Fair Resolution Research Articles

Civil Disputes and Civil Litigation: Analysis of Concepts, Characteristics and Resolution Mechanisms

This article discusses the basic concepts and characteristics of civil disputes and civil litigation and their resolution mechanisms, and analyzes the characteristics and resolution of different types of civil disputes, such as contract disputes and tort disputes. The article also describes in detail the civil litigation procedures, including the various aspects of prosecution and filing, trial procedures and enforcement procedures. It further discusses the background and motivation of the reform of the civil litigation system, as well as the content of the reform, such as the simplification of trial procedures, the application of electronic litigation and the improvement of the enforcement mechanism. Finally, the article looks forward to the development trend of the civil litigation system, including informationization and intelligence, the promotion of diversified dispute resolution mechanism and its institutional guarantee. Through these discussions, it aims to enhance judicial efficiency and fairness, and to meet the modern society's demand for fast and fair resolution of civil disputes.

Traffic Unit Efforts In Handling Traffic Accidents Through Restorative Justice In The Jurisdiction of The Buleleng Resort Police

The traffic unit's efforts to handle traffic accidents through restorative justice in the Buleleng Police jurisdiction include bringing the two parties involved together through mediation. This mediation process functions as a means to overcome the problems faced and find solutions. The police play a facilitative role by arranging meetings and presenting the best options to reach a fair resolution through restorative justice. Obstacles encountered in implementing relief for perpetrators of traffic violations through restorative justice efforts are: The perpetrator or victim of a traffic violation in the opposite direction cannot be present when the police handle the case, and there are no witnesses at the time of the traffic accident, this happened because of an accident. This traffic takes place in a quiet area and there is rarely any activity carried out by the community and there are no residential areas.

Comprehensive approach to claim assessment in construction project

Effective claim management is crucial in construction projects to ensure fair resolution of disputes, control costs, and maintain project schedules. This article analyzes the claim assessment practices in construction projects across four regions: Malaysia, the United Kingdom (UK), Vietnam, and Lagos (Nigeria). By examining successful claim assessments, identifying lessons from disputed claims, and conducting a comparative analysis, the study uncovers effective strategies and common challenges in claim management. Key findings highlight the importance of comprehensive documentation, proactive claim management, and the use of advanced tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Project Management Information Systems (PMIS). Successful projects often employed robust documentation practices, clear communication channels, and advanced analytical tools to resolve claims efficiently. Lessons learned emphasize the necessity of clear contract terms, regular training for site staff, and standardized procedures to mitigate disputes. Recommendations for practitioners include implementing robust documentation practices, adopting proactive claim management, enhancing communication and collaboration, using advanced analytical tools, and engaging independent experts. The article also identifies areas for future research, such as the impact of emerging technologies, the effectiveness of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), and the role of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programs in enhancing claim management skills. By adopting these best practices and addressing identified challenges, project stakeholders can improve the efficiency, accuracy, and fairness of claim assessments, contributing to the successful completion of construction projects. Keywords: Claim, Construction, Contract, Delay, Documentation, Management, Project.

ENHANCING TECHNICIAN & PLUMBER HIRING STRATEGIES WITH PYTHON: A TRENDSETTING COMPUTER SCIENCE ANALYSIS

Abstract: The Online Platform for Technician and Plumber Hiring is a digital marketplace designed to streamline the process of connecting individuals and businesses with skilled technicians and plumbers for maintenance and repair services. The platform offers an intuitive interface accessible via web browsers and mobile applications, allowing users to search, compare, and hire technicians and plumbers based on their specific needs and preferences. Service providers create detailed profiles showcasing their qualifications, experience, areas of expertise, and customer reviews, allowing service seekers to evaluate the suitability of technicians and plumbers for their specific requirements. The platform also offers advanced search and filter functionality, allowing users to narrow down their options based on location, services offered, availability, pricing, and ratings. It facilitates seamless booking and scheduling of service appointments, allowing users to specify the date, time, and nature of the required services. Clear pricing and payment information are provided for each service, ensuring transparency and eliminating ambiguity for both service seekers and providers. After service completion, users can rate and provide feedback on the quality of work and customer service received from technicians and plumbers, maintaining accountability and encouraging continuous improvement within the service provider community. The platform also offers customer support services to address inquiries, resolve issues, and facilitate communication between parties if disputes arise during or after service delivery. Mediation mechanisms are in place to ensure fair resolution of conflicts. IndexTerms – HTML, CSS, AngularJs , NodeJs , Bootstrap, MySQL

Restorative Justice Policy on the Reduction of Crime Rates in Indonesia: A Narrative Review

Introduction: The concept of restorative justice is a popular alternative in various parts of the world for addressing unlawful acts (unlawful in the formal sense) because it offers comprehensive and practical solutions. Restorative justice aims to empower victims, offenders, families, and communities to rectify an unlawful act using awareness and remorse as the foundation for improving community life. Methods: This research employs a literature review approach, wherein the researcher collects relevant articles and literature to be examined and summarized descriptively to achieve comprehensive results and conclusions. Result: Restorative Justice is fundamentally a philosophy (a basic guideline) in out-of-court settlements using mediation or deliberation to achieve the justice desired by the parties involved in criminal law. However, more substantive rules are needed in practice to lead to a fair resolution through reconciliation, emphasizing restoration to the original state. Conclusion: Educational and awareness campaigns that can create harmonious reintegration for former offenders to return to society must be enhanced. Law enforcement officers also need to review regulations regarding implementing restorative justice to uphold the principle of justice.

The Indonesian Defense Management Concept In Resolving The Israel-Palestine Conflict

The Israel-Palestine conflict is a complex international issue that affects global geopolitical dynamics and security. The Indonesian government has taken strategic steps in defense management through international forums to support a peaceful solution to the conflict. This study aims to analyze how Indonesia applies the concept of defense management in responding to the Israel-Palestine conflict. A qualitative research method with a descriptive-analytical approach was used, with primary and secondary data collected through interviews, observations, and verifications. The results show that Indonesia focuses on diplomacy, international cooperation, and advocacy for a fair resolution of the conflict. Through active participation in international forums such as the United Nations and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Indonesia demonstrates its commitment to supporting the rights of the Palestinian people and encouraging the resolution of the conflict through dialogue and negotiation. Challenges faced include global political dynamics, the interests of major countries, and differences in views among members of international forums. This study provides insights into Indonesia's role in contributing to world peace and maintaining geopolitical stability.

ENHANCING TECHNICIAN & PLUMBER HIRING STRATEGIES WITH PYTHON: A TRENDSETTING COMPUTER SCIENCE ANALYSIS

Abstract: The Online Platform for Technician and Plumber Hiring is a digital marketplace designed to streamline the process of connecting individuals and businesses with skilled technicians and plumbers for maintenance and repair services. The platform offers an intuitive interface accessible via web browsers and mobile applications, allowing users to search, compare, and hire technicians and plumbers based on their specific needs and preferences. Service providers create detailed profiles showcasing their qualifications, experience, areas of expertise, and customer reviews, allowing service seekers to evaluate the suitability of technicians and plumbers for their specific requirements. The platform also offers advanced search and filter functionality, allowing users to narrow down their options based on location, services offered, availability, pricing, and ratings. It facilitates seamless booking and scheduling of service appointments, allowing users to specify the date, time, and nature of the required services. Clear pricing and payment information are provided for each service, ensuring transparency and eliminating ambiguity for both service seekers and providers. After service completion, users can rate and provide feedback on the quality of work and customer service received from technicians and plumbers, maintaining accountability and encouraging continuous improvement within the service provider community. The platform also offers customer support services to address inquiries, resolve issues, and facilitate communication between parties if disputes arise during or after service delivery. Mediation mechanisms are in place to ensure fair resolution of conflicts. IndexTerms – HTML, CSS, AngularJs , NodeJs , Bootstrap, MySQL

Development of Application for Streamlining the Listing of Cases through Differentiated Case Flow Management

Efficient case management is critical in modern legal systems to ensure timely and fair resolution of cases. This paper investigates the development of an application aimed at enhancing case listing procedures through Differentiated Case Flow Management (DCFM). Beginning with an exploration of traditional case listing challenges, the paper introduces the concept of DCFM, emphasizing its objectives and benefits in optimizing case management processes. Leveraging technological advancements, the proposed application is designed to streamline case listing by prioritizing cases based on their complexity and urgency. The paper details the development process, including research methodology, application design, functionalities, and integration strategies with existing systems. Real-world case studies highlight successful implementations of similar solutions and their positive impact on efficiency and resource allocation. However, the paper also addresses challenges such as legal and ethical concerns, data security, and resistance to change. Looking forward, the paper discusses potential innovations in case management technology and their implications for legal practice and policy. Overall, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on improving case management systems through innovative applications and differentiated approaches.

THE EXPLANATIONS ONE NEEDS FOR THE EXPLANATIONS ONE GIVES—THE NECESSITY OF EXPLAINABLE AI (XAI) FOR CAUSAL EXPLANATIONS OF AI-RELATED HARM:DECONSTRUCTING THE ‘REFUGE OF IGNORANCE’ IN THE EU’S AI LIABILITY REGULATION

This paper examines how explanations related to the adverse outcomes of Artificial Intelligence (AI) contribute to the development of causal evidentiary explanations in disputes surrounding AI liability. The study employs a dual approach: first, it analyzes the emerging global caselaw in the field of AI liability, seeking to discern prevailing trends regarding the evidence and explanations considered essential for the fair resolution of disputes. Against the backdrop of those trends, the paper evaluates the upcoming legislation in the European Union (EU) concerning AI liability, namely the AI Liability Directive (AILD) and Revised Product Liability Directive (R-PLD). The objective is to ascertain whether the systems of evidence and procedural rights outlined in this legislation, particularly the right to request the disclosure of evidence, enable litigants to adequately understand the causality underlying AI-related harms. Moreover, the paper seeks o determine if litigants can effectively express their views before dispute-resolution authorities based on that understanding. An examination of the AILD and R-PLD reveals that their evidence systems primarily support ad hoc explanations, allowing litigants and courts to assess the extent of the defendants' compliance with the standards enshrined in regulatory instruments, such as the AI Act. However, the paper contends that, beyond ad hoc explanations, achieving fair resolution in AI liability disputes necessitates post-hoc explanations. These should be directed at unveiling the functionalities of AI systems and the rationale behind harmful automated decisions. The paper thus suggests that ‘full’ explainable AI (XAI) that is, both ad hoc and post hoc, is necessary so that the constitutional requirements associated with the right to a fair trial (access to courts, equality of arms, contradictory debate) can be effectively met. Keywords: AI, Causation, Explainability, Fair Trial, Procedural Fairness, Equality of Arms, Effective Participation, AI liability, Product Liability, AI Act, AI Liability Directive, Product Liability Directive

Determining the amounts of membership interests in the charter capital of a limited liability company as an appropriate way to protect the rights of the member through legal proceedings

In the modern context of corporate law, the study of the effectiveness of the protection of corporate rights of participants in limited liability companies (hereinafter – LLC) is an extremely relevant topic for research. Limited liability companies are the most common organisational and legal form among legal entities for conducting business activities in Ukraine, especially at the levels of small and medium- sized businesses. In this regard, the legislative regulation should be based on accessible and reliable mechanisms for protecting the rights and interests of participants, and quick and fair resolution of internal conflicts that may threaten the viability of the business. The processes of state registration of information about limited liability companies are defining components of the transparency of business activities of this type of legal entity. The article focuses on the importance of the unity of law enforcement practice and legal positions of commercial courts in consideration of corporate disputes, which is an important factor for the protection of property rights, stimulation of investments, and ensuring the stability of the corporate sector of the economy. The legal positions of the Supreme Court regarding the exhaustive list of ways to protect the rights of an LLC member have been explored. It is noted that to protect the rights of members of limited liability companies in cases where their corporate rights have been violated, it is important to consider the provisions of part 5 of article 17 of the Law of Ukraine “On State Registration of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs and Public Organisations”. An analysis of judicial decisions reveals controversial issues regarding the application of the provisions of this Law. Within this article, an assessment of the effectiveness of current mechanisms for protecting corporate rights is provided, opportunities for their improvement are identified, and recommendations for improving legislative regulation and judicial practice are developed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of ways to protect the rights and interests of participants in the context of state registration of changes to the charter capital and the amounts of membership interests, as well as the assessment of the proportionality and adequacy of the applied measures.

The role and significance of International Commercial Arbitration in investment disputes

International commercial arbitration (ICA) is an important dispute resolution mechanism in the field of international trade and investment. In the conditions of constant globalization and the growing integration of the world economy, there is a need to effectively resolve conflicts arising in the sphere of commerce and investment relations. In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in investment disputes related to various aspects of business, from contractual obligations to the protection of foreign investments.
 Consideration of investment disputes in the ICA involves the use of the principles of the autonomy of the will of the parties, confidentiality, and finality of decisions, which makes this mechanism particularly attractive for businesses and investors. Scientific research in this area is of great importance for understanding the effectiveness and prospects of the development of the ICA as a tool for resolving investment disputes.
 In this context, the analysis of the role and significance of the ICA in investment disputes is of great practical and scientific importance. This article aims to consider the main aspects of International Commercial Arbitration in the context of solving investment conflicts, in particular, to analyze the principles and procedures, consider cases of successful use of the ICA, as well as determine the advantages of this mechanism compared to ordinary court procedures.
 This article analyzes the role and significance of International Commercial Arbitration in the context of investment dispute resolution. Important principles and procedures of the ICA that ensure effective and fair resolution of conflicts between business and investors are emphasized. An analysis of the advantages of the ICA compared to traditional court procedures is carried out, in particular its contribution to the investment climate and investor confidence. Based on the analysis of examples of successful dispute resolution through the ICA, recommendations are provided for the parties in resolving investment conflicts. This article has implications for practitioners, academic researchers, and anyone interested in international trade and investment.

PENERAPAN PERATURAN KEJAKSAAN NOMOR 18 TAHUN 2021 TERKAIT REHABILITASI NARKOTIKA BERDASARKAN KEADILAN RESTORATIF

Restorative Justice is utilized as an approach to resolve criminal cases involving offenders, victims, families, and relevant parties to seek a fair resolution, prioritizing rehabilitation over retribution. The Guidelines for Narcotics Rehabilitation based on Restorative Justice guide Prosecutors in the stages of pre-prosecution, prosecution, and rehabilitation supervision. In practice, there are differences in the interpretation and application of the dominus litis principle by Prosecutors in handling narcotics cases with a restorative justice approach. The limitations in understanding and applying the dominus litis principle can affect the consistency and uniformity of rehabilitation policies provided by the Prosecutor's Office in narcotics criminal cases. Moreover, this issue can also lead to inconsistent treatment of narcotics defendants in need of rehabilitation. The issue concerning the authority of the prosecutor's office in implementing rehabilitation policies in narcotics criminal cases with a restorative justice approach and enforcing the law in narcotics criminal cases with a restorative justice approach. This research method employed a normative juridical research type using legislative and conceptual approaches as the basis for analysis in addressing the issues. The conceptual approach used includes the concept of narcotics rehabilitation by the Indonesian Prosecutor's Office based on theories of authority and law enforcement, serving as analytical tools in addressing the issue of prosecutor's authority in law enforcement rehabilitation in narcotics criminal cases. In conclusion, the Prosecutor's Office has the juridical authority to conduct rehabilitation in narcotics criminal cases with a restorative justice approach. This is regulated in the Indonesian Prosecutor's Regulation Number 18 of 2021. Prosecutors play a central role in controlling cases, from investigation to court judgment execution, based on the dominus litis principle. Public prosecutors have a significant role in ensuring that medical and social rehabilitation efforts are carried out appropriately by designated rehabilitation institutions or health services, as well as in issuing warnings and taking further action if suspects fail to comply with the prescribed rehabilitation process. Law enforcement in cases of narcotics abuse requires a thorough understanding and strict application of the requirements based on the Indonesian Prosecutor's Regulation Number 18 of 2021

The problem of dividing the rights of beneficiaries to property transferred to a foreign trust as common property of spouses

The article is devoted to the study of the legal nature of the beneficial rights of spouses to jointly acquired property. Using the example of judicial practice of the courts of the Russian Federation, the author analyzes the possibility of dividing the rights to property transferred to a foreign trust in Russian jurisdiction. The obscurity of such concepts as "trust" and "beneficial ownership" in the domestic legal system leads to a number of problems in resolving this category of disputes, which leads to insecurity of the rights and legitimate interests of interested parties. The relevance of the problem under consideration is due to the lack of uniform practice and, as a result, the approach of Russian courts to the qualification of beneficial rights. Most often, the courts proceed from the impossibility of declaring these rights to be divided due to their non-recognition as property by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and as common property of spouses by the Family Code of the Russian Federation. The article examines the advantages of applying foreign law in the consideration of disputes on the division of common property of spouses transferred to a foreign trust. In the course of the research, the author turns to the method of comparative analysis to identify the main contradictions of judicial practice in this category of disputes. The conducted research revealed the need to turn to foreign law not only at the stage of dispute resolution, but also in the qualification of legal concepts, due to the unknown institutions of trust and beneficial ownership of the domestic legal system. The author concludes that there are such legally significant circumstances for the fair resolution of the mentioned category of disputes: establishing the figure of the beneficiary, submitting documents to the court on the establishment of the trust, proving the property interest of the interested party in the property transferred to the trust. Due to the current disparate practice of Russian courts, it is necessary for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to clarify the obligation of courts to apply to foreign law when considering disputes complicated by a foreign element, in particular in disputes over the division of property transferred to a foreign trust.

The Customary Law Value Approach “Dalian Na Tolu” in Achieving Justice in Resolving Medical Disputes in Indonesia

In the current system for resolving medical disputes in Indonesia, there is a distortion of the principles of justice outlined in Pancasila, the philosophical foundation of the nation. One alternative for achieving fair resolution of medical disputes in Indonesia is through the Dalihan Na Tolu customary law system, known for its excellence in maintaining family bonds and resolving conflicts. This research method employs a socio-legal approach, including anthropological, legislative, and case-based approaches. The findings of this research indicate that: First, the concept of Dalihan Na Tolu for the Tapanuli community can be understood as a legal system, consisting of three elements: mora, kahanggi, and anakboru. Second, several cases of medical dispute resolution in Indonesia, such as the “Case of Dr. G,” “Case of Dr. Ayu and others,” “Case of Dr. Heryani,” and “Case of Dr. Setyaningrum (which led to the establishment of the Indonesian National Health Legal Awareness Day),” show that the Indonesian health legal system is not in line with Indonesian justice values, resulting in 'defensive medicine.' Therefore, the justice values of “Dalihan Natolu” can be considered an alternative in achieving a fair medical dispute resolution system in Indonesia. Keywords: Customary Law; Dalihan Natolu; Medical Dispute Resolution; Justice.

Protection of a Bona Fide Purchaser and Invalidity of a Transaction: In Search of Stability in Civil Legal Relations

The paper examines the relationship between the institutions of protection of a bona fide purchaser and the invalidity of a transaction. The institution of protection of a bona fide purchaser, establishing the conditions under which the owner cannot reclaim their property, embodies the idea of finding a balance between the interests of the owner and the person who acquired the property in good faith and for compensation, and extends the corresponding idea also to other institutions of civil law. The institution of protection of a bona fide purchaser went beyond the boundaries of the institution of vindication action, acting as a measure of a fair resolution of a dispute, and acquired an inter-institutional character, influencing, in particular, the institution of invalidity of a transaction. Challenging a property transaction by the owner is one of the ways to protect the rights of the owner. However, the use of this method should only apply to exceptional situations due to the extraordinary nature of restitution; in any case, its application should not lead to a violation of the rights and interests of persons who are not parties to the transaction. To ensure the stability of rights to property, it is necessary that a voidable transaction declared invalid does not entail legal consequences from the moment it is recognized as such by the court, and not from the moment it is completed. It happens since, despite the restoration of rights by the owner through compensatory restitution, the retroactive nature of the invalidity of the transaction will affect the rights purchasers of property. This can be achieved by changing the legislative provisions on the invalidity of a voidable transaction and the perception of the classical pandect doctrine about the moment from which a voidable transaction declared invalid is considered invalid.

Calibrating De Novo: Judicial Review of Arbitral Jurisdiction

De novo review of arbitral jurisdiction at the post-award stage that typically involves full, independent assessment of arbitrators’ findings with respect to questions of law and fact has become the norm under most legal regimes. This approach is geared towards legitimacy of the arbitral process and ensures that a party contesting jurisdiction has full opportunity to do so before the courts. However, while seeking to preserve important public policy objectives, de novo review may sometimes lead to inefficiencies and unfairness in the process, contrary to arbitration’s stated goals of obtaining the fair resolution of disputes without unnecessary delay or expense. This article thus calls for a critical evaluation of the de novo standard with a view to developing a more balanced system that would pay due regard to the competing goals of efficiency and legitimacy of the arbitral process. arbitral jurisdiction, jurisdiction of arbitrators, control of jurisdiction, review of jurisdiction, standard of review, de novo review, full review, rehearing of jurisdiction, deference to arbitrators, jurisdiction and admissibility

Implications of Ethics in Law Enforcement on Medical Decisions

This study analyzes the interaction between medical ethics and law in the context of medical decisions involving ethical dilemmas. Through a cross-disciplinary approach, we explore the views of legal practitioners, medical professionals, and ethicists on the practical challenges of applying the law to sensitive medical decisions. We highlight differences in interpretation between various stakeholders in the ethical implications of law enforcement for medical decisions, while exploring collaborative efforts and recommendations to improve ethical and fair resolution

Criminal Responsibility Of Suspects And Victims Of Corruption In The Private Bribery Sector In Indonesia

Suspects and Victims of the Arbitrariness of Authorities in the Criminal Justice System Examining whether the Criminal Enforcement Process in the case of Corruption Crimes has been carried out correctly both in the order of Making Legal Norms and in terms of Law Enforcement. Correct and fair resolution of criminal cases is not only seen from the results of the verdict handed down by the judge. Rather, it is seen from the victim who is asked to be held accountable based on the principle of business judgments and is made a suspect for the business decisions he takes in the criminal justice system.. To realize the objectives of criminal justice within the framework of the criminal justice system, the criminal justice model that is guided is actually based on the due process of law. Whether the criminal justice is enforced from the start in accordance with the provisions of procedural law (due process of law) or not (undue process), if it has been implemented in accordance with the provisions of procedural law then the justice has implemented and upheld the ideology envisioned by the rule of law (Rechtstaat). and a democratic society. In order to uphold an honest criminal justice system from start to finish as a form of ideological commitment and justice for people who are dealing with criminal trials, whether suspects, witnesses or victims, this is the main or absolute goal. The aim of this research is to determine the responsibility of a suspect and victim as a manifestation of law enforcement ideology. The method used in writing this research is normative juridical using statutory and conceptual approaches.

Interdisciplinary bioethical approach in public law

The study is devoted to issues of heterogeneity of bioethics, its connection with ethics, law and administration. It highlights and analyzes some laws both at the federal level and at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which directrly or indirectly address issues related to bioethics. Special attention is paid to analyzing the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation including the issues of presumption of consent to organ and/or tissue transplantation, as well as the ethical side of surrogacy. Given the importance of issues related to bioethics, the work defines the problem of developing an optimal balance between application of legal norms and their effect, as well as the use of bioethics and its principles for the most correct and fair resolution of problems arising in society. Based on the analysis of foreign sources, an attempt is made to review legal regulation of medicine, health care and biotechnology, the most problematic from the point of view of bioethics. The study highlights problems connected with the lack of formally defined and systematic legal regulation of bioethics as well as the position regarding consolidation of provisions aimed at regulating ethical and moral components in regulatory legal acts. Moreover, the work touches upon issues related to the activities of independent organizations whose main activity is the formation of bioethical principles aimed at implementing norms to address emerging ethical issues in Russian legislation.

Role and position of Indonesian Medical Disciplinary Honour Council: fair medical dispute resolution

The main aim of this study is to offer a detailed account of the role and status of the Medical Ethics Council of Indonesia (MKDKI) in promoting the fair resolution of medical disputes in Indonesia. This study is a form of normative legal research. The research findings suggest that MKDKI should be the designated authority for resolving medical disputes since it has the requisite expertise in applying professional discipline in the medical domain. Moreover, MKDKI is a reputable organization assessing whether a physician has breached professional disciplinary norms. The phrase "can" in Article 66 paragraph (1) of Law Number 29 of 2004 governing Medical Practice includes the option to file a complaint against MKDKI or choose not to do so. Legal ambiguity may arise, requiring substituting the term "can" with "must." Consequently, all grievances related to medical matters must be addressed exclusively through MKDKI as an obligatory measure. Conducting a judicial review of Article 66, paragraph (1) of Law Number 29 of 2004 regarding Medical Practice is essential. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider the jurisdiction of the Medical Council of Indonesia (MKDKI) in establishing compensation for parties involved in disputes. For the sake of legal precision for both medical professionals and the general population, every decision made by the MKDKI (Medical Knowledge and Decision-making Institute) must be thoroughly evaluated.