Fair Practices Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Upper Cross Syndrome among Physiotherapists in Karachi

Background: Upper Cross Syndrome (UCS) has been considered one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal conditions reported worldwide. Understanding this condition is crucial for medical professionals to improve patient care. Despite that, data regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns in treating UCS among physiotherapists still need to be discovered. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 101 physiotherapists enrolled through purposive sampling techniques from secondary and tertiary care settings. All the participants were given consent and a structured self-designed questionnaire on KAP regarding UCS. Results: The results showed good, fair, and poor knowledge of 65.3%, 23.8%, and 10.9% of physiotherapists, respectively. Meanwhile, 95%, 4% and 1% physiotherapists showed positive, neutral and negative attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, 61.4% of physiotherapists are good in practice, 21.8% are doing fair practice, and 16.8% have poor practice in giving the interventions to the patients of UCS. Evidence suggests a significant correlation between the attitude and qualification of the respondents (p<0.01), and there was no significant association between knowledge and qualification and practice and qualification (p>0.05). Conclusion: It has been observed that physiotherapists have good knowledge and attitudes towards UCS. They are practicing well in this domain. Physical therapists are more concerned with promoting physical activity, so they must take responsibility for providing effective treatment at UCS. Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Pain, Posture, Physical Therapy.

Pengaruh Tunneling Incentive Dan Mekanisme Bonus Terhadap Tax Avoidance: Systematic Literature Review

The importance of taxes in economic development for developing countries, with a focus on tax avoidance as the main obstacle in achieving optimal tax revenues. The aim of this research is to review the influence of bonus mechanisms and tunneling incentives on tax avoidance in companies. This research method uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to analyze journals and articles published between 2017 and 2024, with a focus on the themes of tax, tunneling incentives, bonus mechanisms and tax avoidance. Of the 59 articles that have been selected, only 57 articles are used as research sources in this journal. The development of the number of publications related to the influence of bonus and tunneling incentive mechanisms on Tax Avoidance is still fluctuating from 2017 - 2024. It can be concluded that bonus mechanisms and tunneling incentives have different roles in influencing tax avoidance. various research sources: incentive tunneling variables can reduce tax avoidance, while bonus mechanism variables can increase tax avoidance. Tax evasion is a complex problem that requires clear consideration and law enforcement by the government and business world to ensure legal and fair tax payment practices.

Nutritional Practices, Quality of Life and, Health Status of Elderly in Rural Communities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

The study investigates the nutrition practices, health status, and quality of life of elderly individuals in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. It involves a descriptive cross-sectional design with 346 elderly participants aged 60-90, systematically sampled from six rural communities. Data were collected via structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires on demographics, medical and lifestyle histories, daily activities, health-seeking behaviors, food consumption, and nutritional care practices. Nutritional status and high blood pressure were assessed using anthropometric indices and a digital sphygmomanometer. Key findings indicate that 37.6% of participants were aged 60-64. Significant differences were noted between sexes in socio-demographic variables. Alcohol consumption, tobacco sniffing, and cigarette smoking were reported by 15.3%, 11.0%, and 4.6% respectively. Additionally, 23.1% were on hypertensive drugs and 20.1% were confirmed diabetics. Meal frequency varied, with 16.5% eating less than three times daily and 59.2% eating three times daily. Lunch (58.0%) and breakfast (36.6%) were the most skipped meals, and 15% ate outside the home. Dietary diversity scores revealed 66.5% with medium and 27.5% with good diversity. Significant gender differences were observed in dietary diversity and consumption patterns of cereals, roots, tubers, and fruits. Nutritional care practices and daily living activities scores showed 90.2% and 80.6% with fair practices and good activity scores, respectively, while 46.2% demonstrated good health-seeking behavior. Common health complaints included body and joint pain. Central obesity rates were 33.8% (WC), 30.3% (WHtR), and 30.6% (WHR). Elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found in 36.7% and 23% of participants, respectively. Only 31.2% reported a good quality of life. Significant positive correlations were found between nutritional status, quality of life, nutritional care practices, and functionality. Malnutrition, poor quality of life, and inadequate care practices among the elderly in rural areas highlight a public health challenge requiring targeted interventions.

Political Economy and MUI Fatwa No. 83 of 2023: Literature Review

This research is a literature review which aims to analyze the relationship between political economy and MUI Fatwa No. 83 of 2023. Through searching for the keywords "political economy" and "fatwa" using Google Scholar, various relevant journal articles and books were collected, mapped and analyzed. The research results show that MUI Fatwa No. 83 of 2023 has significant implications for economic policy in Indonesia, serving as an ethical and moral guide that influences regulations on sharia banking, halal investment, and other economic sectors. This fatwa emphasizes the importance of fair and sustainable economic practices in accordance with Islamic principles. The conclusions of this research confirm the crucial role of fatwas in shaping Indonesia's political-economic landscape and underscore the need for further research to explore their long-term impact.

Face Recognition Based on Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Review

Face recognition technology has undergone transformative changes with the advent of deep learning techniques. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the development and current state of face recognition techniques influenced by deep learning. We begin by discussing the fundamental deep learning models that have dramatically enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of face recognition, highlighting pivotal architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and autoencoders. Subsequent sections delve into the application of these models in various environments and challenges, such as different lighting conditions, occlusion, and facial expressions. We also address the integration of deep learning with emerging technologies such as 3D facial reconstruction and multimodal biometrics. Furthermore, the review explores the ethical, privacy, and bias concerns inherent in facial recognition systems, focusing on the need for responsible and fair practices in AI. Finally, future directions are suggested, focusing on the need for robust, adaptable, and ethical face recognition systems. This paper aims to provide an important resource for researchers and practitioners in the field of computer vision, providing insight into the technological advances and ongoing challenges in deep learning-based face recognition.

Strategies for Integrating Marginalized Communities into Supply Chains: Empowering Suppliers, Producers, and Distributors

Integrating marginalized communities into supply chains as suppliers, producers, and distributors is a vital step for ensuring inclusive economic growth and poverty elimination. This study investigates effective strategies that enable businesses and organizations to incorporate disadvantaged groups into both global and local supply chains. Drawing on case studies and qualitative data, the research identifies critical factors in successful integration, including capacity-building initiatives, access to affordable financing, fair trade practices, and the utilization of technology for streamlined operations and market connectivity. Findings reveal several barriers these communities face, such as societal mindsets, limited financial support, lack of skills, and logistical challenges, which can impede their participation in supply chains. To address these challenges, this study proposes actionable strategies to create sustainable, inclusive supply chain models, highlighting the role of consistent training, transparent communication, and impact-oriented partnerships. The research underscores the significant socioeconomic benefits of inclusive supply chains, offering valuable insights and models for stakeholders aiming to empower marginalized communities, improve social cohesion, and drive local development through equitable business practices.

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF USAGE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF THIRD FIRST MBBS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Objective: Education about contraceptive measures in reproductive health is of utmost importance. Doctors can directly influence the patients, and it is, therefore, necessary to know their attitude toward contraceptives. This study will assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the usage of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) among the students of the IIIrd first MBBS. Methods: Among 125 students of the third first MBBS, a questionnaire-based observational knowledge, attitude, perception, and practice study was conducted using Google Forms, at SBKSMI&RC (Shrimati Bhikhiben Kanjibhai Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre), Sumandeep Vidyapeeth in June 2023. Results: In our study, 59.2% of participants were female and 40.8% were male. Students were of the age 20–23 years. 60.8% of students mentioned their source of information as formal education. On being asked about the different uses of OCPs, 69.6% knew about their use as contraception and 52.8% knew their use in menstrual irregularities. In case of a dose being missed, 18.4% did not know what to do whereas 28% would consult a gynecologist and 53.6% knew what to do. 41.6% of students believed that OCPs carry significant side effects. 42.4% preferred getting OCP from medical stores. For usage or prescription in the future, 52.8% preferred barrier methods whereas 24.8% chose intrauterine devices and only 19.2% opted for OCP. When inquired on reasons for not using OCPs, 31.2% opted for fear of side effects. Conclusion: The majority of the students had good knowledge, fair attitude, and fair practice toward the use of OCPs.

Perceived favourability of human resource practices and job engagement: A mediated moderated model of justice perceptions

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate how the perceived favourability of human resource practices, resulting from the uneven distribution of HR practices, influences job engagement with perceived distributive justice as a mediator, while also considering the moderating influence of perceived procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice on the link between perceived distributive justice and job engagement. Aims(s) – This research aims to examine the effect of perceived favourability of HR practices on job engagement. It also assesses the mediating role of distributive justice on the relationship between the perceived favourability of HR practices and job engagement. Furthermore, it explores the moderating role of perceived procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice on the relationship between distributive justice and job engagement. Design/methodology/approach – The research involves a quantitative approach, collecting data from 733 employees across various Australian industry sectors through self-reports. The data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and Hayes’ process. Findings – The findings revealed that perceived distributive justice partially mediates the relationship between the perceived favourability of HR practices and job engagement. Additionally, perceived procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice positively moderate the link between distributive justice and job engagement. Limitations of the study – The study only considers individual-level perceptions of HR practices’ favourability. Subsequent investigations may explore individual and inter-group differences in HR practices within a single study, providing additional understanding of how employees may react to differential treatment. Practical implications – Organisations should take into account procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice, in addition to fair HR practices, to enhance job engagement in the context of HR differentiation. Originality/value – This research provides new insights into how social comparisons arising from HR differentiation influence job engagement by focusing on individual-level responses and introducing a justice-oriented approach. It also proposes a novel mediated-moderated model.

Investigating the Dynamics of Organizational Commitment and Trust Among Public Employees in a Philippine Local Government Unit (LGU)

This descriptive-correlational study explored the interplay between organizational commitment and trust among public employees within a Local Government Unit (LGU) in Surigao City, Philippines. Data from 72 employees across four departments were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlations to examine associations between trust-building factors (HR practices, performance evaluations, delegation) and commitment levels. Additionally, Kruskal-Wallis H-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests were employed to investigate potential demographic influences (age, sex, educational attainment) on both commitment and trust perceptions. While public employees exhibited moderate levels of organizational commitment, trust in HR policies, performance evaluations, and delegation practices remained high. Interestingly, trust in managers' follow-through and decision-making involvement displayed a potential U-shaped relationship with age. Educational attainment also emerged as a significant factor influencing trust perceptions across various organizational aspects. These findings suggest that fostering trust through transparent leadership, fair practices, and employee empowerment can be a valuable strategy for LGUs to cultivate a more committed workforce. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential need for tailored approaches to building trust based on employee demographic characteristics.

Our Never-Ending Pathway to Innovate Calculus 1: Course Coordination and Active Learning to Specifications Grading and Growth Mindset

ABSTRACT In this paper, we detail the implementation of initiatives designed to support instructional strategies aimed at fostering more fair and inclusive learning practices in Precalculus, Calculus 1, and Calculus 2 courses at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. We discuss the progression of course coordination efforts intended to improve students’ learning and mitigate the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on students’ mathematics education. Prepandemic early coordination initiatives involved adoption of common textbooks, syllabi, and content coverage across all sections of each course. Subsequent course improvements involved the incorporation of active learning to engage students in collaborative problem-solving sessions with the support of undergraduate Learning Assistants. We have adopted Specifications Grading, an alternative grading system, as part of our most recent reform endeavor to invigorate students’ success in Calculus 1.

An Attractiveness Bias? How Women Entrepreneurs’ Physical Appearance Affects Men Investors

Women founders frequently appear to encounter varied and often negatively biased decisions from investors. Our study builds on the theoretical and practical interest in understanding whether and how biases against women entrepreneurs are attributed to men investors’ cognitive and physiological (i.e., hormonal) responses to the women’s physical appearance. Using a cross-sectional research design, we recruited 106 experienced investors and randomly assigned them to one of two versions of a prerecorded pitch to test the effect of a woman entrepreneur’s physical attractiveness. The versions were identical in content and form but were delivered by different actresses, one of whom was considered highly attractive. We asked participants to observe the pitch and answer questions on related topics, including how likely they believed the business described would successfully progress through the screening stage of the investment process. In contrast to our hypothesis, we find that a woman entrepreneur’s attractiveness positively influences men investors’ assessments of her competence. These competence assessments lead to evaluations that the entrepreneur’s proposal would progress through the investment screening stage. We also theorize and find that men investors have a marked increase in cortisol levels when presented with an attractive woman entrepreneur. This increased cortisol leads to evaluations that the entrepreneur’s proposal would progress through the screening stage. Identifying the role physiological mechanisms play in investment evaluations underscores the importance of adopting proactive measures to ensure equitable and fair investment practices alongside fostering introspection within the investment community.

Проблема сверхурочной занятости в Китае: принуждение к переработкам и их тотальное распространение

The article analyzes one of the most pressing problems of labor relations in China today – the problem of widespread forced overtime work by employers. The author sees the main reason for this situation as strong pressure from labor supply in the Chinese labor market. The article examines polarized opinions on overtime work: its proponents argue that both voluntary and forced overtime contribute to the dynamic development of the Chinese economy, while opponents believe that constant overtime employment causes irreparable harm to the workers’ health, including their mental health, increases occupational injuries, and leads to a higher number of suicide attempts among young citizens. The article concludes that the prevalence of overtime work is a consequence of labor market saturation and increased competition among workers for “good positions”, leading to relationships of exploitation in favor of the employer. Addressing this issue will require comprehensive strategies that consider both labor market dynamics and worker protection laws to ensure fair and sustainable labor practices in China.

Traditional healers’ knowledge and infection control practices related to HIV in Bukavu City, Democratic Republic of the Congo

BackgroundPatients with HIV consult traditional healers (THs). These THs can both delay care for people living with HIV (PLHIV) and transmit HIV through poor infection control practices. The main objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge and practices of THs regarding HIV in Bukavu.MethodsA cross-sectional study using quantitative approach was carried out among 71 THs in Bukavu City. The collected data included the following topics: personal and socio-demographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, and infection control practices. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples T-test or F-test, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data with a p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe THs’ mean age was 49.2 ± 11.2 years, and the majority were aged 40 to < 60 years. Males constituted 88.7% of THs with a male-to-female ratio of 7.9. In general, 47.9% of study participants had poor knowledge about HIV/AIDS infection, 45.1% of them had fair knowledge, and only 7.0% had good knowledge. Overall, 43.7% of THs had poor infection control practices, 52.1% of THs had fair practices, and only 4.2% of participants had good practices. Results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed that none of the personal and demographic variables studied were significant predictors of their knowledge about HIV/AIDS (p > 0.05). In terms of practices, two variables were significant predictors of infection control practices: living in Ibanda and receiving training in taking care of HIV/AIDS.Conclusion and recommendations: The study revealed that THs’ knowledge about HIV infection was insufficient and that they had poor infection control practices. Formal standardized training on HIV infection should be organized for all THs so that they can always refer their patients to modern, reliable antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics and reduce the risk of occupational exposure in their practices. Although PPE’s assistance for THs is required in terms of protective measures, the province health authority must also oversee infection control procedures at THs’ offices.

Experiences of experts in intelligence measurement of South African school learners

This qualitative research study emerged from the essential need for reliable and valid intelligence test instruments for South African school learners, who are characterised as a diverse population with their variety in culture, ethnicity, and language, as well as having unequal socio-economic and educational backgrounds. The aim of this research study was to use a qualitative interpretive description research design to explore and describe the experiences of both experts in intelligence test development and/or adaptation as well as psychologists and psychometrists who have administered intelligence tests to South African school learners in various contexts. Twelve psychologists and/or psychometrists were interviewed, of which six were also experts in test development and/or adaptation, which yielded four themes after thematic analysis, namely, utilised intelligence measurements in the current South African school learner context are less relevant; the South African education system is a major issue specifically within lower socio-economic status (SES) contexts; it does not seem feasible to design or adapt suitable intelligence measures that are valid and reliable in the current South African school learner context; and key informants’ recommendations from their experiences.Contribution: This research study contributes to the understanding of the measurement of intelligence of South African school learners in diverse contexts. Findings of this research study can guide the strategic process to design an intelligence instrument suitable for a South African population of school learners, informing fair assessment practices for multiethnic equalisation.

Awareness, knowledge, and behaviors regarding trans unsaturated fatty acids in a sample of Lebanese adults.

Lebanon is a country in the Middle East that had been witnessing nutrition transition to a westernized diet high in trans fats (TFs) and saturated fatty acids (TFAs) that had been linked to cardiovascular diseases and many other health issues. This study examines TF-related awareness, knowledge, and self-reported behaviors among a sample of Lebanese adults aged between 18 and 64 years, as well as their association with sociodemographic factors and anthropometric measurements. Using a multicomponent questionnaire, a cross-sectional study was conducted online, across all Lebanese regions based on a convenience sampling method (n = 401). Factors associated with TF-related awareness, knowledge, and behaviors were examined by multivariate linear regression analysis. The study highlighted specific gaps in TF-related awareness, knowledge, and behavioral practices as well as differences by sociodemographic factors. Most of the participants (36%) had heard of partly hydrogenated oils (PHOs) rather than TFs (49%). A higher proportion of respondents (54%) said they understood a little about TFs, the majority had inadequate knowledge about the foods that contain TFs, and 44% said they would not give up eating their favorite snack even if they knew it contains TFs. Overall, consumers' awareness and knowledge about TFs are rather low and the majority had fair behavioral practices. In addition, being a woman and having higher education level were significantly associated with higher levels of TFs awareness, knowledge, and behavior scores. Higher behavior scores were shown in older participants, married, and those who had part-time jobs, whereas having higher income and normal weight were significantly associated with higher awareness scores. These findings offer valuable insight into TF-related awareness, knowledge, and behaviors in a sample of Lebanese adults and provide key information that could spur the development of evidence-based TFs reduction interventions specific to the Middle East.

Efficacy of Digital Pricing Strategies on Customer Buying Decisions in the E-Commerce Industry: A PLS-SEM Approach

E-commerce is a vital component of global retail sustainability, expanding at a rate of 14% annually, fuelled by increased internet adoption (55%), with over five billion users worldwide. In Africa, e-commerce revenues have surged to $31.18 million, with Nigeria’s Business to Consumer (B2C) index hitting 53.2 points and boasting a 55% internet penetration rate in 2023, ranking fourth highest on the continent. The globalisation of markets has exposed ecommerce companies to economic downturns, compelling them to adopt strategic pricing approaches to ensure sustained profitability and competitiveness. Consumers have become more price-sensitive, emphasising the need for firms to accurately gauge pricing sensitivity to influence purchasing decisions effectively. This research explores how ecommerce stores utilise digital pricing strategies to impact the purchasing behaviour of Gen Z consumers in Nigeria. By employing an exploratory research design, the study utilised an online survey distributed through Google Form, targeting tech-savvy Gen Z consumers, who represent over 85% of the 384-sample size derived using the Borden sampling model. By being guided by the theory of planned behaviour, the PLS-SEM model indicates that special event pricing (0.433, 91.8% effect), sample product pricing (0.236, 85.0% effect), and loss leader pricing (0.236, 93% effect) significantly impact Gen Z’s consumer patronage (62.4%). Furthermore, product lining pricing (0.457, 93.7% high effect), captive pricing (0.161, 96.21% high effect), and optional pricing strategy (0.252, 96.0% medium effect) influence Gen Z’s online purchase satisfaction (67.2%). This underscores the importance of digital pricing strategies in shaping Gen Z’s online purchase behaviour. The research recommends the need for online stores to incorporate promotional and product mix strategies in business tactics; governments should monitor fair pricing practices, and online retailers should educate consumers about pricing strategies to foster informed purchasing decisions. The research acknowledges potential biases in data collection, stemming from unequal online access among Gen Z consumers, resulting in a partial representation of the diverse range of Gen Z behaviours across the continent, as various cultural, economic, and social factors can influence purchasing behaviours.

Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Food Handlers towards Food Hygiene

Knowledge of food hygiene essentially entails the handlers’ awareness or things to be done or things to be put in place, in the course of either acquiring raw food materials, preparing food or serving food to the consumers, so that food safety is achieved. Food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices are important because inadequate knowledge, poor attitude and poor sanitation practices have life-threatening danger to food safety. It is important to have an understanding of the interaction on prevailing food hygiene knowledge attitude and practices of food handlers in order to minimize foodborne outbreaks. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of food handlers regarding the aspect of food hygiene in Kanpur. One hundred ten food handlers from fifty food establishments of Kanpur were involved in this study. The data was collected from the street food vendors with the help of structured questionnaire and extensive observation. Analysis of data revealed that Knowledge and attitude towards food hygiene was satisfactory among food handlers, where most of the food handlers have fair knowledge and attitude that was (50.0 %) and (40.90%) but fair practice was practiced by only (17.27%) whereas, majority of them had poor practice (46.36). About 53.6 per cent of food handlers always wash their hands before handling food and only (38.1%) of the food handlers had knowledge about hygiene and sanitation. Statistical testing with chi-square at p&lt;0.05 showed that there is no correlation between educational level of the food handlers and practice of food hygiene; like-wise attitude of the handlers towards food hygiene and work experience had no impact on food hygiene practices of food handlers. The present study concludes that practice regarding food hygiene is not satisfactory and therefore there is need to increase the practice level of food handlers towards food hygiene.

UNVEILING THE POLITICAL IMPACT OF FAST FASHION CONSUMPTION: THE ROLE OF LOWER MIDDLE CLASS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS IN INDONESIA?

ABSTRACT. This article delves into the impact and role of the lower middle class on Indonesia’s environmental landscape. Despite their social and economic marginalization, this demographic heavily relies on cheap, easily accessible fast fashion for clothing, leading to detrimental environmental consequences such as ecosystem degradation and pollution. This research was carried out by conducting a literature review through library research, where the data came from library data collection. This study further analyzes literature regarding socio-economic dynamics and environmental problems. This approach unveiled the lower middle class’s profound influence of fast fashion consumption on Indonesia’s environment. The research highlights the lower middle class’s pivotal role in fast fashion waste distribution, exacerbating environmental pollution. Hence, governmental intervention becomes imperative to regulate fast fashion production, manage waste, and restrict the influx of second-hand fast fashion businesses. The article concludes by emphasizing the lower middle class’s dual role as both major consumers and victims of global capitalism in the fast fashion industry, necessitating state protection through various policy measures. These include elevating product quality standards, ensuring fair labor practices, enhancing consumer protection, and controlling the influx of foreign fast fashion products. Ultimately, the study underscores the necessity of comprehensive governmental interventions to mitigate the environmental repercussions of fast fashion consumption, safeguarding both the lower middle class and Indonesia’s environment.

Assessing the Economic Impact of Coffee Farming on Rural Communities in Colombia

Purpose: The aim of the study was assessing the economic impact of coffee farming on rural communities in Colombia Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Assessing the economic impact of coffee farming on rural communities in Colombia reveals significant findings. Coffee farming is a major source of employment and a primary contributor to household income in these areas, supporting the economic stability of numerous families. Moreover, the coffee industry’s demand for labor not only boosts local employment rates but also contributes to regional economic development through the generation of export revenues. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Dependency theory, livelihoods approach &amp; dual economy model may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the economic impact of coffee farming on rural communities in Colombia. Implement CBPR methods to involve coffee farmers in the research process, ensuring that their firsthand experiences and insights inform the study. Advocate for policies that support fair trade practices.

Addressing the safety of new food sources and production systems.

New food sources and production systems (NFPS) are garnering much attention, driven by international trade, changing consumer preferences, potential sustainability benefits, and innovations in climate-resilient food production systems. However, NFPS can introduce new challenges for food safety agencies and food manufacturers. Most food safety hazards linked to new foods have been identified in traditional foods. However, there can be some food safety challenges that are unique to new foods. New food ingredients, inputs, and processes can introduce unexpected contaminants. To realize the full potential of NFPS, there is a need for stakeholders from governments, the food industry, and the research community to collectively work to address and communicate the safety of NFPS products. This review outlines known food safety hazards associated with select NFPS products on the market, namely, plant-derived proteins, seaweeds, jellyfish, insects, microbial proteins, as well asfoods derived from cell-based food production, precision fermentation, vertical farming, and 3D food printing. We identify common elements in emerging NFPS regulatory frameworks in various countries/regions. Furthermore, we highlight current efforts in harmonization of terminologies, use of recent scientific tools to fill in food safety knowledge gaps, and international multi-stakeholder collaborations to tackle safety challenges. Although there cannot be a one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to the regulatory oversight for ensuring the safety of NFPS, there is a need to develop consensus-based structured protocols or workflows among stakeholders to facilitate comprehensive, robust, and internationally harmonized approaches. These efforts increase consumers' confidence in the safety of new foods and contribute toward fair practices in the international trade of such foods.