Fair Remuneration Research Articles

The amount of fair remuneration determined on the basis of the theory of measuring human capital

The aim of the article is to compare the amount of remuneration expected by employees with the salary determined on the basis of the economic constant of potential growth. Using the theory of human capital, we are able to carry out a research consisting in a combination of remuneration resulting from the minimum wage. To achieve this, an econometric model containing three variables is introduced – the experience factor [Q(T)], the component of maintenance costs [K] and the cost element of education [E]. For the sake of clarity, individual measurement models of human capital are presented along with models of fair remuneration. The obtained results prove that the model of human capital presented in the study can be used to determine the level of fair wage.

A Malawi guideline for research study participant remuneration.

Background: Research participant remuneration has been variable and inconsistent world-wide for many years owing to uncertainty regarding best practice and a lack of written guidelines for investigators and research ethics committees. Recent recommendations are that researchers and regulators should develop regionally appropriate written guidelines to define reasonable remuneration based on expense reimbursement, compensation for time and burden associated with participation. Incentives to motivate participation are acceptable in specific circumstances. Methods: We wished to develop regionally informed, precise and applicable guidelines in Malawi that might also be generally useful for African researchers and review committees. We therefore reviewed the current literature and developed widely applicable and specific remuneration tables using acceptable and evidence-based payment rationales. Results: There were good international guidelines and limited published regional guidelines. There were published examples of best practice and sufficient material to suggest a structured remuneration table. The rationale and method for the table were discussed at an inter-disciplinary workshop resulting in a reimbursement and compensation model with fixed rates. Payment is recommended pro rata and equally across a study. Conclusions: Transparent, fair remuneration of research participants is recommended by researchers and regulators in Malawi. The means to achieve this are now presented in the Malawi research participant remuneration table.

Data Portability and Data Control: Lessons for an Emerging Concept in EU Law

AbstractThe right to data portability (RtDP) introduced by Article 20 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) forms a regulatory innovation within EU law. The RtDP provides data subjects with the possibility to transfer personal data among data controllers, but has an impact beyond data protection. In particular, the RtDP facilitates the reuse of personal data that private companies hold by establishing a general-purpose control mechanism of horizontal application. Article 20 of the GDPR is agnostic about the type of use that follows from the ported data and its further diffusion. We argue that the RtDP does not fit well with the fundamental rights nature of data protection law, and should instead be seen as a new regulatory tool in EU law that aims to stimulate competition and innovation in data-driven markets.What remains unclear is the extent to which the RtDP will be limited in its aspirations where intellectual property rights of current data holders—such as copyright, trade secrets andsui generisdatabase rights—cause the regimes to clash. In such cases, a reconciliation of the interests might particularly confine the follow-on use of ported data again to specific set of socially justifiable purposes, possibly with schemes of fair remuneration. Despite these uncertainties, the RtDP is already being replicated in other fields, namely consumer protection law and the regulation of non-personal data. Competition law can also facilitate portability of data, but only for purpose-specific goals with the aim of addressing anticompetitive behavior.We conclude that to the extent that other regimes will try to replicate the RtDP, they should closely consider the nature of the resulting control and its breadth and impact on incentives to innovate. In any case, the creation of data portability regimes should not become an end in itself. With an increasing number of instruments, orchestrating the consistency of legal regimes within the Digital Single Market and their mutual interplay should become an equally important concern.

A Malawi guideline for research study participant remuneration

Background: Research participant remuneration has been variable and inconsistent world-wide for many years owing to uncertainty regarding best practice and a lack of written guidelines for investigators and research ethics committees. Recent recommendations are that researchers and regulators should develop regionally appropriate written guidelines to define reasonable remuneration based on expense reimbursement, compensation for time and burden associated with participation. Incentives to motivate participation are acceptable in specific circumstances. Methods: We wished to develop regionally informed, precise and applicable guidelines in Malawi that might also be generally useful for African researchers and review committees. We therefore reviewed the current literature and developed widely applicable and specific remuneration tables using acceptable and evidence-based payment rationales. Results: There were good international guidelines and limited published regional guidelines. There were published examples of best practice and sufficient material to suggest a structured remuneration table. The rationale and method for the table were discussed at an inter-disciplinary workshop resulting in a reimbursement and compensation model with fixed rates. Payment is recommended pro rata and equally across a study. Conclusions: Transparent, fair remuneration of research participants is recommended by researchers and regulators in Malawi. The means to achieve this are now presented in the Malawi research participant remuneration table.

More Money for Creators and More Support for Copyright in Society—Fair Remuneration Rights in Germany and the Netherlands

The current copyright system is intended to provide an incentive for authors to invest more time and effort in the creation of literary and artistic works (utilitarian argument), recognize the acquisition of a property right as a result of creative labour (natural law argument) and enhance authors’ freedom of expression by offering a source of income that is independent of patronage and sponsorship (free expression argument).1 These arguments may be combined with considerations of industry policy, such as the growth of the creative and telecommunication industries, and the creation of jobs in these industries.2 The basis of all these lines of reasoning, however, is the individual creator. Without the constant efforts of creators, there would be no new literature and art to fuel the publication and dissemination machinery of the industry. A focus on the income situation of the individual creator also ensures the acceptance of copyright law in society. It adds social legitimacy. Who would be against remunerating authors for the time and effort spent on the creation of a new work? There is thus substantial reason to explore legislative measures seeking to ensure that copyright law generates not only a sufficient return on investment for the creative industries but also a decent income for individual creators. With specific copyright contract rules that guarantee a right to fair remuneration, the legislation in Germany and the Netherlands is particularly advanced in this respect. Hence, the question arises: what lessons can be learned from German and Dutch experiences? After a short introduction that refers to recent E.U. initiatives in this area, the following analysis will show that the issue of a fair remuneration for creators has a worldwide dimension. In light of the rationales of copyright protection in continental-European and Anglo-American copyright systems, it becomes clear that the high level of protection that has been reached in both legal traditions and at the international level only appears legitimate if individual creators receive an adequate remuneration for their work.3 Fair remuneration is a universal, worldwide concern (Section I). Against this background, the analysis sheds light on the practical effects of the legislation in Germany and the Netherlands (Section II) and leads to general guidelines for the improvement of the income situation of creators (Section III).

OFFICE MANAGERS PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IMPLICATION ON PERFORMANCE; A THEORETICAL APPROACH

Notwithstanding the budding concern of research in business and office ethics, issues relating to unethical practices have continued to be apparent in organizations. The focus of this paper is direc ted at undertaking an in-depth review on the concept of ethics, the office manager and the office, office ethics, unethical practices and factors that contributes to unethical practices in the office. The paper revealed however that several internal and external factors contribute to the heighten rate of unethical practices in Nigerian offices. The study concludes that upholding ethical practices in the offices enhances better performance of the office manager in the office. The study recommends that organanizations should design an effective ethical program and ensure ethical conducts are rewarded and discipline unethical conducts. Moreso, the study recommends a fair remuneration for employee to forestall need pressure that makes them compromise as an observed fact in the paper.

Blockchain and smart contracts: the missing link in copyright licensing?

This article offers a normative analysis of key blockchain technology concepts from the perspective of copyright law. Some features of blockchain technologies—scarcity, trust, transparency, decentralized public records and smart contracts—seem to make this technology compatible with the fundamentals of copyright. Authors can publish works on blockchain creating a quasi-immutable record of initial ownership, and encode ‘smart’ contracts to license the use of works. Remuneration may happen on online distribution platforms where the smart contracts reside. In theory, such an automated setup allows for the private ordering of copyright. Blockchain technology, like Digital Rights Management 20 years ago, is thus presented as an opportunity to reduce market friction, and increase both licensing efficiency and the autonomy of creators. Yet, some of the old problems remain. The article examines the differences between new, smart-contract-based private ordering regime and the fundamental components of copyright law, such as exceptions and limitations, the doctrine of exhaustion, restrictions on formalities, the public domain and fair remuneration.

Copyright Reversion in The Creative Industries: Economics and Fair Remuneration

The European Commission proposal to harmonize fair remuneration in Member States in EC ‘on copyright in the Digital Single Market’ COM(2016) 593 final) included the proposal to harmonise a right to contract reversion. Fair remuneration is an ambiguous concept for economists: some EC documents imply the policy is required for efficiency purposes, in others purely for equity reasons. Copyright to an extent attempts to deal with both and also at times confuses the two. This article tries to disentangle these issues. Research commissioned by the European Union (EU) prior to the proposal concentrated on the legal aspects rather than on the impact on markets. It would have benefitted from recent work in law and economics and in economics on reversionary rights as well as to a well-established body of research in cultural economics on labour markets of authors and performers in the cultural and media industries. That work shows both the variety of influences on motivation, incentives and contracts for creators, as well as exposing the difficulties of empirical research in this area. The article discusses work that has been done in economics dealing with copyright contracts and with reversion and considers the contribution studies on labour markets in the creative industries could make to the policy proposals on fair remuneration for creators and performers.

Профессиональное и социальное самочувствие работников нестационарного отделения учреждения социального обслуживания населения (по результатам социологического исследования в АУСО «Улан-Удэнский комплексный центр социального обслуживания населения “Доверие”»)

The research presents the results of a sociological survey of the professional well-being of home-care unit employees providing social services to elderly, aged and disabled people. It is relevant to study the professional well-being issues due to the need to render better social services. Professional well-being is a comprehensive feature reflecting the realization and evaluation of the professional status by an employee, the analysis of himself as a member of group and organization as a whole, and his progress at work. The basic indicators of the professional well-being of social workers imply employee relations, including the relationship with leaders, fair remuneration for work performed, working conditions and workplace, opportunities for professional growth and career development, legal and social protection. To assess the professional and social well-being of social workers, the authors carried out a social research, which revealed constraints faced by employees, occupational risks affected their health and efficiency. Vocational training, refresher training and proficiency enhancement are reviewed as the major ways of improving the professional well-being of home-care unit employees.

Unresolved Questions Regarding Lawyers’ Fees and the Restriction of Competition

This paper explores the most salient aspects of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on legal services in order to highlight a lack of clarity in defining the terms of compatibility between European Union law and national rules on lawyers’ fees. This is a complex issue and one that has not yet been finally resolved, especially in a difficult context such as that of the Italian market, which is characterised by an extremely large number of lawyers, which in itself entails the risk of deterioration in the quality of services provided, with services being offered at a discount. In Italy, following the Cipolla judgment of the ECJ and the resulting abolition of the system of fixed remuneration (minimum and maximum fees), new measures were introduced by the State and professional organisations to protect members of the legal profession (particularly to safeguard lawyers in a weaker position in dealings with powerful clients such as banks and insurance companies) and to ensure fair remuneration. In accordance with the Wouters exemption and the increasing role of economic analysis in competition rules, these measures require a reflective analytical approach in order to evaluate their compatibility with European Union law.

Nursing students plan after graduation: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND:Identifying nursing students’ plan after graduation is necessary to maintain the profession in line with their nursing education. This study was conducted to explore the career plans of diploma nursing students after graduation and factors influencing their plans.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This was a qualitative descriptive study using focus group discussion, conducted in Academy of Nursing of Belitung, Indonesia. Twenty diploma nursing students at the beginning of their 1st year of study were recruited. Data were analyzed using content analysis model.RESULTS:The plan of diploma nursing students after graduation: becoming a civil servant and its influencing factors (fixed and higher salary, fair remuneration and incentives, and retirement fund); becoming a bedside nurse and its influencing factors (helping others and gaining experiences); and continuing higher education in nursing and its influencing factors (recognition as professional nurse, financial support, family responsibilities, and location of nursing schools).CONCLUSION:It is suggested that nurse educators should change the mindset of the students not to focus only becoming a civil servant, and the government should open bachelor program in nursing in Belitung and provide educational support for those who would like to continue studying nursing.

The use of a balanced system of indicators for the management of construction enterprises

The object of research is a balanced system of indicators (BSI), which is evaluated from the standpoint of its ability to use in the management of construction enterprises, taking into account the current conditions of their functioning in the market. During the research, it is determined that the model of the balanced system of indicators functions only within the limits of the indicated indicators, the choice of which is limited and does not take into account possible changes in the competitive environment. That is why the enterprise, when using the mechanism, should additionally carry out an assessment of possible changes and take into account the subjectivity of a part of the indicators. But for Ukrainian construction companies there is a possibility to take on the experience of foreign countries in introducing BSI and assessing the effectiveness of its use in the practical activities of foreign enterprises. BSI creates the necessary information basis for decision-making for virtually all functions of enterprise management: forecasting, planning, analysis, control and motivation. The implementation of most of the listed functions requires the availability of appropriate information support.The existing approaches to the definition of models of estimation of the efficiency of activity of construction enterprises are analyzed and the main advantages and disadvantages of existing models are substantiated. For construction companies it is suggested to use in practical terms the concept of the strategy of enterprise development on the basis of a balanced system of indicators by determining the main goals, objectives and principles. Within the framework of this work, the evaluation of the activities of Ukrainian construction companies is based on the assumption that the most problematic are, as a rule, the following business processes: preparation of production; marketing; strategic planning; finances; HR (Human Resources). The expediency of using the methodological approach to the assessment of the effectiveness of management of construction enterprises, in which the matrix of business process distribution is based on the definition of the value of the II (index of importance) and the index of problem (IP), is grounded.The mechanism of stimulation of the company's employees in forming the development strategy based on a balanced system of indicators contributes to the involvement of employees in making decisions in the company's activities, the setting of clear objectives and fair remuneration standards.

Trabajo decente: análisis de las condiciones laborales en la ciudad de Concepción, Paraguay

En este artículo se describen las condiciones de trabajo en la ciudad de Concepción, Paraguay, tomando en consideración los indicadores del aspecto del empleo propuesto por Ghai (2003) en el paradigma del trabajo decente, se expone el concepto de trabajo decente, su justificación, objetivos y sus elementos constitutivos, igualmente se presentan datos del contexto local respecto al trabajo y se pone énfasis en los indicadores de horario laboral, remuneración justa, vacaciones remuneradas, seguro social y estabilidad laboral. Se recolectó información de fuente primaria mediante cuestionario y se complementó con datos secundarios. Los resultados muestran un débil ejercicio de los derechos y revelan la necesidad de implementar acciones para mejorar las condiciones de empleo en la ciudad de Concepción que permita la instalación efectiva del trabajo decente para el desarrollo pleno del trabajador, libre de explotación, que genere un ingreso justo con seguridad en el lugar de trabajo y la protección social para las familias.

Using of Performance Appraisal Methods in Czech and Slovak Organisations

Purpose: People, their knowledge, abilities and skills are considered to be the most valuable source every organisation can exploit. It is, therefore, necessary to care about their fair remuneration and continuing development, as well as their objective and fair appraisal. Implementing an effective appraisal system in the personnel strategy, satisfying both employers and employees, is an essential part of the success of all competing organisations. The aim is to evaluate the use of employee appraisal methods in the selected Czech and Slovak organisations, and to recommend proposals for improvement on the grounds of such evaluation.Methodology/Approach: The data were obtained in two quantitative researches conducted in the selected organisations in the Czech Republic (n = 402) and the Slovak Republic (n = 339). Univariate analysis, bivariate analysis and analysis of qualitative traits were employed in order to evaluate results.Findings: The results showed that 58.46% of the interviewed Czech organisations and 69.32% of the Slovak organisations had established a formal system of employee appraisal. Most of them were medium-sized enterprises with an HR department, operating in the private sector.Research Limitation/implication: Limits can be seen in to focus on research in two selected countries, but they have comparable from historical, political and the job market perspectives.Originality/Value of paper: The article focused on using of modern performance appraisal methods in practice to build the employer’s good brand and attract knowledge workers.

Data Portability and Data Control: Lessons for an Emerging Concept in EU Law

The right to data portability (‘RtDP’) introduced by Article 20 of the General Data Protection Regulation (‘GDPR’) is a first regulatory attempt to establish a general-purpose control mechanism of horizontal application which mainly aims to facilitate reuse of personal data held by private companies. Article 20 GDPR is agnostic about the type of use that follows from the ported data and its further diffusion. This contrast with forms of portability facilitated under competition law which can only occur for purpose-specific goals with the aim of addressing anticompetitive behaviour. Unlike some upcoming initiatives, the RtDP still cannot be said to create ownership-like control over ported data. Even more, this regulatory innovation will be limited in its aspirations where intellectual property rights of current data holders, such as copyright, trade secrets and sui generis database rights, cause the two regimes to clash. In such cases, a reconciliation of the interests might confine particularly the follow-on use of ported data again to specific set of socially justifiable purposes, possibly with schemes of fair remuneration. We argue that to the extent that other regimes will try to replicate the RtDP, they should closely consider the nature of the resulting control, its breadth and its impact on incentives to innovate. In any case, the creation of data portability regimes should not become an end in itself. With an increasing number of instruments, orchestrating the consistency of legal regimes within the Digital Single Market and their mutual interplay should become an equally important concern.

The Problem of Unpaid Internships: Legal Guide to Complaints Under the European Social Charter

Young people entering the job market are in a precarious economic position. Across Europe, and in Belgium in particular, those who wish to enter into the professional world are faced with the de facto mandate that in order to gain experience and build the connections that will enable them to find paid professional work in the future, they must complete several internships. Yet many of these internships are unpaid or underpaid, forcing some young people to rely on their savings or their parents and shutting others out of the process entirely. The European Committee of Social Rights (the “Committee”) accepts collective complaints lodged by non-governmental organisations alleging violations of the European Social Charter (the “Charter”). The EU Public Interest Clinic prepared this draft Complaint for the non-profit organization European Youth Forum, alleging that unpaid internships in Belgium violate the Charter. Specifically, the provisions in Belgian law that enable unpaid internships, and the lack of enforcement of provisions that aim to curtail them, violate Articles 4, 7, and 10 of the Charter, which provide for fair remuneration, the protection of young people, and financial assistance for vocational training, respectively.

English

Due to its effect on both individual outcomes like job mobility, job satisfaction, job involvement and fair remuneration on the one hand and organizational outcomes like employees’ attendance, turnover, cynicism and performance on the other, diversity has become a rising trend more than ever before. The concept is no longer limited to Western countries but has become popular in many parts of the world. This study focuses only on Kasr El Eini hospital and in an attempt to investigate how nurses perceive their diversity. 25 semi- structured interviews were conducted, and the findings reflect that nurses at Kasr El Eini hospital, like many other classes of Egyptian society, struggle in a state of division and lack the value of inclusion in their workplace. Moreover, distributive justice was perceived with doubt by nurses there. The study ends with the recommendation that managers at Kasr El Eini hospital establish a professional identity for the hospital in which the concept “good colleague” should be utilized. Furthermore, paying attention to both inclusion and justice is also a needed mechanism there. Key words: Diversity, diversity management, affirmative action, in- out group differentiation, inclusion, justice, Egypt.

Преемственность предпрофильного обучения и среднего профессионального образования

The methods of formation of motivation of students of secondary school to continue education in secondary vocational education are given. The new approaches to the use of the learning outcomes of students in the subject “Technology” in the educational process in college are disclosed. The author justifi ed the expediency of the formation of understanding the creative content of the work of mid-level professionals, career opportunities and getting fair remuneration and opportunities for personal self-realization in professional activity of specialists of this level and prospects of continuing education in higher education.

Fair Trade Milk Initiative in Belgium: Bricolage as an Empowering Strategy for Change

AbstractIn a context of multiple crises, dairy farmers struggle to receive a fair remuneration for their work. This situation led to the creation of fair milk projects in Europe. But fair trade projects often suffer from ambiguous interpretations that place them simultaneously in and against the market. This study focuses on a Belgian milk label in order to analyse how dairy farmers developed a particular strategy to create their own fair milk. Based on semi‐structured interviews and using the multi‐level perspective, we propose that articulating the concepts of lock‐ins, bricolage and ambiguity enables us to analyse the potential of this innovation for the transition of the Belgian dairy system. The study shows that fairness is often a matter of divergent interpretations, and its final actualisation is the product of emergent and negotiated relations. By using bricolage practices, the stakeholders reinforced their capacity to gain market power and act within the system they want to change.

The tandem of "capital-work" as the basis for labour economics

From a fundamental accounting principle of duality follows that capital is an abstract category, defined as the ability to perform work. The study abstract nature of capital reveals important features, in particular, that capital is undergo spontaneous scattering. Developing a model of measuring human capital and consideration of the spontaneous dispersion of capital led to the conclusion that the fair remuneration must balance the natural dissipation of human capital. Research shows that remuneration is determined by the percentage of capital. This percentage is the size of random, whose average value is 8% per annum [1/year]. Analysis of the level of remuneration shows that human capital is preserved and there is its depreciation. This average is also the economic constant of potential growth. Issues of capital measurement and fair remuneration are part of the emerging labour economics.