Faithful Reflection Research Articles

De Anima (On the Soul) by David Bolotin

Reviewed by: De Anima (On the Soul) by David Bolotin Ignacio De Ribera-Martin ARISTOTLE. De Anima (On the Soul). Translated by David Bolotin. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2018. xi + 152 pp. Paper, $18.00 Aristotle’s De anima is the first attempt of a comprehensive and scientific account of the soul as the principle of life in the history of thought. Its influence on the history of philosophy is perennial and cannot be overemphasized. At the same time, however, due to the complexity of its subject matter and to its intricate textual transmission through the centuries, the De anima is one of the most difficult Aristotelian treatises to read and interpret. In this light, Bolotin’s English translation of the De anima (as well as other recent English translations, such as Shield’s, Reeve’s, and Miller’s) should be welcomed with much gratitude by those interested in understanding such a monumental treatise. This includes those who do know Greek, since it is not possible to translate the De anima without at the same time making relevant word choices and thereby engaging to some extent in its interpretation. Bolotin’s translation is primarily based on Biehl’s edition of the text (1884), slightly revised by Otto Apelt in a Felix Meiner recent edition (1995). Since this edition is less complete from the point of view of the number of manuscripts collated (nine manuscripts), Bolotin has also made use of Jannone’s 1966 edition (collating fifteen manuscripts), and Siwek’s 1965 (so far, the most complete edition, collating a total of sixty-five manuscripts). There are several aspects of Bolotin’s translation that are commendable. Bolotin offers a very careful and accurate translation, almost word by word, which is particularly helpful to those who want to pay the price of some (tolerable) awkwardness in exchange for a precise translation of the text. He is quite attentive to the reader, signaling any addition to the translation that is not explicitly present in the Greek text. Another strength of Bolotin’s translation is the consistency with which he translates key terms through the whole treatise (alerting the reader when he eventually needs to render the key term differently). Thus, the reader who does not know Greek can be certain that the same English word is translating the same Greek word. Footnotes are also very helpful. Besides indicating the cross-references and parallel passages, as well as his departures from Biehl’s edition (and how the text would then be translated in the alternative readings), Bolotin also notes those passages whose interpretation is more complex, trying to make the best [End Page 587] possible sense of them without hiding the difficulties. In short, the translation is very close to the text and decently readable despite its awkwardness, which is a faithful reflection of the intricacy of the Greek itself. There are a few aspects of Bolotin’s translation that are open to discussion. While I agree that we should be as conservative as possible in rejecting emendations and additions to the text that are not supported by manuscripts, this cannot be the only textual principle in choosing the best reading. Otherwise, we would be ruling out a priori the possibility that copyists may have made some additions or modifications through the more than two millennia of textual transmission. The translation of key terms is sometimes too awkward (for example, “deed” for ergon or “being admissible” for endechesthai), and a few times probably disputable, as when Bolotin translates “material” for hulê (not every hulê is material), or “to judge” for krinein (“discerning” should be a better translation, as lower living beings discern while they are unable to judge). As he does in some cases, for example with logos, I would transliterate the difficult terms entelecheia and energeia rather than translate them consistently by “completion” and “actuality,” as Bolotin does. While the term “completion” seems to capture well the meaning of entelecheia—in fact, in the later Greek tradition some commentators would sometimes use the word teleiotês (completion) and entelecheia as almost interchangeable—rendering energeia as “actuality” obscures the fact that (inactive) entelecheia and some potentialities are also actual. Notwithstanding the possibility to...

LA INCERTIDUMBRE DE UNA ESPAÑA ABANDONADA: SOLOS EN LA MADRUGADA (1978)

The cinema carried out by Jose Luis Garci in its first stage (Asignatura pendiente, 1977; Solos en la madrugada, 1978; y, Las verdes praderas, 1979) is a faithful reflection of the new Spanish society that the Transition was building, a cinema linked to the moment that was being lived whose purpose was to portray people and events that were happening almost simultaneously. In the specific case of Solos en la madrugada, the radio becomes the main protagonist, approaching through it the panorama of a Spain that for many years, lived under the protection of news, competitions, serials, sports programs ... they invaded their waves daily. A look at the uses and customs of the average Spaniard, who had found in this type of speech a balm to the reality of a country that was gradually dying, both socially and politically.

Intercomparison of the CALMET/CALPUFF Modeling System for Selected Horizontal Grid Resolutions at a Local Scale: A Case Study of the MSWI Plant in Krakow, Poland

Increase in grid resolution in atmospheric non-steady-state dispersion models induces a more faithful reflection of the area surface, and thus contributes to more detailed and diversified calculation results but also significantly prolongs the calculation time. This paper presents the influence of horizontal grid resolution in the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system on the results of air quality impact assessment in a local scale carried out for the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Plant in Krakow using the maximum permissible emission of NOx. Subject to comparative analysis were four grids of the following resolutions: 100, 250, 500 and 1000 m. A direct intercomparison of air concentrations was made for 676 discrete receptors with the use of statistical indicators. On the basis of the calculations and analyses, it has been stated that, depending on the regular grid spacing, some differences in calculated concentrations can occur affecting the results of the air quality impact assessment. The highest concentrations in all computational receptors present in the given case were obtained for 100 m grid spacing. When compared to a grid of 100 m, the relatively smallest discrepancies were obtained for a grid of 250 m, with an already significantly shortened calculation time.

El horizonte artístico de Santander a comienzos de los años cincuenta del siglo XX:

La década de los cincuenta supuso una gran transformación en el panorama artístico nacional gracias a la apertura de España tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La actividad artística española empezó a estar influida por los ambientes europeos y Santander participó de forma activa, fundamentalmente gracias a la Galería y Librería Arte Sur, que, al calor de otros acontecimientos ocurridos en la capital cántabra, impulsó desde su inauguración el arte y la cultura hasta tal punto que su actividad llegaría a ser un fiel reflejo del desarrollo de la historia del arte contemporáneo en España.

KUALITAS IBADAH DAN INTENSITAS AMAR MA’RUF NAHI MUNKAR DALAM SPEKTRUM RELIGIUSITAS PRIBADI MUSLIM

Quality of Worship and Intensity of Amar Ma’ruf Nahi Munkar in Muslim Personal Religiousity Spectrum. Islam as dienullah is the most perfect religion. Islam has the practice of completely surrendering to Allah, it is the core attitude of Muslim personal riligiusitas and the realization of noble morality (mahmudah). Understanding and reintroducing Islamic teachings is one of the aspects that must be considered is the quality of worship and the importance of being in the way of marriage. This has actually been widely known by Muslims, so what is needed is how to implement and sharpen the sense of religion towards self and others so that it becomes a driver and encouragement in preaching. Da’wah can be interpreted as the process of delivering Islamic religion to mankind. In a process of da’wah it is not only a conveying endeavor, but an attempt to change the way of thinking, the way of feeling, the way of life, the human being is the target of the mission towards the better. The quality of worship and success in preaching are finally seen when behavior is a reflection of faith. So sincerity in devotion to God will be biased to the spirit of work ethic both in the realm of human relations with God and the relationship between humans and humans (hablun minallah wa hablun minannas). This is where the meeting point between the quality of worship and the spirit of preaching in the spectrum of one’s religious reality.

El cuento infantil como elemento pedagógico. La revista El Mundo de los Niños (1887-1891)

La literatura infantil y juvenil se ha utilizado como instrumento de transmisión de conductas y valores a lo largo de la historia. A través de revistas ilustradas y de la prensa se llegaba a un creciente número de lectores que recibían este tipo de educación informal mediante cuentos y relatos infantiles en los que los protagonistas eran niños y niñas con los que el lector podía fácilmente identificarse. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar los cuentos y relatos infantiles publicados en la revista decenal El Mundo de los Niños (1887-1891), para realizar una aproximación a la sociedad española de finales del S. XIX y sus valores. El método empleado ha sido el análisis de contenido, en el que agrupados por ámbitos, hemos ido estudiando los valores que conforman la moral de una época presentes en las lecturas analizadas, constituyendo un fiel reflejo de la sociedad española y la situación de la infancia en este momento histórico. Tras la detallada lectura y análisis de más de un centenar de cuentos publicados en dicha revista, hemos podido observar la presencia de una educación moral basada en valores (libertad, valentía, trabajo, esfuerzo, honradez…) y contravalores (pereza, imprudencia, avaricia, pereza…) que constituyen todo un programa socioeducativo propio de la época en la que se redactaron y publicaron estos cuentos infantiles.

The Plastic Cassowary: Problematic ‘Pets’ in West Papua

ABSTRACTThis article explores the ambivalent relations of indigenous Marind to domesticated animals in Merauke District, West Papua. Marind pity village animals because they lose their ‘wildness’ and behave like human settlers, whom Marind consider alien because of their ‘modern’ lifestyle and non-Papuan origins. These transformations evoke to Marind their own experiences of political oppression and ethnic domination as coerced subjects of the Indonesian state. However, domesticates also appear to enjoy living in the village and refuse to return to the wild. Similarly, many Marind are drawn by the promises of modernity and have given up hope for political freedom. Furthermore, Marind themselves replicate the oppressive role of the state over their lives by subjecting animals to human control. In this light, domesticates as ‘matter out of place’ in the village environment provoke pity and anxiety because they offer an all too faithful reflection of the ambiguous condition of their keepers.

AKUNTABILITAS PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DESA DALAM PERSPEKTIF BUDAYA TRI HITA KARANA

The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of accountability practices in village financial management in Desa Pakraman Kerobokan, Sawan District, Buleleng Regency. This research with qualitative method through etnometodology approach to approach setting in everyday life. Tri hita karana's data and philosophy as a framework for analyzing the data obtained from those settings on the research site. The results of this study indicate that in the perspective prahyangan spiritual accountability reflected in the reflection of devotion and faith of village finance managers or village apparatus with activities based on the values and norms contained in religious teachings, and the spirit of work that is seen as a sacrifice and devotion. The practice of accountability of village financial management in the dimensions of human relationships with the natural environment (ecological accountability) can be seen from the activities and involvement of the village apparatus in efforts to preserve the natural environment. And the accountability practices of human relations dimensions with others (economic and social accountability) can be seen from social concerns and various community empowerment programs. The contribution of this theoretical research is to contribute theoretical enrichment that underlies accountability practices in village administration and its practical contribution, this research can be one of reference for rural apparatus, village companion in its advisory method.

AKUNTABILITAS PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DESA DALAM PERSPEKTIF BUDAYA TRI HITA KARANA

The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of accountability practices in village financial management in Desa Pakraman Kerobokan, Sawan District, Buleleng Regency. This research with qualitative method through etnometodology approach to approach setting in everyday life. Tri hita karana's data and philosophy as a framework for analyzingthe data obtained from those settings on the research site. The results of this study indicate that in the perspective prahyangan spiritual accountability reflected in the reflection of devotion and faith of village finance managers or village apparatus with activities based on the values and norms contained in religious teachings, and the spirit of work that is seen as a sacrifice and devotion. The practice of accountability of village financial management in the dimensions of human relationships with the natural environment (ecological accountability) can be seen from the activities and involvement of the village apparatus in efforts to preserve the natural environment. And the accountability practices of human relations dimensions with others (economicand social accountability) can be seen from social concerns and various community empowerment programs. The contribution of this theoretical research is to contribute theoretical enrichment that underlies accountability practices in village administrationand its practical contribution, this research can be one of reference for rural apparatus, village companion in its advisory method.

The apparent contrariety

There are societies in which individual and social mentalities are deeply imbued with religion, which dominates as a philosophy of life, and which guides its followers from the most insignificant to the most important thoughts and acts. There, secular life is the faithful reflection of religious ideology, unfolding in the shadow of its ancestral and collective narratives. There, present and future celebrate a mystical past, which they replicate through a circular effort and in their own circumstances. There are societies in which social life interferes little, if at all, with the religious one; where religion is merely tolerated, instead of being assimilated or consuming. There, religion is not an ideological guide, an all-leading factor and force, but only a reminiscent paradigm; there, present and future shape themselves as stages of an evolutive spiral. A society to which religion imposes itself as a force that tends to perpetually conserve the status quo, opposing paradigm shifts in order to keep society on the uniform path of the imposed ideal; and a society that believes that since the fundamental reality is matter acting according to its internal laws, ideology appears, exists and becomes through and in the image of the material being subject to evolution, beyond its developments and avatars.

Death Note: Shinigami and the Concept of Capital Punishment in Japan

The Japanese comic known as manga is on many occasions a faithful reflection of Japanese society, a country with ancient traditions and mores, which still employs the capital punishment. One of these mangas is Death Note(Ohba and Obata, 2013), which has a multitude of readings and points of view that make us question moral approaches to life and death. It is through these that reality and comics show a society through the fantastic elements that make up the work.

Towards Interactive Progressive Cutting of Deformable Bodies via Phyxel-Associated Surface Mesh Approach for Virtual Surgery

Interactive progressive cutting of deformable body is vital for surgical training/planning systems with resection operations. Unfortunately, it is challenging to robustly simulate this phenomenon with faithful reflection of user’s motion. The underlying reason is that sophisticated boundary conditions should be considered for the consistency between scalpel motion trajectory and incision during progressive cutting. Meanwhile, both geometrical and physical primitives along cutting trajectory need to be updated for each step induced by topological modifications, which is time-consuming for interactive environment. To tackle the above-mentioned issues, we present a phyxel-associated surface mesh approach for interactive progressive cutting of deformable bodies. Our method is based on a hybrid geometry, including a triangular surface mesh and an internal physical point cloud (phyxels), and we employ the moving least squares shape function to achieve the fast bijective mapping. This structure can well decouple the mechanical modeling from the geometry processing, thus allowing efficient handling of topological modifications, mechanical response, and rendering issues. Furthermore, we propose tailored continuous collision detection and constrained bilateral triangulation methods for fast geometrical modification. Besides, a dynamic adaptation scheme is proposed to avoid material slivers along splitting trajectories and guarantee numerical stability of simulation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can provide effective progressive cutting simulation with realistic mechanical response, and it has a great potential to be an efficient and versatile computational framework for interactive surgical cutting simulation with high fidelity.

Luxe du cadre de vie et du cadre de mort chez les Celtes de l’âge du fer

The aristocratic residences identified in the Celtic world illustrate the search for luxury living conditions that reflect the prestige of their occupants. While luxury is a relative concept and the buildings we are dealing with are wooden structures, the monumentality of certain constructions and the care taken in their decoration are undeniable. Regarding the interior design of these residences, direct archaeological sources are almost non-existent ; however, indirect sources of iconography (in the art of Situles) and of archaeology (with the development of certain funerary spaces) seem to reproduce luxurious interiors. We therefore can consider whether it is possible to view these funerary devices as a faithful reflection of the actual living conditions, thus raising the question of the status and function of objects deposited in burial sites.

Pendidikan Aqidah dalam Perspektif Hadits

<p>This paper focuses on the study of hadith relating to educational beliefs (Aqeedah) and efforts that should be made to foster the potential of natural child through certain methods, in order to practice the faith we have in order to achieve happiness in this world and hereafter, as the implementation of a belief in the unity of God. The most important matter in educational beliefs (Aqeedah) is the first developing work ethic and motivation of faith, Islam and Ihsan. Second, consistency in the Faith. Third, understand natural phenomena and social phenomena through understanding the laws as a reflection of faith and Islamic theology. The methods used in the education of aqidah are the method of imitation/model, method of habituation, wisdom and mau'idzah hasanah methods. The family is the first in the formation of aqidah environment for children. Parents are the key element for the establishment of tawhid in the family, so that everyone is required to have an understanding of monotheism and practice well, so that it can provide children with the values of monotheism and material support. Kids can see their parents as role models who provide knowledge as well as experience, and guidance.</p>

Foreword

It was under a severe thunderstorm that we opened the “Joint AIRAPT-25 & EHPRG-53” International Conference on High Pressure Science and Technology held in Madrid from August 30th to September 4th, 2015. Probably, that was a sky signal to announce that the large shock-wave community was there representing the outstanding role they play in our field. And indeed they do, as it was clearly demonstrated during the whole meeting with a balanced participation of dynamic and static compression contributions within the wide range of topics covered in this successful conference. The strong efforts we had invested to have with us all the potential areas touching the high-pressure field were amply compensated by the presence and high quality of scientists spanning a wide range of topics: Bio- and Life Sciences, Food Science and Technology, Metrology and Industrial Applications, Theory and Computational Modeling, Spectroscopic and Structural Studies, Condensed Matter, Geo- and Planetary Sciences, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Energetic, and Materials Chemistry and Molecular Systems. By no doubt, it was demonstrated that High-Pressure is a unique “hot” field of research displaying both multi- and inter-disciplinary features, which makes cooperation not only a natural but also a necessary ingredient for a prosperous investigation. The “Joint AIRAPT-25 & EHPRG-25” conference was a faithful reflection of this scenario.Our plenary speakers convey the spirit of the conference in a brilliant way from different perspectives. Raymond Jeanloz and Roland Winter were in charge to cope the challenge of presenting panoramic views and latest results of two extreme realms, hard matter and planetary interiors the former, soft matter and biomolecular systems the later. Paul Loubeyre, Ross T. Howie and Oleksandr O. Kurakevych (Bridgman, Jamieson and EHPRG awardees, respectively) were provided with the same plenary time for their talks. The first two focused their participation on one of the most candent and long-living cases of study in high-pressure science: dense hydrogen. Kurakeviych illustrated the technological benefits of incorporating high-pressure techniques in materials science by disclosing how silicon-based allotropes can be useful for industrial applications. These are just representative examples of the rich variety of themes that under the umbrella of thirty careful selected keynote speakers were developed in a number of parallel sessions covering all the above mentioned topics. Last but not least, Karl Syassen showed us the beautiful journey of the history of AIRAPT over the last 50 years to celebrate the 25th AIRAPT conference.And the merit for the success of the conference was, of course, on the very high and active participation of attendees coming from all over the world. More than one hundred and fifty oral contributions and near three hundred posters clearly illustrate the effervescence of high-pressure science and technology nowadays. These proceedings are a good sample of this propitious atmosphere!We are aware of the many endeavors still pending to spread high-pressure in academia and laboratories. And we know that young researchers need to be instructed to incorporate high-pressure science and technology in their investigations. With these goals in mind, a “Summer Under Pressure School (SUPS)” was scheduled just two days before the opening of the conference. Following the scheme of our previous Spanish High-Pressure Schools, SUPS was split into Theory, Experimental Techniques and Applications blocks with fourteen one-hour lectures delivered by experts in all the different topics. They included plenary speakers of the “Joint AIRAPT-25 & EHPRG-25” conference, as well as former and current presidents of the EHPRG. It was a successful school with full occupancy (more than seventy students) revealing that the good health of High-Pressure will continue at least during some next generations.We would like to finish this Foreword by thanking all the speakers and participants, along with exhibitors and sponsors for making it possible to fulfill the leit-motiv of the conference organizers, Madrid: a place for pressure, a place for pleasure!The MALTA-Consolider Team

Comparative performance of deciduous and permanent dental morphology in detecting biological relatives

Dental morphology plays a key role in reconstructing population history and evolutionary relationships at global, regional, and intracemetery scales. At the inter-individual level, it is assumed that close biological kin exhibit greater phenotypic similarity than non-relatives. Heritability estimates provide one measure of phenotypic resemblance but are not easily incorporated into analyses of archaeological samples. In this study we evaluate the assumption that relatives are more similar phenotypically than non-relatives. We compare results for permanent dental morphology to those obtained using deciduous dental morphology in a matched dataset (Paul & Stojanowski, ). Permanent trait expression was scored from dental casts representing 69 sibling pairs, curated as part of the longitudinal Burlington Growth Study. Simulating a biodistance approach, 22 morphological traits of permanent tooth crowns were used to generate 69 inter-relative and 2,076 non-relative Euclidean distances. Following distance ordination, family-specific dispersion values were calculated from multidimensional scaling coordinates. Output was compared to that of a previous study that focused on deciduous crown variation in the same set of individuals (Paul & Stojanowski, ). Mantel tests were used to evaluate the correlation of a proxy genetic distance matrix to both the permanent and deciduous dental distance matrices. On average, inter-relative distances generated from morphological traits of permanent tooth crowns were smaller than expected by chance based on resampling (p < 0.001). While family-specific dispersion varied greatly for both permanent and deciduous datasets, over 75% of the families exhibited greater dispersion with permanent traits. This suggests that morphological traits of the permanent dentition provide a less faithful reflection of biological relatedness than morphological traits of the deciduous dentition. Mantel tests indicate that both the deciduous and permanent distance matrices are significantly correlated with a matrix of genetic relatedness coefficients; however, the magnitude of the correlations was low. Overall, morphological traits of permanent tooth crowns perform moderately well in distinguishing relatives from non-relatives, but deciduous crown variations may provide a more direct reflection of the underlying genetic structure of intra-site or intra-cemetery samples. These findings have implications for bioarchaeological research and biodistance practices. In particular, morphological traits of the deciduous dentition should be incorporated into standard data collection protocols because of their stronger signal of relatedness.

Religious reflection in Pakistan: further evidence of integration between Muslim faith and intellect

Religious groups outside the West have displayed a positive correlation between faith and intellect-oriented reflection in contrast to the negative relationship found with American Christians. This study extended the analysis to Pakistani Muslims. University students (N = 180) responded to religious reflection scales along with measures of religious orientation and satisfaction with life. Faith- and intellect-oriented reflection correlated positively, and both displayed direct relationships with religious orientations and satisfaction with life. In multiple regression analyses, both combined to predict the intrinsic religious orientation, but faith-oriented reflection was the only significant predicter of other measures. These data further documented a compatibility between Muslim faith and intellect and supplemented other cross-cultural findings in suggesting that understandings of more conservative religious beliefs may require sensitivity not only to their content, but also to their cultural context.

Wuhua Therapy: A Way to ZhiMian Unallowable Experience in the Context of Chinese Culture

Wuhua philosophy is rooted in Taoism. Zhuangzi described the practice of Wuhua as the “fasting of the heart mind” (心斋). Humanistic psychology and analytical psychology describe the “fasting of the heart mind” as a path leading to ZhiMian. The resolution of the boundary between conflicts is built on a dialogue between differences that is characterized by effort and an open attitude. The key to the Wuhua experience is Qi. In the experience of Qi, mankind humbly aims to understand the world from the heart mind position to explore how the self is related to the world and to define the self and the other interdependently and relatively. Wuhua therapy fosters experience in all dimensions, concentrating on the natural emergence and movement of Qi, and waits for it to lead to the dissolution of boundaries and to generate its creative healing nature. The method of Wuhua therapy involves noninterpretation, careful observation, and faithful reflection. This article describes a case that illustrates the method and discusses the resonance between Wuhua philosophy and humanistic psychology.

Living Amongst the Fragments of a Coherent Theology

The paper examines the theological shorthand within five contemporary worship songs.1 The central argument is that key words within this espoused and operant theology (Cameron et al., 2010) function as theological shorthand,2 identified as fragments of a coherent theology. To illuminate the text within the songs as theological shorthand these theological fragments are brought into discussion with the work of Bretherton (2007), Christie (2012), Hauerwas (1983), MacIntyre (1996), Ward (2005) and Vanhoozer (2010). These authors act as the voice of formal theology (Cameron et al., 2010) to help articulate a critical, philosophical, and theologically informed enquiry that facilitates faithful theological reflection from within the Christian tradition on how the theological shorthand within worship songs functions as icons of epistemology. In turn, those of us who inhabit the world of formal theology may act as dialogical guides and storytellers of the Christian tradition.

Communicating Ethic Identity Through Ecotourism

Advertising is a ubiquitous medium of representation in tourism, often forming the first point of contact between the visitor and the destination. It is often however the case that such advertisements, especially when authored and promoted by commercial agents, may not faithfully depict or reflect cultural, social and environmental realities, and in some cases may not actually correspond with the characteristics of the advertised location or community at all. This paper seeks to understand whether ecotourism strategies can provide an alternative means of advertising, and the operation of sustainable, low impact tourism programs that provide a more faithful reflection of the host community and environment for the visitor, and harness the local knowledge and culture of the hosts to their own advantage. Based on field interviews and participant-observation, this paper presents an example of how the Murut Tahol community in the heartland of Borneo has employed the concepts of ecotourism in a variety of ways to attract visitors and to display their cultural and ethnic identity, and its connection with the environment. The results of this study indicate that ecotourism packages can be tailored, arranged and presented in such a way as to harness a more authentic cultural experience that benefits both the visitor and the host community. This paper argues that the state and commercial tour operators must engage, empower and employ local actors and communities as tourism agents, hosts and facilitators of ecotourism activities.