Fall In Blood Sugar Level Research Articles

A STUDY ON DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION BETWEEN GLIPIZIDE AND CIMETIDINE IN RABBITS

Objective: To study the effect of Cimetidine (H2 receptor antagonist) in combination with Glipizide (Sulfonylurea) on the blood sugar level in rabbits.
 Methods: Six albino rabbits were taken for the study. Glipizide was administrated to each rabbit as a single drug therapy on day 1 and it was co-administrated with Cimetidine to each rabbit as a combinational drug therapy on day 7. Cimetidine was administrated to each rabbit from day 2 to day 6 as single drug therapy. Blood sugar levels were estimated on day 1 and on day 7 at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h.
 Results: The mean blood sugar level readings at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h on day 1 were 90.4, 69.4, 62.9 and 65.7 mg% and on day 7 were 89.4, 74.8, 65.5, 56.4 and 61.2 mg % respectively. When mean blood sugar level on day 1 and day 7 was considered, there was a significant reduction in blood sugar level at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h and there was no significant fall in blood sugar level at 0 hour after co-administration of Glipizide and Cimetidine.
 Conclusion: Cimetidine, when co-administered with Glipizide, significantly increases the hypoglycaemic action of Glipizide.

Beryllium Induced Biochemical Alterations in Rodent Model and its Treatment with Calcium Salt of Diethylene Triamine Penta Acetic Acid with α -tocopherol

To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of chelating agents tiron (Sodium-4,5- dihydroxy-1,3-benzene di-sulphonate) and CaNa3DTPA (Calcium tri-sodium di-ethylene tri-amine penta acetic acid) in presence of α-tocopherol against beryllium induced toxicity, adult female albino rats were exposed to beryllium nitrate for 28 days followed by therapy with tiron (471 mg/kg, ip) and CaNa3DTPA (35 mg/kg, ip) alone and in combination with α-tocopherol (25 mg/kg, po). Results revealed non-significant fall in hemoglobin and total serum protein content while significant fall in blood sugar level and activity of serum alkaline phosphatase. On the other hand, significant rise in the activity of serum transaminases and LDH was noticed after beryllium administration. Significant increase in total and esterified cholesterol was found in liver and kidney after toxicity. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation and decreased level of reduced glutathione in both the organs showed oxidative stress due to beryllium exposure. CaNa3DTPA showed moderate therapeutic efficacy; however, its effectiveness was enhanced with α-tocopherol to some extent. Tiron in combination with α-tocopherol exerted statistically more beneficial effects in reversal of beryllium induced biochemical alterations.

Assessment of a group-based comprehensive diabetes management program to improve glycemic control, quality of life and self-care behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a primary healthcare setting of a metropolitan city in India: CDMP MUM Trial

Resource-poor primary health settings in an urban slum presented with special challenges in diabetes care. The study evaluated a need-based, patient-friendly, acceptable, appropriate package of care and its implementation in primary healthcare setup. An open-label two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial with 40 patients in the control group who received medical management as prescribed by physician and patients in the intervention group receiving usual medical care + group-based comprehensive diabetes management program. HbA1c, weight, BMI, Quality of Life Instrument for Indian Diabetes Patients (QOLID) scores, and audit of Self Care Inventory-Revised Version (SCI-R) were assessed at baseline and 6 months. There was a significant reduction in mean HbA1c levels in the intervention arm (8.44, SD = 1.802 to 7.56, SD = 1.87) as compared with the control arm (8.4, SD = 1.87 to 8.19, SD = 1.77). Multiple linear regression model (R2 = 0.886, ANOVA F (7, 72) = 79.733, p < 0.001) found a fall in blood sugar levels (β = − 0.511, p < 0.001), improvement in QOLID scores (β = 0.221, p = 0.004), increase in physical activity (β = 0.198, p = 0.006), and fall in BMI (β = 0.153, p = 0.009) to be predictive of change in HbA1c. The patient profile consisted predominantly of homemakers, with low formal education and belonging to lower socio-economic strata. They depended primarily on the public health system for their health care needs and could benefit most from the implementation of the program. There was an improvement in knowledge, regular follow-up, compliance to medication, diet, and physical activity along with improvement in glycemic control, self-care behavior and quality of life of patients in the intervention arm.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of &lt;i&gt;Solanum nigrum&lt;/i&gt; Seed Powder

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders in India. It is estimated that by the year 2025, there will be 57 million people with diabetes in India. Present study is undertaken to evaluate antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Solanum nigrum seed in experimental rats in two dosages of 250mg and 500mg compared with control and standard glibenclamide drug. After 21 days, ethanolic extract of seeds of Solanum nigrum showed a significant fall in blood sugar level than the standard drug. Further breakfast recipes using Solanum nigrum seed powder was formulated and evaluated organoleptically by 20 semi trained panels. Among the recipes banyard millet was highly acceptable.

An acute experimental study to evaluate the effect of gatifloxacin on blood sugar levels in diabetic and non-diabetic rabbits

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism associated with absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of gatifloxacin on blood sugar levels in non-diabetic rabbits and alloxan induced diabetic rabbits. Methods: Animals were fasted for 20 hours. Blood was collected for baseline investigations. After giving single oral dose of 2% gum acacia blood samples were drawn at 1, 2 and 4 hours for estimation of glucose and serum insulin. After 2 days a repeat blood sample for baseline was collected after 20 hours fasting and single oral dose of gatifloxacin 25 mg/kg was given. Samples of blood were taken at 1, 2 and 4 hours. After a wash out period of 7 days injection alloxan 140 mg/kg was given slowly intravenously to induce diabetes in the animals. On day 3 after alloxan induction, blood samples were taken from the animals (fasting 20 hours), for baseline investigations. Same procedure of blood collection and timing was followed as done before diabetes induction. The animals were given a single dose of gatifloxacin 25 mg/kg with blood samples drawn at 1, 2 and 4 hours for FBS and serum insulin. Results: In non-diabetic rabbits, the effect of control and gatifloxacin on FBS levels at 1, 2 and 4 hours after administration was 100.3, 101.35, 102.89 mg/dl and 73.83, 73.04, 82.11 mg/dl respectively, on serum insulin levels at 2 hours interval was 3.62 and 4.16 μ IU/ml respectively. 48 hours after alloxan induction FBS and insulin levels were 219.13 and 1.19 μ IU/ml. After alloxan induction, FBS levels at 1, 2, 4 hours for control and gatifloxacin are 221.01, 224.13, 228 and 218.60, 218.53, 220.01 respectively. At 2 hours interval serum insulin levels were 1.15 and 1.21 μ IU/ml for control and gatifloxacin. Conclusions: This study is in line with previous reports that gatifloxacin causes increased release of insulin leading to hypogycemia. The fall in blood sugar levels following a single oral dose of gatifloxacin is not limited to diabetic states alone and is more marked in non-diabetic rabbits.

Anti diabetic effect of Momordica charantia (Bitter melone) on Alloxan induced diabetic rabbits

Objective: to investigate the anti diabetic effect of the bitter melon on Alloxan induced diabetes in experimental animals (rabbits). Materials and Methods: the alcohol extract of whole fruit was tested for its efficacy in Alloxan (150mg/kg) induced diabetic rabbit. The diabetic rabbits were divided into 5groups. Group I (control) received 2% gumacasia, groupie (positive control) received standard drug Metformin (62.5mg+2%GA), group III, IV, V (T1 T2 T3) were treated orally with a daily dose of 0.5(gm) 1gm, 1.5gm respectively for 35 days, for all diabetic rabbits after giving TEST,NC,PC preparations, the blood samples were collected and determined the blood glucose level 0,1,3,24hrs intervals. 0hr reading is before drug giving and remaining 3 readings after drugs giving. 24th her reading is considered as 0hr reading for the next day. Results: administration of alcohol of an extract of bitter melon produced a dose dependent decrease in blood glucose levels in Alloxan induced rabbits. There was a significant fall in blood sugar level in High dose (1.5GM/kg) in comparison to low dose (0.5gm/kg) and median dose (1gm/kg) shown by LSD test. This is comparable to the effect of Metformin. Conclusion: the results of this study show that chronic oral administration of an extract of Momordica charantia fruit at an appropriate dosage may be good alternative anti diabetic agent.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis Linn. for the management of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Aim:As per traditional claims, root, bark, leaf and flower of the plant Cassia occidentalis Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae) have been reported to possess antidiabetic activity. Based on this traditional indication, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats.Materials and Methods:Ethanolic extract of the whole plant of C. occidentalis was orally tested at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg for evaluating the hypoglycemic effect in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In addition, changes in body weight, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein levels, assessed in the ethanol extract treated diabetic rats were compared with diabetic control and normal animals. Histopathologic observations during 21 days of treatment were also evaluated.Results:Ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis produced a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels in the normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Treatment with ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats led to a dose-dependent fall in blood sugar levels. Significant differences were observed in serum lipid profiles (cholesterol and triglyceride), serum protein and changes in body weight in ethanolic extract treated diabetic animals, when compared with the diabetic control and normal animals. Concurrent histopathologic studies of the pancreas of these animals showed comparable regeneration by ethanolic extract, which were earlier necrosed by alloxan.Conclusion:Ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis exhibited significant antidiabetic activity in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The rats also showed improvement in parameters like body weight and lipid profiles and also, histopathologic studies showed regeneration of β-cells of pancreas and so it might be of value in the treatment of diabetes.

Ultra Dynamised and Undynamised Dilutions of Alloxan at Micro-doses Influence Selective Pancreatic Beta Cell and Hormonal Profile: An Experimental Approach

Dynamised and Undynamised preparations of Alloxan 6x, 30x, 200x, and 1000x were examined for its anti-diabetic activities in Alloxan induced diabetes mellitus albino rats. Oral administration of dynamised potencies of Alloxan 6x, 30x, 200x, and 1000x at dose level of 50μ μμ μμ1/100 g.b.w. daily for 30 days regularly exhibited slow and steady fall in blood sugar level accompanied with perceptible increase in serum growth hormone (GH) i.e. p < 0.01 (less significant) and p < 0.001 (significant) respectively when compared to dynamised and Undynamised control as well as Undynamised Alloxan fed groups under identical conditions. Histological and histo-morphometric studies also revealed reactivation of Pancreatic β-cells. Dynamised dilutions of Alloxan acts steadily through hypothalamo-hypophysial- pancreatic β-cells axis producing selective reactivation of βcells at micro-doses, steadily viz 6x < 30x < 200x < 1000x. The drug may indirectly release Releasing factors (RF) from hypothalamic neurons, stimulating the secretion of growth hormone which in turn triggers optimum insulin secretion from β-cells. The therapeutic action of the test drug in dynamised dilutions at micro dose and relatively high dilutions on pancreatic β-cells confirms the phenomenon of “Potentization” & “Similia Similibus Curentur” and lack of acute and sub-acute toxicity at fairly large dosage may open up new prospects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and throw light in elucidating the mechanism of action at higher dilutions. It was noticed that the dynamised dilutions of alcohol fed control group is more toxic and lethal to animals than the dynamised and Undynamised dilutions of Alloxan and Undynamised alcohol fed control groups. Furthermore, it was also discernible that blood sugar and growth hormone levels were stabilized even after withdrawal of test drug in its 30x, 200x and 1000x potencies.

Diabeteseinstellung unter Berufsbedingungen

62 male diabetics worked in hospital workshops while their metabolic state was assessed. In each patient work activity, periods of work and rest and employment-related eating breaks were maintained. The metabolic state was regularly tested during physical activity simulating their actual employed work. In these circumstances there was a definite fall in blood sugar levels in the course of the day. Low values and hypoglycaemia were more frequent depending on the degree of physical activity, especially in the morning. The management of diabetes was adjusted to these metabolic requirements. Insulin dose was decreased and (or) carbohydrates were taken more frequently or in larger amounts. This adjustment in diabetes management was recommended to the diabetics for their normal everyday employment activity. Control of the diabetes was better on discharge from hospital and for some time afterwards.

Pancreatic beta-cell regeneration: a novel anti-diabetic action of Cephalendra indica mother tincture

Cephalendra, indica(41% v/v alcoholic extract of the wild variety of Cephalendra indica Naud.), on regular administration in doses ranging from 25 μml to 75 μml/100 g of body weight (gbw) by the oral or intraperitoneal (ip) route produced a significant fall in blood sugar level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biochemical studies showed stabilization of blood sugar level in 70% of cases of fourteen to twenty days after withdrawal of the drug. Histopathological studies revealed regeneration of pancreatic β cells. The hypothesis is that the drug acts through the hypothalamo-hypophysial-pancreatic axis, producing selective regeneration of β cells. The drug may indirectly release inhibitory factors from hypothalamic neurons, inhibiting the secretion of growth hormone and triggering insulin secretion from β cells. The therapeutic action of the drug on pancreatic β cells and lack of acute and subacute toxicity may open up new prospects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Clinical Trial in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus of an Insulin-like Compound Obtained from Plant Source

Clinical study of an insulin-like compound obtained from vegetable source (vegetable insulin) was carried out on nine patients with diabetes mellitus. The active hypoglycaemic principle, purified protein extract, was obtained from fruits as well as from tissue cultures of the plant Momordica charantia L. This extract was homologous to insulin obtained from animal pancreas. It showed a consistent hypoglycaemic effect in patients with diabetes mellitus. The average fall in blood sugar level at the peak effect of vegetable insulin was found to be statistically significant. The onset of action was within 30-60 min with the peak effect six hours after the administration of the dose of plant insulin. No hypersensitivity reaction to this extract was observed in the group of patients studied.

Some effects of 3-chloroisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

The effect of 3-chloroisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (CIC) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism has been investigated. CIC lowered plasma NEFA levels in fasted glucose-primed rats and was significantly more active than 5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (MPC). Both CIC and MPC had hypoglycaemic activity. With both CIC and MPC the fall in plasma NEFA always preceded the fall in blood sugar levels. CIC and MPC reduced the blood sugar and plasma NEFA in alloxan diabetic rats. CIC and MPC inhibited the basal and adrenaline and growth hormone stimulated NEFA release from in vitro rat epididymal fat pads. This CIC inhibition of growth hormone stimulated NEFA release was confirmed in intact rabbits. It seems that both MPC and CIC inhibit triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue and that the effect upon blood glucose levels is probably secondary to the effect on fat metabolism.

Effect of blood sugar levels on glycogen content of hypophysis and adrenal glands.

SummaryGlycogen content of the components of hypophysis and adrenal glands is determined. In the normal rat, neurohypophy-sis contains more glycogen than does the adenohypophysis (439 vs 298 μg per 100 mg dry weight of tissue). In the alloxan-diabetic animals, the medullary glycogen content was greatly elevated. Hyperglycemia produced by glucose injection caused little change in the glycogen content of neuro- and adenohypophysis and also in the adrenal medulla, but significantly decreased that of the adrenal cortex. Fall in blood sugar levels (insulin injection) decreases the glycogen content of all the components of the hypophysis and adrenal glands. Perhaps the changes in glycogen content are related to hormonal synthesis and secretion. Although injection of ACTH causes a 27% decrease in the glycogen content of the normal rat adrenal cortex at 2 and 4 hours, no significant decrease was found in the diabetic animals at these time periods.

Carbohydrate Intolerance in Postgastrectomy Patients

AFTER a gastric operation for peptic ulcer many patients show an abnormal response to an oral glucose tolerance test.1The blood sugar curve obtained during a test is characterized by a rapid rise to an abnormally high level and then a fall to normal, or to hypoglycemic levels, at two hours. The fall in blood sugar levels may be accompanied by hypoglycemic symptoms.2This type of blood sugar curve has been called the lag curve,3or the curve of alimentary hyperglycemia. It is usually attributed to the rapid absorption of glucose in the jejunum, secondary to rapid transit from the stomach. This curve is not confined to those who have had a gastric operation, however, for it may be found in otherwise healthy people, or in thyrotoxic patients. LeQuesne and co-workers4studied carbohydrate metabolism and plasma volume changes in patients who developed the dumping syndrome after

Studies on the mechanism of hypoglycemia in a patient with massive intraperitoneal leiomyosarcoma

A patient with severe hypoglycemia in association with massive intra-abdominal metastasis from a gastric leiomyosarcoma is described. The results of glucose tolerance tests showed rapid decrease of blood sugar after administration of glucose. Suboptimal response of the blood glucose to glucagon and epinephrine, as well as direct tissue measurements of glycogen and glucose in tumor, liver and muscle, indicated that the patient had diminished glycogen reserves. The fall in blood sugar levels after tolbutamide was administered was not of the degree which occurs in patients with insulin-producing, tolbutamide-sensitive tumors. To maintain normoglycemia it was necessary to infuse glucose at a rate of 12 mg. per kg. per minute. During glucose infusion, or following glucose injection, an exceptional increase in venous lactate occurred which was greater in blood draining the tumor than in that of an extremity vein. Excess lactate during hypoglycemia was calculated to be present, but disappeared transiently as blood pyruvate and glucose levels rose. There was no significant evidence of increased tryptophan metabolites. Serum insulin levels on one occasion were normal. Assay of an acid-alcohol tumor extract indicated the presence of 0.005 units per gm. of insulin by immunoassay and 0.04 units per gm. of insulin-like activity by fat pad assay. The data support the conclusion that excessive utilization of glucose by the massive neoplasm led to hypoglycemia. Such utilization may have been dependent in part upon insulin or on insulin-like substances present in the tumor.

SOME EFFECTS OF INSULIN ON THE BLOOD SUGAR AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS LEVELS OF NORMOTHERMIC AND HYPOTHERMIC RATS.

Blood sugar, inorganic phosphorus, and hematocrit values were measured in hypothermic and normothermic untreated rats and rats injected subcutaneously with insulin. In hypothermic rats the inorganic phosphorus levels were higher than in normothermic animals. The injection of 0.5 units of insulin per kilogram of body weight into fasted normothermic rats caused a significant fall in blood sugar level, but this rose again within 3 hours. The administration of the same amount of insulin to fasted or fed hypothermic rats (colonic temperature of 25 °C) led to a significant fall in blood sugar level, with little tendency for this to rise again at 3 or even at 6 hours. At a body temperature of 20 °C the blood sugar levels continued to fall until very low values were reached. When 0.2 units insulin/kg was injected there was very little hypoglycaemic effect in normothermic rats, but in hypothermic rats (25 °C) a hypoglycaemic effect similar to that obtained with 0.5 units was observed for the first 3 hours, but a significant return toward the initial level was evident by 6 hours. The blood inorganic phosphorus changes after the injection of insulin were not very dramatic and not greatly different in normothermic and hypothermic rats.

Poterium spinosum and its influence on the blood sugar level in rabbits

The decocts prepared from the root and stem of the plant, when administred orally to rabbits, cause a fall in blood sugar level which is highly significant after the dose of 5 g/kg. The log dose/effect curve forms a straight line which confirms the accuracy of the effects observed. Preparations from the fruit were without any effect.

Hypoglycemia Resulting from Insecticide Poisoning

To the Editor:— It is unfortunate that in the present highly charged atmosphere in which the pesticide problem exists,The Journalshould publish a case report under the title, Hypoglycemia Resulting from Insecticide Poisoning, when so little support for the title is contained in the report and when the authors hedge in their own stated conclusions ( 184 :590 [May 18] 1963). The case has already made the newspapers of the country. The authors performed some experiments by injecting, intravenously and into the peritoneal cavity of mice, 0.05 mg and 0.1 mg of parathion. (This would be equivalent to 15 mg and 30 mg for the child whose case was reported. How would she have acquired that amount?) There followed an immediate fall in blood-sugar level (but not nearly so low as recorded for the child) which returned to normal in less than 2 hours. This is hardly comparable to the

POSTINFUSION hypoglycemia.

Occasionally disturbing but seldom alarming clinical manifestations follow shortly after the completion of an intravenous infusion of dextrose. These consist of weakness, fatigue, sweating, disorientation, hypotension, and, rarely, convulsions. If a blood specimen is examined at the time, the sugar level will be found to be quite low, thus identifying the reaction as due to hypoglycemia. Usually the untoward signs and symptoms disappear spontaneously as the blood sugar level returns to normal, but in any case they can be immediately corrected by a second infusion of dextrose. Even when there is no clinical evidence of hypoglycemia, a fall in blood sugar level nearly always follows every intravenous infusion of dextrose. It is not known, of course, whether this fall has any occult, deleterious, or other effects. The existence of this postinfusion hypoglycemia is, of course, well known and indeed is similar to but perhaps more pronounced than the postabsorption hypoglycemia

Inactivation of Insulin by Intermediary Fat Metabolism Products

IT has been recorded by several workers that insulin, though effective in most diabetics in lowering the blood-sugar level to normal, in a small fraction of cases either does not react at all or very high doses are required for beneficial results. Rosenthal1 observed that one of his patients showed no relief in hyperglycæmia even by daily injections of 100–120 units of insulin. Isolation of inactive insulin has been reported by Bhima Rao et al.2, and Himsworth3 reports on diabetics insensible to insulin. Joslin4 regards adiposity as a precursor of diabetes and this idea has recently been supported by our evidence5 that disturbance in the intermediary metabolism of fat is one of the factors responsible for the onset of hyperglycæmia. It has also been observed that hyperglycæmia caused by repeated injections of pyruvic acid, aceto-acetic ester, and -hydroxy butyric acid, etc., is followed by a rapid fall in blood-sugar level, thus suggesting the possibility of extra stimulation of islet cells. This is to be expected when there is a chance that the internal insulin may be destroyed or inactivated by such substances when administered to the system.