Goal Of Fairness Research Articles

A Denial of Service attack against fair computations using Bitcoin deposits

Bitcoin supports complex transactions where the recipient of a transaction can be programmatically determined. Using these transactions, multi-party computation protocols that aim to ensure fairness among participants have been designed. We present a Denial of Service attack against these protocols that results in a net loss for some or all of the honest parties involved, violating those fairness goals.

The Effect of a Consciously Set and a Primed Goal on Fair Behavior

Three experiments were conducted to test whether an enhanced degree of fair behavior could be obtained by making justice a goal, whether consciously set, primed, or both. Each experiment assessed fairness in a competitive negotiation context. All participants, across the three experiments, were asked to attain a base-level performance goal. The first experiment examined how a negotiation is affected by a consciously set goal for fairness as well as a primed fairness goal. The results revealed that both the conscious and the primed goal enhanced a participant's fairness. The second and third experiments examined the underlying mediating mechanisms of the effects found in the first experiment. Overall, the results of three experiments indicate that both conscious and primed goals, individually or in combination, can increase fair behavior by enhancing justice saliency. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Democracy in Action?: NIMBY as Impediment to Equitable Affordable Housing Siting

Effective democracy requires participation. However, the history of urban politics, housing policy, and neighborhood revitalization has demonstrated that wealth and power often overshadow participation and community activism. Proponents of equity planning and advocacy planning in the USA have fought to include vulnerable, marginalized populations within planning decisions, yet there have been few examples of this in action. We apply Fainstein's principles of The Just City (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010) to investigate the extent to which local opposition affects affordable housing development. In doing so, we question the extent to which housing policy and planning in the USA successfully achieve the goals of equity and fairness, or whether not-in-my-backyard forces operating within (and beyond) “democratic” planning processes override those principles in siting decisions. Our results suggest that community opposition is a considerable barrier to the efficient siting of affordable housing, and propose changes to local planning and implementation strategies in order to minimize opposition and produce more equitable outcomes.

Fair Information Sharing for Treasure Hunting

In a search task, a group of agents compete to be the first to find the solution. Each agent has different private information to incorporate into its search. This problem is inspired by settings such as scientific research, Bitcoin hash inversion, or hunting for some buried treasure. A social planner such as a funding agency, mining pool, or pirate captain might like to convince the agents to collaborate, share their information, and greatly reduce the cost of searching. However, this cooperation is in tension with the individuals' competitive desire to each be the first to win the search. The planner's proposal should incentivize truthful information sharing, reduce the total cost of searching, and satisfy fairness properties that preserve the spirit of the competition. We design contract-based mechanisms for information sharing without money. The planner solicits the agents' information and assigns search locations to the agents, who may then search only within their assignments. Truthful reporting of information to the mechanism maximizes an agent's chance to win the search. Epsilon-voluntary participation is satisfied for large search spaces. In order to formalize the planner's goals of fairness and reduced search cost, we propose a simplified, simulated game as a benchmark and quantify fairness and search cost relative to this benchmark scenario. The game is also used to implement our mechanisms. Finally, we extend to the case where coalitions of agents may participate in the mechanism, forming larger coalitions recursively.

Achieving weighted fairness in WLAN mesh networks: An analytical model

Multi-hop WLAN mesh networks employing the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) scheme as the medium access control protocol have been shown to suffer from serious throughput unfairness among competing flows. Indeed, some flows can even capture the whole channel bandwidth while other flows get starved. In this paper, we focus on achieving weighted fairness for differential services in WLAN mesh networks. We first introduce the concepts of the instantaneous collision zone and the persistent collision zone of receivers in multi-hop networks. Then we suggest that collisions induced by the hidden jammers located in the persistent collision zone of receivers are the primary causes for the throughput unfairness. We further develop a three-dimensional Markov chain model to determine how to precisely tune the backoff persistence factors to achieve the weighted fairness for flows with diverse quality of service (QoS) demands. In this model, we put forward the pseudo states to distinguish the different backoff procedures induced by the RTS collisions and the data collisions. Through analytical modeling, we get the proper backoff persistence factors to achieve a predefined weighted fairness goal. Finally, we validate the accuracy of our model by comparing the analytical results with that obtained by means of simulations.

The Moral Imperative of Social Justice Leadership: A Critical Component of Effective Practice

This study examined how four principals in urban middle and senior high schools with a social justice orientation responded to hypothetical scenarios involving teacher prejudice. The principals in this study did not reference their leadership preparation programs in describing the evolution of their equity-focused leadership philosophies, nor did they reference theory. Rather, the principals were predisposed to support the goals of equity and fairness because they believed they had a moral obligation to do so. The research suggests that school leaders who enter the position with a predisposition for equity and fighting injustice may be better equipped to handle scenarios involving prejudice in ways that advance the overall goals of social justice.

Identificando o tema da sustentabilidade em textos jornalísticos: análise indiciária

Since the term sustainability was created in governmental international meetings of the twentieth century, the media has paid special attention to the issue which became current reports, mainly in the two last decades. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to analyze how the news on this topic has been presented and what the base of its approach is, identifying possible trends and/or influences present in the act of reporting. For both, it was used as a research method the evidentiary paradigm, described initially by ginzburg (1986), and that provides identification and discussion of clues, symptoms and singularities. These may show trends of the newspapers analyzed - folha de sao paulo and o estado de sao paulo. It was possible to realize, from the analyses, that the issue of sustainability is treated negligently by newspapers, leaving aside important context for the proper understanding of the part of the reader. There was also the identification of clues that refer to strong political-economic interests throughout the texts, prioritizing some themes over others and leading the reader to certain erroneous conclusions, which is beyond the goal of fairness in which journalism is based.

Identificando o tema da sustentabilidade em textos jornalísticos: análise indiciária

Since the term sustainability was created in governmental international meetings of the twentieth century, the media has paid special attention to the issue which became current reports, mainly in the two last decades. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to analyze how the news on this topic has been presented and what the base of its approach is, identifying possible trends and/or influences present in the act of reporting. For both, it was used as a research method the evidentiary paradigm, described initially by ginzburg (1986), and that provides identification and discussion of clues, symptoms and singularities. These may show trends of the newspapers analyzed - folha de são paulo and o estado de são paulo. It was possible to realize, from the analyses, that the issue of sustainability is treated negligently by newspapers, leaving aside important context for the proper understanding of the part of the reader. There was also the identification of clues that refer to strong political-economic interests throughout the texts, prioritizing some themes over others and leading the reader to certain erroneous conclusions, which is beyond the goal of fairness in which journalism is based.

A New Design for Control Method Based on Hierarchical Deficit Round Robin Scheduler for EPON

With the development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology), how to use EPON for ensuring an effective and fair bandwidth allocation as well as the quality of service has become an important issue. Our research is based on Cousin Fair Hierarchical Deficit Round Robin Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (CFHDRR DBA), which applies the concepts of hierarchical scheduling to reduce extra actions in information controlling and queue switching and DRR (Deficit Round Robin) to attain the goal of cousin fairness. Our research proposes three additional modules to CFHDDR DBA: (1) an admission control module, which limits the sum weight of QoS-controlled flow; (2) a weight partition module, which isolates the sum weight of other interfering flows from QoS-controlled flows; and (3) the quantum adaptation module, which minimizes the access time of QoS-controlled flows through uantum distribution. With the help of OMNet++ simulation software, this research presents the improvement of CFHDRR by introducing dynamic DDR Quantum. In addition, it proposes admission control and bounded weight to keep the sum of flows within service capacity. The simulation result shows that, while keeping CFHDRR’s fairness, the queuing delay is reduced and the cycle time is effectively controlled so that the packet delay of QoS-controlled flows is minimized and QoS of real-time multimedia in EPON is fairly ensured.

The legitimacy of transnational NGOs: lessons from the experience of Transparency International in Germany and France

AbstractThis article develops theoretical insights concerning the legitimacy of non-profit Transnational Non-Governmental Organisations (TNGOs) in global governance. The research compares the advocacy initiatives of Transparency International (TI), the leading TNGO in the international regime of anti-corruption, in Germany and France during the 1990s. The main argument is that the legitimacy of TNGOs is a relational concept: it is granted or denied in a relationship between at least two parties, in which actor attributes play a role but are not decisive. Only such a relational conception can explain why a given TNGO is granted legitimacy in one context and denied it in another. In addition, legitimacy matters. Although insufficient on its own, legitimacy is a necessary condition for effective advocacy, which TNGOs can generate endogenously. To the extent that the legitimacy of TNGOs depends on their acceptance by dominant groups and powerful decision-makers, therefore, ‘legitimate’ TNGOs may function to sustain rather than challenge the structures of power which condition global outcomes in ways that are often contrary to the goals of equality, fairness, and justice. Thus to assess the impact of TNGOs in global governance, one must examinewhichTNGOs have been granted (or denied) legitimacy and influence, andwhy.

Social Governance in a Global Economy: Introduction to an Evolving Agenda

As trade and production have increasingly crossed international boundaries, private bodies and governments alike have sought new ways to regulate labour standards and advance goals of fairness and social justice. Governments are harnessing social and market forces to advance corporate accountability, while private bodies are employing techniques drawn from command and control regulation to shape the behaviour of business. This collection brings together the research and reflections of a diverse international mix of academics, activists and practitioners in the fields of fair trade and corporate accountability, representing perspectives from both the industrialized and developing worlds. Contributors provide detailed case studies of a range of social justice governance initiatives, documenting the evolution of established strategies of advocacy and social mobilization, and evaluating the strengths and limitations of voluntary initiatives compared with legally enforceable instruments.This Chapter introduces the book, setting up the theoretical and policy debates addressed. This draft of Chapter 1 includes materials that were cut for print.

OPTIMALISASI BANK SYARI’AH MENUJU GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Abstract: Syarî’ah banking must be optimized earnestly to fulfill the stakeholders interest. The effective implementation of cooporate governance would realize the goal of fairness, accountability, and transparancy. There are several prior focus of this system manager: basic concept and problems of cooperate governance in syarî’ah banking, the pillars of implementation, and the mechanism. As a result, to create an effective cooperate governance of syariah banking, the following aspects must be urgently required: a contract clarity, market discipline, moral dimension, socio-political atmosphere, law enforcement, and institution. Board of directors, senior management, stockholders, and depositors have important roles to establish the harmony of syariah banking development. The stakeholders are directly connected to the mechanism of cooperate governance of syariah banking. Key Words: corporate governance, bank syari’ah, stakeholders, dan mudlârabah

OPTIMALISASI BANK SYARI’AH MENUJU GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Abstra ct: Syari’ah banking must be optimized earnestly to fulfill the stakeholders interest. The effective implementation of cooporate governance would realize the goal of fairness, accountability, and transparancy. There are several prior focus of this system manager: basic concept and problems of cooperate governance in syari’ah banking, the pillars of implementation, and the mechanism. As a result, to create an effective cooperate governance of syariah banking, the following aspects must be urgently required: a contract clarity, market discipline, moral dimension, socio-political atmosphere, law enforcement, and institution. Board of directors, senior management, stockholders, and depositors have important roles to establish the harmony of syariah banking development. The stakeholders are directly connected to the mechanism of cooperate governance of syariah banking. Key Words : corporate governance, bank syari’ah , stakeholders , dan mu dl â raba h

The Spatial Pattern of Low Income Housing Tax Credit Properties: Implications for Fair Housing and Poverty Deconcentration Policies

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Housing policies of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) emphasize the spatial dispersal of housing assistance to promote fair housing objectives. The Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, the nation's largest affordable housing subsidy program, is not administered by HUD and therefore is not closely monitored for compliance with dispersal objectives. Using spatial point pattern analyses, I identify the geographic extent of LIHTC property clustering, characterize the local clustering of individual properties and explore the determinants of local clustering within the nation's largest metropolitan areas. In most metropolitan areas, LIHTC properties are more highly clustered than multifamily housing units, although the extent of clustering differs by metropolitan area. Clustered LIHTC properties tend to be located in more densely developed central-city locations that have higher poverty rates and higher minority concentrations. Takeaway for practice: To encourage more affordable housing construction within areas that offer greater economic and social opportunities to LHTC residents, policymakers should 1) provide incentives to locate LIHTC properties within high-opportunity areas, 2) eliminate current incentives to cluster housing in areas with inherently higher poverty and minority concentrations (Qualified Census Tracts and Difficult Development Areas), and 3) enhance coordination between HUD and the Department of the Treasury to implement federal fair housing goals.

Can Tax Reform Solve the “Fiscal Trilemma”?

Are the goals we have for our tax system mutually incompatible? This is the question that we posed to a distinguished group of tax economists at a conference hosted by the Murphy Institute and the Department of Economics at Tulane University in October 2012. More specifically, we asked whether the US economy faced a ‘‘fiscal trilemma’’: Can the three goals of revenue adequacy, fairness, and promotion of economic growth all be achieved, or do we have to sacrifice one of these goals to meet the others? Many of the traditional debates in tax policy are encompassed within this trilemma framework. For example, must a progressive tax system that meets our revenue needs hamper economic growth? Do progrowth tax systems that generate needed revenues come at the expense of progressivity? Would a progressive income tax system that managed to encourage growth provide insufficient revenues? Is there an unresolvable tension between the traditional Haig-Simons notion of a ‘‘good’’ tax—a broad-based, low-rate income tax base with few if any exclusions or deductions—that emerges from a largely static view of the tax system and the more growth-oriented taxes (e.g., a personal consumption tax, a value-added tax, and a retail sales tax) that emerge from a dynamic analysis of taxes? The tensions between these three goals of tax policy—fairness, growth, and revenue adequacy—are not fully understood or quantified. Our conference brought together researchers working on these issues to explore recent

A Study of Fair Bandwidth Sharing with AIMD-Based Multipath Congestion Control

The multi-homed capability offers a good opportunity to explore multipath transmission. To ensure fair bandwidth sharing between multipath flows and legacy single-path flows, congestion control is an essential mechanism at the transport layer to regulate traffic flows for bandwidth consumption. However, in a multipath scenario, the congestion control algorithm of the dominant transport control protocol (TCP) may result in too aggressive behavior. In this paper, we consider the generic congestion control principle of additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) and investigate two AIMD-based multipath congestion control solutions. We derive the conditions for AIMD parameters to ensure TCP-friendliness and satisfy two constraints for fair bandwidth sharing between multipath and single-path flows. Simulation results demonstrate that the AIMD-based multipath solutions well achieve the fairness goals.

A Non-partitioning File Assignment Scheme with Approximating Average Waiting Time in Parallel I/O System

As storage system runs an increasing variety of workload, there may be many file requests do not dispatch for a long time. The web clients who wait a long time will leave away. This paper presents a novel non-partitioning file assignment strategy called Static Approximate Fairness algorithm (SAF) in parallel I/O system. The SAF algorithm aims at obtaining approximate mean waiting time for disk file requests, as well as making load balancing in parallel I/O system. The approximate mean waiting time provides the same chance to serve different web clients. The technique we applied is referred to as open queuing network model. The SAF algorithm first selects files according to file load. Next, it assigns files to different disks until reaching their average load. The goal of fairness is obtained by assigning files to disks in terms of file load. Comprehensive experimental results indicated our new algorithm is superior to Sort Partition (SP) in terms of fairness

Age-Moderated Effects of Consequence and Intent Information on Punishment: An Intuitive Prosecutorial Interpretation

ABSTRACT In responding to wrongdoings, people simultaneously pursue the goals of social control and fairness to the wrongdoer. Social control necessitates stronger weighting of consequences than causes; fairness entails the opposite. The authors hypothesized that the developmental shift from overweighting consequence to overweighting intent when determining levels of punishment illustrates a shift from a default defender of the normative order to a motivated crusader of fairness to the wrongdoer. Thus, punishment should increase slightly for intentional wrongdoings but decrease substantially for accidental wrongdoings as people age. In an experiment on disciplinary action in Singapore, 9-, 13-, and 17-year-olds learned about the consequences of and intentions behind wrongdoings by peers and predicted consistency of the same act in the future, assigned blame to the wrongdoers, and recommended punishment for them. Results supported hypotheses derived from a fair-but-biased-yet-correctible model of intuitive prosecutors.

Disclosure in insurance law: a comparative analysis

Disclosure or non-disclosure is one of the key issues in insurance contract. This paper compares laws on remedy for no-disclosures in European and other major jurisdictions. It concludes there are generally two different approaches on remedy for non-disclosure—(1) the strict disproportionate approach; and (2) the proportionate approach. The paper introduces an asymmetric information model to elaborate on the ongoing debates over the various normative issues of fairness with respect to the two different approaches. It confirms that the proportionate approach serves better the goal of fairness, in particular for the insured who acts honestly but carelessly provides bad information to the insurer. The model provides a statistical tool for a correct range of remedy on non-disclosure.

Are Universities and Nonprofits Fair When Risking the Endowment for Future Generations?

We propose a new and tractable model of fairness preferences to understand how leaders' often stated goal of intergenerational fairness influences their actions. We parameterize two distinct dimensions of fairness preferences, deterministic and stochastic fairness, to capture the heterogeneity in the importance of fairness to leaders. We apply these preferences to three public policy settings: endowed funds, public pension plans, and the depletion of natural resources. We find that observed behavior is consistent with a strong preference for deterministic fairness while the preference for stochastic fairness differs across settings. The preference for fairness alters behavior more for decisions affecting many generations, helping us understand the observed use of high short-run but low long-run discount rates in cost-benefit analysis by government leaders. Furthermore, these preferences can explain why long-run discount rates used in public policy choices, e.g., global warming mitigation, are lower than market-implied discount rates.