False Representation Research Articles

F P Ramsey’s 1922 (January) Cambridge Magazine, Three Page Comment on Keynes’s a Treatise on Probability Is the Foolish Ruminations of an Ignorant 18 Year Old Teenager: It Is Not “brilliant” (G. Wheeler, 2012) It Is Not “Astute and Meticulous” (Methven, 2015) and It Should Never Have Been Republished in 1989 in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

Ramsey’s attempted three page “review “ of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability ,published in January ,1922 in the Cambridge Magazine, contains many false representations of Keynes’s logical theory of probability. This “review” is the foundation for Braithwaite’s 9 page editorial foreword placed at the front of Volume 8 of the 1973 Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes edition of Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability. I was required to refute this editorial foreword by Braithwaite in late 1980 in order to be allowed to begin my June ,1983 Dissertation on Keynes. It only took me three quarters of one hour to convince one of the three supervisors on my committee to agree with me that I had made a very good case to him that Ramsey had no idea about what he was talking about since the core of the A Treatise on Probability ,Part II,is a theory of non additive, inexact, imprecise probability using approximate measures that has nothing to do with Ramsey’s ruminations on “Keynes’s mysterious logical relations” that do not satisfy the additivity and linearity axioms of the purely formal mathematical theory of the calculus of probability that forms the foundation of Ramsey’s additive ,exact, precise theory of probability ,which deals only with degrees of belief and not with Keynes’s degrees of rational belief. It is unclear to me how Ramsey could have possibly believed that he could cover Keynes’s book in a very small three page comment or how the large number of obvious errors in his review could have escaped notice for over 100 years .The explanation is that no academic ever read beyond chapter 6 of the A Treatise on Probability. Basically, what is been taught to students in academia is a grossly distorted version of Keynes’s book based on the false ruminations of Braithwaite’s editorial foreword of 1973.

Value-driven fears of modern information generations

Today, the problem of formation and life of generations is becoming very relevant. Many researchers in different countries note that representatives of the information younger generations have an increased risk of depression, anxiety and fears. In the study, we note the manifestations of modernity: transitivity of society, fluidity, “uncertainty” and etc. In this regard, young people face fluid socialization, a delay in the period of growing up and excessive parental care. There is a tendency of replacement of real contacts of young people with virtual ones, which can increase the level of anxiety. The trends of changing values in Russia in the direction of survival established earlier by Inglehart and Baker (2000) may have different prospects today. Some researchers show a high level of anxiety among young Russians. The situation with COVID-19 may aggravate these manifestations. Illusory correlations, false representations in the beliefs of young people also increase social anxiety. These realities determined the purpose of the study: to determine the value bases of young generations fears of the modern South of Russia. The sample included: schoolchildren (born in 2004-2005) - 150 people, schoolchildren of the 9th grade and 10th grade, information generation (born in 1995-1999) - 210 people, students, young workers, transition generation (born in 1965-1982) - 245 people, working adults of Rostov-on-Don. We used the following techniques: values were measured by S. Schwartz method, to determine fears we used the V. Pishchik method of determining values through actualized fears. The results of the study showed that the values of preservation and self-affirmation are more pronounced in the “Transition” and “Information” generations. The values of transcendence are expressed in all the studied generations with a greater extent in the “New” generation. The loss of culture scares the “Transitional” generation, the loss of oneself scares the “Information” generation, the information overload scares the “New” generation. We defined the value bases of the fears of the young generations of the modern South of Russia.

Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America by Benjamin M. Han

Reviewed by: Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America by Benjamin M. Han Victor Wu (bio) Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America, by Benjamin M. Han. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2020. 216 pp. $27.95 paper. ISBN 978-1-9788-0383-1. Benjamin M. Han’s debut book, Beyond the Black and White TV, reexamines the oft-overlooked roles of Asian and Latin American ethnic entertainers in American television against the backdrop of the cultural Cold War. Because the Asia-Pacific and Latin America were two critical geopolitical spaces for the expansion of US hegemony, Han argues that the transnational circulation of Asian and Latin American performers on US commercial television functioned as Cold War cultural diplomacy that promoted American internationalism and waged ideological battles against the encroaching threat of communism in those regions. Han draws upon Marxist philosopher Guy Debord’s concept of spectacle as a “false representation of reality through the mass dissemination of images” (7) to postulate that the “ethnic spectacle” mediated by Cold War– era television fabricated a narrative of the United States as being a bastion of racial equality and democracy. Han asserts that this narrative was birthed in direct response to Soviet criticism of its anti-Black racism, which was growing increasingly visible due to the civil rights movement and was damaging the nation’s image on a global scale. Beyond the Black and White TV specifically examines the variety show as a site of transnational cultural interventionism that was informed by a “triangulation among Cold War geopolitics, globalism, and U.S. racial logics” (19). Because the variety show “functioned as both education and entertainment” (4), it was uniquely suited for America’s rebranding efforts. Variety shows often featured white hosts, who served as cultural interlocuters that interviewed ethnic entertainers about their backgrounds and sang American popular songs alongside them. This emphasis on international understanding, along with the surge of Asian and Latin American performers beginning in the early 1950s, allowed the variety show to project a false image of America as an antiracist nation. While variety show broadcasts initially only targeted domestic audiences and American military personnel abroad, Han shows how these broadcasts served as an “early itineration of global television” (19) that in the late 1950s provided [End Page 345] the blueprint for the dissemination of American Cold War narratives through transnational networks. The book is split into four modular chapters detailing four geographically separate yet unexpectedly analogous spaces where television played a significant role in America’s political agenda during the Cold War: Las Vegas, Korea, Cuba, and Hawaii. Han uses a wide range of historical materials such as television archives and oral histories to trace the development of television as well as the careers of ethnic performers such as the Kim Sisters, the De Castro Sisters, Alfred Apaka, and Don Ho. He examines not just the contexts of their careers but also the contents of their performances, interrogating the ways in which they contested and reinforced investment in whiteness. Chapter 1 looks at Las Vegas as a culturally and militarily significant locus during the Cold War. One of the earliest televised broadcasts of Las Vegas was of the atomic bomb testing on Yucca Flat in 1951, which served as Las Vegas’s introduction to the American public imaginary as a city crucial to national security. This was a far cry from Sin City’s previous negative association with crime, and entertainment personalities saw television as an opportunity to clean up the city’s image and promote American internationalism. Han posits that the later influx of Asian and Latin American entertainers in the 1950s to the Las Vegas nightlife and television scene was part of an attempt to portray the city as an integrated, family-friendly destination. And by the late 1970s, entertainment personalities were using television to capitalize on ethnic spectacle in order to “shed previous depictions of Las Vegas” (37). Consequently, the American government used these televisual images to show off Las Vegas as a racially integrated city that “was representative of American ideals and values” (33). Han explores how...

Ornamentalism by Anne Anlin Cheng

Reviewed by: Ornamentalism by Anne Anlin Cheng Ju Yon Kim Ornamentalism. Anne Anlin Cheng. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. 204. $31.95 (cloth). The top of a mesmerizing red dress by fashion designer Valentino adorns the book jacket for Anne Anlin Cheng's Ornamentalism. Embroidered on fine mesh, glittery red beads form an intricate pattern of organic, abstract shapes, with the exception of five rectangles below the collar that stand out like a brand. Although the fullness of the top suggests a person or a mannequin holding its shape, the absence of a head and the apparent transparence of the garment give the impression that the dress encases a ghost—or, perhaps, animates itself. The dress draws viewers close, eliciting a desire to touch the glinting embroidery. Its uncanny fullness, however, its almost-liveness, simultaneously intensifies this appeal and prompts uneasiness. What lies just beneath this ornate dress: flesh, plastic, or air? Although Cheng does not dwell at length on this garment in the text of Ornamentalism, it exemplifies one of many images carefully arranged across the book that powerfully support its theory of the yellow woman. In particular, the cover image captures the ostensible contradictions embodied by this hybrid figure, a figure that is "present/absent, organic/synthetic, a figure of civilizational value and a disposable object of decadence" (xii). As Cheng stresses, the yellow woman is fabrication not just because she is a false representation of Asian women, but also because she is constituted by fabric, by what clothes and decorates her. In her intimate relationship to adornment, the yellow woman is simultaneously prized and deemed superfluous. Focusing on ornament rather than skin as the site of both objectifying racialization and suggestive glimmers of new forms of agency and sociality, including relationships among things and persons, Cheng elaborates a theory of the yellow woman that extends Edward Said's foundational work on Orientalism and insists on the significance of this figure to conceptions of modern personhood as well as modernist aesthetics. Ornamentalism's theoretical claims are immediately compelling and persuasive. The figure that Cheng describes is so longstanding and ubiquitous that the lack of theoretical interest is—as this text helps us see—a remarkable omission. Even as widely influential theories of Black [End Page 189] womanhood have emerged, they have prompted little effort to develop comparable paradigms about Asian racialization. Cheng connects this absence to the ambivalent status of yellow womanhood, "a condition of denigration and violence that peculiarly and insistently speaks through the language of aesthetic privilege. Is the yellow woman injured—or is she injured enough?" (xi). If yellowness is objectified, it is also concurrently aestheticized, thus afforded value through its intimacy with things. The impulse to theorize flesh and injury must grapple with the uncertainty of both flesh and injury when it encounters the ornamental skin of the yellow woman. Ornamentalism builds on the rich analysis of race developed in Cheng's previous two books, The Melancholy of Race (2001) and Second Skin (2013), and evinces her abiding concern with Black and yellow racializations and cultural productions, often in relation to each other. As Cheng explains, Ornamentalism naturally emerged from the latter text's ruminations on the entanglements between modernism's interest in surfaces and what she argues was Josephine Baker's performance, rather than simple uncovering, of Black skin. Through a shared interest in theorizing skin as a kind of adornment, Second Skin and Ornamentalism illuminate how modernism's aesthetic positions on surfaces, forms, and ornaments cannot be disassociated from racialized conceptions of the same. Cheng emphasizes that she is not interested in setting a "real" Asian woman against the figure of the yellow woman. Ornamentalism instead sketches a model of personhood that troubles the line between (natural) humans and (fabricated) things, and that stands in contrast to the figure of the organic modern individual, implicitly or explicitly understood as masculine and white. Entering the terrain of the new materialisms, Cheng's book makes the case for centering racialization even, or rather, especially, in studies that decenter the human: as she cogently puts it, "the crisis between persons and things has its origins in and remains haunted by the material, legal...

Dismantling the Stereotype of Jihad: A Reading of Aboulela's The Kindness of Enemies

The present paper aims at exploring the concept of jihad as represented by the Muslim woman writer Leila Aboulela in relation to the interpretation of the term by Islamist political parties and the stereotypes assigned to it in Western media and Western thinking. Unfortunately, Islam’s position concerning jihad has been distorted, misrepresented, and misappropriated for political and economic aims. Jihad has come to be equated with terrorism, barbarism, and violence “Western popular media – particularly news media and mainstream film – reduces jihad to a one-dimensional caricature of terrorism as religious martyrdom” (Tagg 319). Allie Kirchner states that “By focusing on the narrow concept of jihad used by terrorists, the U.S. media has inadvertently reinforced the link between terrorism and Islam within the American consciousness” (Kirchner). This paper attempts to deconstruct these stereotypes and unveil the real facade of this obligation in Islam; its meaning, rules, and aims as stated clearly in the teachings in the Quran and Sunna. The methodology of this paper is to apply the concept of hybridity as a positive stance which helps Aboulela to deconstruct the false representations allotted to jihad and establish reconciliation between cultural disparities.

Fraud in New Zealand, 1840–1939

This study analyses fraudsters and their motives in New Zealand’s post-colonial times, using Papers Past, from 1840 to 1939. The aim is to understand the past societal context concerning fraud crimes. The historical analysis reveals that fraud was reported as early as 1840, and since then, reports of fraud have grown rapidly. False pretences and representation were the most common types of fraud, and there was a greater proportion of male than female perpetrators. Female criminality was the main subject of discussion during the period studied, and often biased perceptions regarding how typical women should behave were expressed. The motives of perpetrators of fraud were mainly to maintain cohesion for the family. Overall, the motivations for committing fraud indicated social struggles rather than greed. There is also some evidence for how fraudsters from privileged social classes received lighter sentencing regardless of the grave nature of the offence.

Standard of Foreclosure under Article 102 TFEU and the Digital Economy

In this article, the author examines the standard of foreclosure that the European Commission applied in Google Shopping (Search) and Google Android and concludes that the standard of foreclosure is mere capability to foreclose. The only exception is the revenue-sharing abuse in Google Android, where the Commission adopted a standard of capability to foreclose as efficient competitors. These tests are subjected to scrutiny in light of the case law of the Union Courts on Article 102 TFEU from a doctrinal and policy perspective. The author argues that, under EU law, two standards of foreclosure may apply: capability of foreclose and likelihood of foreclosure of as efficient competitors causing negative effects on price, output, quality, or innovation. The capability standard should apply to ‘naked’ abuses, that is, conduct that clearly falls outside competition on the merits because it has the sole purpose of restricting competition and no plausible efficiency rationale, such as predatory prices when prices are below average variable costs or average incremental costs or certain abuses consisting in making false representations to public authorities. The standard of foreclosure of as efficient competitors causing negative effects on price, output, quality, or innovation should apply to all types of conduct that could be anti-competitive but also consistent with competition on the merits, such as tying, conditional rebates or payments, and self-preferencing. Both the Intel and Post Danmark I cases strongly support this conclusion when they establish that the purpose of Article 102 TFEU is not to protect competitors that are not as valued by consumers in terms of price, output, quality, and innovation as the dominant undertaking.

COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law

Fear, anxiety and even paranoia can proliferate during a pandemic. Such conditions, even when subclinical, tend to be a product of personal and predispositional factors, as well as shared cultural influences, including religious, literary, film, and gaming, all of which can lead to emotional and less than rational responses. They can render people vulnerable to engage in implausible conspiracy theories about the causes of illness and governmental responses to it. They can also lead people to give credence to simplistic and unscientific misrepresentations about medications and devices which are claimed to prevent, treat or cure disease. In turn such vulnerability creates predatory opportunities for the unscrupulous. This article notes the eruption of quackery during the 1889–1892 Russian Flu and the 1918–1920 Spanish Flu and the emergence during 2020 of spurious claims during the COVID-19 pandemic. It identifies consumer protection strategies and interventions formulated during the 2020 pandemic. Using examples from the United States, Japan, Australia and the United Kingdom, it argues that during a pandemic there is a need for three responses by government to the risks posed by conspiracy theories and false representations: calm, scientifically-based messaging from public health authorities; cease and desist warnings directed toward those making extravagant or inappropriate claims; and the taking of assertive and well publicised legal action against individuals and entities that make false representations in order to protect consumers rendered vulnerable by their emotional responses to the phenomenology of the pandemic.

Fraudulent Sex Criminalisation in Australia: Disparity, Disarray and the Underrated Procurement Offence

This article critically investigates the criminalisation of fraudulent sex across Australia’s eight states and territories. Through situating the statutory definition of sexual consent alongside the respective treatment of the procurement offence (a sexual offence that punishes obtaining sex through any false representation), this article identifies the four distinct approaches of criminalising fraudulent sex and demonstrates the surprising stark divergence in legal outcomes. This article argues that the approaches adopted by half of the surveyed jurisdictions are flawed from the perspective of legislative design, and highlights the deficient legislative processes that failed to pay due regard to the procurement offence. In this regard, this article proposes statutory reform to enhance the coherency and clarity of fraudulent sex criminalisation.

False Re-Representations in Self-Knowledge

Self-knowledge (SK) is a natural ability of the human cognitive system and is defined as a complex re-representation of knowledge subject has about her own internal states. It is composed of two basic representations: the representation of I and the representation of the experienced state. SK has a propositional (i.e. language-like) form and can be expressed in the form of self-reports like “I believe that I believe that p”. It has then the form of a second-order belief which, as a re-representation, generates the following problem concerning false representations: if the first-order representations of the I or of experienced states can be false like in cases of self-illusions or disorders like somatoparaphrenia, then how can error in self-cognition inherited by the re-representation (i.e. by SK) be avoided?I claim that the re-representational model of SK is a useful but artificial tool for the description of the components of SK; however, it is misleading to think of it as capturing the truth about SK. I propose here a representational model of SK which reduces those beliefs constituting SK to first-order beliefs which are sufficient as constituents of SK.

Experts and pretenders: Examining possible responses to misconduct by experts in criminal trials in England and Wales

Much academic literature explores the reliability of expert evidence in criminal proceedings in England and Wales. However, almost no attention has been paid to misconduct by experts giving evidence in criminal cases. Whilst rare, its serious impact on the administration of justice and public trust in it means that this area requires analysis. This article explores possible responses to expert witness misconduct occurring in the context of criminal proceedings in England and Wales, noting particularly the differences in responses available, depending firstly upon whether the expert is a registered professional, and secondly whether the expert has stepped outside of their expertise; did not have relevant expertise at all, or was dishonest. Professional disciplinary procedures focus on ‘fitness to practise’, and it is argued that this is sufficient where a registered professional has overstepped their expertise, but has not displayed mala fides. On the contrary, where someone gives evidence purporting to have expertise that they do not, or lies about their conduct as an expert in the case, criminal sanctions are available, appropriate, and should be used. These include contempt of court; perverting the course of justice; fraud by false representation, and perjury.

Rekonstruktive Möglichkeiten bei der Induratio penis plastica

The surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease involves a multistage procedure with increasing invasiveness. In addition to precise knowledge about the existing surgical treatment procedures, the indication and the informed consent process of the patient is extremely important. The dissatisfaction with the surgical results for many patients is due to false expectations and positivistic representations. If we can avoid this and make the right decisions during surgery, even these difficult-to-treat patients can be treated successfully.

AB119. Improving the diagnostic quality of anteroposterior radiographs for the detection of radiolucent lines in cementless total knee arthroplasty

Background: Component loosening is a common cause of failure in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with progressive radiolucent lines often associated with this complication. In order for radiographs to serve as a useful tool for identifying such complications, high quality images are required. With no study to date referencing inclusion criteria for radiographic quality when detecting the prevalence of radiolucent lines it’s possible that a false representation of the true prevalence of such radiolucency below the tibial component may have been reported in the literature.

Media as Borgean Aleph

This paper entails the issue around total visibility of media vs. paradoxically invisibility of “real world.” From Kant onwards it entails that it is impossible to know the world in its totality, it is a transcendental idea that cannot be cognized, “thing in itself” (noumeno); therefore, its representation is at the mercy of the illusion or fantasy. The immanence of the world and its representations have been transposed by the infinite range of possibilities -replicants and mutants- of the media (permanent presence, “without death”). To paraphrase of Borges's idea (Aleph), the media are the non-objective object that resides in the basement of the house of “Carlos Daneri,” “the place where they are, without being confused, all the places of the world,” “multum in parvo” (= much in a small place) according to Cusano cited there, the media are so powerful with their convictions to be able to cover everything that happens at the same time and in uninterrupted sequences, producing active realities even before they were possible, resulting an ontological naturalization similar to oblivion, alienation, etc. to cover the nothingness. Maybe it is that the media are nothing but fascinating and hallucinatory ways of producing “aesthetic truths,” are such fictions powerful that end up preventing us from discerning with clarity and distinction, things among themselves and between their representations, between the truthful (Sachverhalt=facts) and false representations, etc.?

Фармацевтический рынок ЕС: проблемы конкуренции

The paper reviews recent developments in the enforcement of competition rules in EU pharmaceutical sector. Based on a number of antitrust cases dealt with by the European Commission, it concludes that even big and developed markets with a large number of independent actors, such as the European Union, need regulation in order to tackle anticompetitive agreements and behavior. In the first section of the text, major parameters of the industry are examined, including current production value, employment, labor productivity and trade figures. Additionally, the importance of R&D for pharmaceutical companies is emphasized especially in the light of improving global competitiveness. The second part critically discusses several most significant antitrust investigations launched by the EC over the past decade. The list of competition law infringements include price fixing, false or misleading representations, abuse of a dominant position and market or customer allocation. The method of setting fines and offering reductions is also considered. The article highlights that the goal of these investigations is not to damage the economic viability of an offender but to make antitrust violations unprofitable and thus to prevent them. The final chapter stresses that companies have the right to appeal to a court against the decision of a competition authority. The fines imposed by the European Commission are reviewed by the Court of Justice of the European Union. There have been successful appeals, but the trend is to gradually expand the definition of restriction of competition. In summary, the existing regulation framework is necessary to promote competition and protect consumer rights. The EU policy on antitrust strives to strike a balance between the interests of original pharmaceutical companies and generic producers. The former are supported by patents, government subsidies and the demand for new treatment options; for the latter, it is crucial how efficiently the authorities control attempts to preserve exclusivity by unfair market practices since the fact that patents expire is their major source of income. The European experience in this area is especially important today when the single market for medicines in the Eurasian Economic Union has entered its final stage.

The Menace of Rape in the Present Day Nigerian Society and The Effect on Its Victims: The Way Forward

Recently, there has been a great increase in the rate at which rape is being reported in the Nigerian society. Therefore, this article seeks to adumbrate the implications, possible causes of rape and proffers ways forward. The paper identify Rape as encapsulated under Section 357 of the Nigerian criminal code which is applicable to the southern part of Nigeria as “any person who has unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or girl without her consent, if the consent is obtained by force or by means of threats or intimidation of any kind or by fear of harm, or by means of false and fraudulent representation as to the nature of the act, or in. And that in the case of a married woman, by impersonating her husband is guilty of an offense which is called rape. The possible causes of rape identified includes indecent dressing by the women, drug abuse by the men, rapists in Nigeria are so free due to the laxity of laws against rapist, and culture of silence to avoid social stigma, shame and public embarrassment associated with rape by female victims. To tackle the issue of rape, there should be public enlightenment to make everyone be aware that anybody can be raped, old or young. Equal education of both male and females will go a long way to reduce the rate of rape. Preventive measured should be preferred to curative measures .Women should be encouraged to dress decently and the female victims should speak up and report rape cases to the appropriate authorities.

The epistemic role of fiction in scientific models

Giere?s analysis of the epistemic role of fiction in science and literature is the representative of antifictionists. Our research finds the three inconsistencies in his main paper regarding the comparison of fiction in scientific models and literary works. We analyze his argument and offer our solution to the issue favoring the perspective of fictionalism. Further, we support a typological differentiation of false representation in science into fictional and fictitious. The value of this differentiation we demonstrate by giving the example of digital organisms in system biology. The paper aims to help better understanding of fiction in science and to avoid the oversimplification of literary fiction.

Potentials and Effectiveness of the Tort of Deceit in Addressing Paternity Fraud Issues

Men are becoming increasingly concerned about misattributed paternity. The increasing use of genetic technologies in clinical research increases the potential for misattributed paternity to be identified. This review seeks to answer the question of whether the Tort of Deceit is effective in addressing issues of paternity fraud. The article assesses how the tort of deceit concepts and principles can be used to resolve misrepresentation cases of paternity fraud and to inform the effectiveness of the tort of deceit in resolving such matters. The article concludes that the tort of deceit can be used to claim settlement as it provided a form of legal solution for the damages suffered as a consequence of paternity fraud. Some of the elements of the tort of deceit include false representation, fact, Knowing or reckless as to whether the statement is false, whether there was reliance upon the representation and existence of damage suffered by the plaintiff. The association between material obligation and the burdens generated by parenthood implies that it is ethically acceptable for a man to establish that he is the legal and biological father of a child before accepting this financial liability. Therefore, the tort of deceit concepts can be used to resolve cases of paternity misrepresentation.

Traditional Faculty Meeting Style is Not Conducive to Group Decision Making

Traditional group meeting style in an organizational setting is a common platform for collaborative decision-making. This setting can be disruptive and fraught with bias, resulting in unhealthy conflict and failure to accomplish the goals of the meeting. The outcome of said meetings can offer false representation of support for a given decision. The author sought out to devise a new decision-making model that will attempt to remove unwanted bias from the decision-making process. Common attributes that result in bias include the lack of information and under time constraints, decisions made without enough background information and in a perceived limited time frame. The makeup of the organization meetings with supervisors, subordinates, mentors can create bias when votes are verbal, not anonymous. This paper explores problems with group decision-making and why the current method provides a false representation of support. Current methods for group decision making are defined and include the Naturalistic Decision-Making model, Multi-Attribute Utility Analysis, and Decision Analysis. The Nominal Group and Delphi techniques are explored as options available, but not successful in this situation. Based on the current models, techniques, and the needs of the organization meetings, a successful alternative to decision-making in a group environment is characterized and explained.

Czy miejscy aktywiści chcą nas zabić? Siły altermodernizacji a konstruowanie konserwatywnej paniki moralnej

The article offers an analysis of discursive reactions to the altermodernist patterns developed by urban social movements, present in right-wing and conservative-liberal narratives and journalism. These reactions are clearly backlash. The main thesis of the article is that they meet the conditions of moral panic. Therefore, the following elements of moral panic have been identified: excessive concern for the established order, false representations based on exaggeration and distortion, and the construction of deviation through the negative stereotype of the urban activist. The crucial element of the latter is the construction of the political enemy by means of “communization”.