest that fostering confidence in accurate knowledge should be a key target for science communication efforts aimed at promoting compliance with public health and social measures.

귀화허가취소제도의 개선방안

The current revocation system of naturalization is not likely to initiate the revocation procedure because the basis clauses are incorrectly formed, the regulated acts cannot be clearly specified, and there is no reporting system in place. In addition, it is stipulated that the revocation procedure will be opened too late by allowing the Minister of Justice to initiate the cancellation procedure only after the conviction is finalized by forging or falsifying documents proving family relations. Overall, the current system of the revocation of naturalization permits is not sufficient to eliminate the illegal status obtained by foreign nationals abusing the naturalization system to pursue their own interests.
 In order to secure the effectiveness of the naturalization permission cancellation system, the types of acts stipulated in Article 21 of the Nationality Act and Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the Nationality Act must be integrated and reorganized. And “malignant abandonment of spouse” should be added as one reason for cancellation. Article 21, Paragraph 1 of the Nationality Act shall be amended as follows. The Minister of Justice may revoke the permission or judgment of a person who has been granted permission for naturalization, recovery of nationality, permission to renounce nationality, or judgment of holding nationality by making a false statement or forging or altering evidential documents for the purpose of obtaining permission for naturalization, etc. The same shall also apply to cases where a spouse is maliciously abandoned or a legal relationship that has resulted in the acquisition of nationality is falsely entered into.
 It is proposed to introduce a reporting system so that the naturalization permission revocation system can be operated effectively. The current revocation system does not have a notification system, so the possibility of the Minister of Justice initiating the revocation procedure is remarkably low. The fact that naturalization was granted illegally can only be known by those who have observed it over a long period of time. Therefore, Article 21-2 of the Nationality Act should be newly established as follows. ① Anyone who believes that a person has obtained permission for naturalization, etc. by making a false statement, oath, or forging or altering evidential documents may report the fact to the Ministry of Justice. ② When a public official believes that a person has obtained permission for naturalization by making a false statement or oath or forging or falsifying evidential documents in the course of performing his/her duties, he or she shall report the fact to the Ministry of Justice.

Is It Virtuous to Love Truth and Hate Falsehood?

There is a great deal of academic literature, much of it coming from the social sciences and from social epistemology, which presents itself as addressing a very general problem: the problem of excessive falsehood. Falsehood comes in two general forms: false statements and false beliefs. Of course, falsehood, in both these forms, has always been with us, but it is often supposed to be on the rise. I will argue that there is no new or growing problem of excessive falsehood (variously referred to as the problem of “misinformation” or “fake news”). Furthermore, we should reject the very idea that falsehood as such is a problem, and hence we should reject the idea of coming up with public policy responses to this so-called problem. I argue that the idea that falsehood is a problem is a natural consequence of the idea that it is virtuous to love truth and hate falsehood. I argue that, although there are several virtues related to truth (such as the intellectual virtue of curiosity and the moral virtue of honesty), a love of truth and hatred of falsehood are not themselves virtues.

ANALISIS HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA TERHADAP TERDAKWA YANG MEMBERIKAN KETERANGAN PALSU UNTUK KEUNTUNGAN PRIBADI: PUTUSAN NOMOR 20/PID.B/2023/PN.GDT

“This study is entitled legal analysis of criminal acts against defendants who give false statements for personal gain: decision Number 20 / Pid.B/2023 / PN.Gdt. with the formulation of the problem of how the application of Criminal Law laws against witnesses who give false statements and what are the factors that cause perpetrators to commit crimes in giving false information for personal gain based on Decision number 20/Pid.B/2023 / PN.Gdt. Using normative juridical methods. In conclusion, the factors that prompted the defendant to commit the crime of giving false information for his own sake, based on court decision number 20/Pid.B / 2023 / PN Gdt, is because the defendant gave false information in making a report on the loss of a motorcycle at the Tegineneng Police Station. The defendant did this because he was afraid that he would not be able to continue paying the monthly installments of the motorcycle that was still on credit in leasing, and the defendant intended that the police report he made could be used as the basis for an insurance” claim.