Fair Practices Research Articles

Decent Work Agenda in Botswana: Strides and Challenges

The Decent Work Agenda (DWA) in Botswana provides a comprehensive framework designed to promote fair labour practices, enhance worker rights, and foster sustainable economic growth. This article analyses the progress achieved in executing the decent work agenda, focusing on enhancements in labour standards, gender equality and inclusion, and capacity building and training. Furthermore, it illustrates the ongoing challenges that delay progress, including elevated unemployment rates, informal employment, and migration and labour rights. The analysis utilises multiple policy recommendations, highlighting the necessity of reinforcing labour rights and protections, advancing skills development, and improving stakeholder involvement in policy formulation. Addressing these challenges and leveraging existing successes will enable Botswana to develop a more inclusive labour market that adheres to the principles of decent work, thereby enhancing the nation's long-term economic sustainability and social equity. The findings highlight the significance of a collaborative approach among government, civil society, and the private sector to effectively implement the decent work agenda, ensuring it yields measurable benefits for all workers in Botswana.

Are Private Brands Morally Inferior to National Brands?

This paper investigates the moral distinctions between private brands (or private labels) and national brands within the context of economic, sustainability and innovation impacts. Private brands, owned and controlled by retailers, increasingly dominate the market, raising ethical concerns. Key areas of analysis include economic effects on consumers and producers, sustainability practices and the ethical implications of innovation and image copying. The findings suggest that private brands are morally inferior to national brands due to their detrimental impact on sustainability and innovation. The paper concludes with proposed political interventions aimed at mitigating these ethical issues, highlighting the need for more stringent regulations to ensure fair practices and enhance sustainability within the industry.

The Environmental and Social Impacts of Fast Fashion on Youth: A Statistical Analysis

This abstract presents a concise overview of the research conducted on the impact It has gained significant popularity among young consumers due to its affordability and accessibility. However, this abstract highlights the adverse effects of fast fashion on youth in various aspects, including environmental sustainability, labor rights, and psychological well-being. The first section explores the environmental consequences of fast fashion. It discusses the excessive consumption and disposal of clothing, leading to significant resource depletion, pollution, and landfill waste. The detrimental effects of textile production, such as water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, are also examined. Moreover, the concept of planned obsolescence and its contribution to a throwaway culture are discussed, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. Fast fashion is being recognized as a prominent force in today's swiftly expanding fashion business, revolutionizing the way young people consume and engage with apparel. manufacturing and consumption of stylish, inexpensive clothing that are frequently inspired by runway trends and popular culture. While fast fashion is currently rising in popularity among young people throughout the world, its influence reaches far beyond passing fashion fads. implications of rapid fashion on teenage behavior, environment, and general well-being. Fast fashion is linked to unsustainable manufacturing and consumption practices, which cause severe environmental destruction. Fast fashion's environmental repercussions and lingering impacts on the earth, including as depletion of resources, and trash creation, can be illuminated through research. Fast fashion is based on low-cost production, which is frequently done in underdeveloped nations where workers endure terrible working conditions and low salaries. Learning about the social and economic repercussions on teenagers in these places can help improve working conditions and promote fair trade practices. In this research we will be using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). As per the SPSS Analysis we get to know that in Reliability Statistics Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.784, Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items is 0.790 and Number of Items is 7. From the above results I conclude that in Reliability Statistics Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.784, Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items is 0.790 and Number of Items is 7.

Exploring a fuzzy relationships among criteria for the development of community-based tourism in Malaysia: a multi-stakeholder perspective

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to identify and analyze the fuzzy relationships among criteria for the development of community-based tourism (CBT) in Malaysia through a multi-stakeholder lens. By exploring these relationships, the study aimed to provide valuable insights for stakeholders and policymakers to enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of CBT initiatives in Malaysia. The focus was on understanding the interplay between environmental, economic and socio-cultural criteria to guide decision-making and planning processes for sustainable tourism development.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized a quantitative approach, specifically employing a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model known as decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL). This methodology allowed for the integration of diverse perspectives from multiple stakeholders involved in CBT in Malaysia. By using DEMATEL, the researchers were able to analyze the complex relationships among sustainable criteria, identify causal factors and assess the interdependencies among environmental, economic and socio-cultural dimensions. The approach aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the criteria influencing the sustainability of CBT development in Malaysia.FindingsThe findings of the study revealed that environmental and economic factors emerged as pivotal causal criteria influencing socio-cultural outcomes in the development of CBT in Malaysia. The research highlighted the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration in building sustainability in CBT, emphasizing the need for regular meetings, shared decision-making processes and clear communication channels among all involved parties. These insights empower stakeholders to make informed decisions and prioritize criteria for sustainable CBT development, ultimately contributing to the well-being of communities, preservation of natural and cultural heritage, and long-term environmental sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsThe study's limitations include the focus on CBT in Malaysia, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other contexts. Additionally, the research relied on a quantitative approach, potentially overlooking qualitative nuances in stakeholder perspectives. Future studies could address these limitations by exploring diverse geographical locations and incorporating qualitative methods to capture a more comprehensive understanding of sustainable criteria in CBT development. These implications suggest opportunities for further research to validate and extend the findings in different contexts and with a broader range of stakeholder perspectives.Practical implicationsThe practical implications of the study include providing guidance for tourism policymakers and key stakeholders in developing effective policy interventions for CBT in Malaysia. By understanding the complex relationships among sustainable criteria, stakeholders can make informed decisions to foster environmental, economic and socio-cultural growth in CBT initiatives. The findings offer insights for creating economic opportunities, promoting fair trade practices and enhancing linkages between CBT and local businesses. These practical implications aim to support sustainable decision-making, planning processes and implementation strategies to ensure the long-term success and positive impact of CBT in Malaysia.Social implicationsThe social implications of the study underscore the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration in CBT development in Malaysia. By engaging various stakeholders, including host communities, government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and tourists, the research promotes social cohesion, cultural exchange and community empowerment. Enhancing social interactions and mutual understanding among stakeholders can lead to inclusive decision-making processes, equitable distribution of benefits and the preservation of local heritage and traditions. These social implications emphasize the potential for CBT to contribute to social well-being, cultural preservation and sustainable development, fostering positive social impacts and strengthening community resilience.Originality/valueThe originality and value of the study lie in its exploration of the complex relationships among sustainable criteria for CBT development in Malaysia from a multi-stakeholder perspective. By utilizing the DEMATEL method and quantitative analysis, the research offers a novel approach to understanding the causal factors influencing environmental, economic and socio-cultural outcomes in CBT initiatives. The study's findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders and policymakers to make informed decisions, prioritize criteria and develop effective strategies for sustainable CBT development. This original contribution enhances the understanding of sustainable criteria relationships and empowers stakeholders to drive positive change in the tourism sector.

Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for Optimal Oral Health among Adults in Benin City, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Oral health is crucial for overall well-being, involving the maintenance of good oral hygiene to prevent diseases. Despite global progress, gaps persist in developing countries, leading to higher oral disease prevalence. Factors such as awareness, access, cultural beliefs, and dental phobia significantly impact oral health. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices also play critical roles. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the oral health of adults in Benin City, Edo State. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 198 adults attending a dental outreach program in three local government areas (Ikpoba-Okha, Oredo, and Egor) in Benin City, Edo State. A sample size of 200 was determined using the Cochrane formula. A researcher-administered proforma was used for data collection, assessing socio-demographics, oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices. A validated questionnaire was used for knowledge assessment, and a Likert scale was employed for attitude measurement. The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index were used for clinical examination. Data were analyzed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 25. Results: The mean oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices among respondents were 57.5%, 83.1%, and 55.0%, respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed fair knowledge and practices but good attitudes among respondents. Notable gaps exist in oral hygiene knowledge and practices, although the positive attitudes observed may support effective oral health promotion efforts. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2024; 14(2): 3-8

The Effectiveness of Leadership and Employee Compensation on Improving Employee Performance in the Planning Bureau of the Secretariat General of the Ministry of Agriculture

This research aims to analyze the relationship between leadership and employee compensation within the Planning Bureau of the Secretariat General of the Ministry of Agriculture using a qualitative, descriptive approach. The researcher acted as the main research instrument, conducting interviews, collecting, and analyzing data to provide insights. The study identified that the bureau employs a participatory leadership style, as evidenced by interview findings. Employee compensation includes both direct and indirect forms, such as fair personnel management and a supportive work environment. The results indicate that effective leadership and fair compensation practices encourage employee responsibility and contribute to achieving organizational goals, leading to performance that meets management's expectations.

Implementation of Labor Law in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 - Challenges and Solutions

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 has drastically transformed global industries, introducing advanced technologies such as automation, artificial intelligence, and digitalization into the workplace. This rapid technological shift has presented significant challenges for labor laws, which are often designed for traditional work environments. This study explores the implementation of labor law in the context of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, analyzing the challenges faced by both employers and employees in adapting to these new technological advancements. Using a qualitative methodology, this research employs a juridical review of existing labor laws, supported by an in-depth case study examining how these laws are applied in technology-driven industries. The findings indicate that labor laws often lag behind the technological advances, leading to gaps in legal protections for workers and ambiguities in employer obligations. The case study highlights specific instances where current labor regulations fail to address issues related to remote work, job displacement due to automation, and workers' rights in the gig economy. Solutions are proposed to modernize labor laws, ensuring they are adaptable to future technological developments while safeguarding workers' rights. The study concludes that there is an urgent need for legal reforms to balance innovation with fair labor practices in the era of Industry 4.0.

Financial Management of the Regional Public Service Agency at Puskesmas in Sumbawa District

The Local Public Service Agency is part of the local government unit, with a legal status not separate from the local government, which has a flexible financial management pattern in the form of flexibility to apply fair business practices to improve and develop services, as an exception to the provisions of financial management in general. The flexibility of financial management includes revenue and expenditure management, cash management, debt management, tariff determination, employee procurement, procurement of goods and services, and investment management. The pattern of flexible financial management still refers to the regulations that have been set, namely the Sumbawa Regent Regulation Number 5-year 2020 concerning guidelines for financial management of the regional public service agencies within the Sumbawa government. Regulations or policies that have been established by the Sumbawa Regency government to be implemented and adhered to in implementing BLUD financial management policies at Puskesmas are expected to improve and develop health services with transparency and accountability. Based on the description, the research problem is how far is the financial management of the Regional Public Service Agency (BLUD) at Puskesmas in the Sumbawa Regency region based on the Sumbawa Regent Regulation Number 5 of 2020 concerning guidelines for financial management of regional public service agencies within the scope of the Sumbawa Regency. Researchers used a qualitative descriptive method approach using interview and observation tools to collect data both directly and through document review. The data obtained were analyzed using Likert scale categorization, which consists of Very Good, Good, and Less Good. The findings of the research provided an overview that public policy evaluation is closely related to the level of compliance and readiness of Human Resources in conducting the financial management of the Regional Public Service Agency (BLUD) at Puskesmas in Sumbawa. The results of this study can complement Wiliam Dunn’s opinion or theory on public policy evaluation to emphasize the level of compliance and readiness of Human Resources in conducting public policy evaluations, which not only focus on the values and objectives but also the targets of a policy. Keywords: regional public service agency, policy evaluation, financial management

Selection of Health Insurance Policy: Using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Combined Compromised Solution Approach Under Spherical Fuzzy Environment

The process of health insurance policy selection is a critical decision with far–reaching financial implications. The complexity of health insurance policy selection necessitates a structured approach to facilitate informed decision-making amidst numerous criteria and provider options. This study addresses the health insurance policy selection problem by employing a comprehensive methodology integrating Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SF–AHP) and Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) Algorithm. Eight experienced experts, four from academia and industry each, were engaged, and eleven critical factors were identified through literature review, survey, and expert opinions. SF–AHP was utilized to assign weights to these factors, with Claim settlement ratio (C9) deemed the most significant. Subsequently, CoCoSo Algorithm facilitated the ranking of insurance service providers, with alternative A6 emerging as the superior choice. The research undertakes sensitivity analysis, confirming the stability of the model across various scenarios. Notably, alternative A6 consistently demonstrates superior performance, reaffirming the reliability of the decision-making process. The study’s conclusion emphasizes the efficacy of the joint SF–AHP and CoCoSo approach in facilitating informed health insurance policy selection, considering multiple criteria and their interdependencies. Practical implications of the research extend to individuals, insurance companies, and policymakers. Individuals benefit from making more informed choices aligned with their healthcare needs and financial constraints. Insurance companies can tailor policies to customer preferences, enhancing competitiveness and customer satisfaction. Policymakers gain insights to inform regulatory decisions, promoting fair practices and consumer protection in the insurance market. This study underscores the significance of a structured approach in navigating the intricate health insurance landscape, offering practical insights for stakeholders and laying a foundation for future research advancements.

Implementing fair lending practices: Advanced data analytics approaches and regulatory compliance

Implementing fair lending practices: Advanced data analytics approaches and regulatory compliance

Examine the enablers of generative artificial intelligence adoption in supply chain: a mixed method study

ABSTRACT Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen-AI) is a burgeoning subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on creating new content which is poised to revolutionise different industries by 2028. This study aims first to identify key enablers for the successful integration of Gen-AI into the supply chain with the help of Delphi and AHP techniques. Then, we screened these enablers categories and identified seven key enabler categories using the Delphi method. We computed the weights of those categories and ranked them on the basis of their weights with Ethical and Fair AI Practices and Public Trust and Societal Impact among the most significant. Second, this study categorised the tweet into positive, neutral, and negative sentiments using sentiment analysis and identified fifteen topics from secondary data. The research concludes with actionable strategies for practitioners and outlines the significance of ethical and trust-related enablers in the adoption of Gen-AI in the supply chain.

Правовое регулирование добросовестных практик в сфере предпринимательства

The article deals with the peculiarities of legal regulation of fair practices in the course of entrepreneurial activity. According to the author, the maintenance of the system of fair practices is aimed at resolving the most complex issues of interaction between entrepreneurs and other participants of entrepreneurial activity. In the conditions of the modern market fair practices are considered in the context of the general problem of civil liability and sustainable business development. These problems are studied as a structural element of corporative social responsibility of business.

Building a pathway to stability: strategies for overcoming the Architect's registration crisis in Nigeria

The Architect's registration crisis in Nigeria for eight straight years (2015–2023) has significantly impacted the architectural profession, creating a pressing need for effective solutions to restore stability and ensure a sustainable future. This research investigated the challenges and consequences the crisis has caused the architectural profession in Nigeria and potential strategies for resolving the situation. The study relied on thirty-four (34) structured interviews with Provisionally Stage II registered architects and fully registered architects from different parts of Nigeria and a literature review involving a thorough analysis to identify key issues and challenges related to the Architect's registration crisis in Nigeria. Findings reveal the major factors contributing to the registration crisis include institutional issues, legislative and policy issues, power-mongering, and personality battles within professional associations and the regulatory body. Some of the proposed solutions involve strengthening accreditation standards and monitoring, addressing issues about the HND degree holders, advocating for fair registration practices, fostering collaboration and professionalism, overcoming internal issues and power struggles within professional associations and regulatory bodies, and the study proposed a framework for the registration of architects in different cadres. Ultimately, this research provided valuable insights for policymakers, professional bodies, and stakeholders. By identifying viable pathways to resolution, this study paves the way for a sustainable future for the architectural profession in Nigeria, ensuring its continued growth in the built environment.

Simple techniques to bypass GenAI text detectors: implications for inclusive education

This study investigates the efficacy of six major Generative AI (GenAI) text detectors when confronted with machine-generated content modified to evade detection (n = 805). We compare these detectors to assess their reliability in identifying AI-generated text in educational settings, where they are increasingly used to address academic integrity concerns. Results show significant reductions in detector accuracy (17.4%) when faced with simple techniques to manipulate the AI generated content. The varying performances of GenAI tools and detectors indicate they cannot currently be recommended for determining academic integrity violations due to accuracy limitations and the potential for false accusation which undermines inclusive and fair assessment practices. However, these tools may support learning and academic integrity when used non-punitively. This study aims to guide educators and institutions in the critical implementation of AI text detectors in higher education, highlighting the importance of exploring alternatives to maintain inclusivity in the face of emerging technologies.

Comercio justo, eje central del desarrollo en productores locales y exportadores de cacao Theobroma cacao L. en el cantón Quevedo

The study was conducted in Quevedo Canton, Los Ríos Province, Ecuador. The objective was to analyze fair trade, a central axis of development for local cocoa producers and exporters (Theobroma cacao L.). Descriptive research methods were applied, along with analytical and deductive approaches. Surveys using a Likert scale were employed. The survey’s reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, yielding a value of 0.81 for 14 elements. The variables considered were education level, quality of life, fair trade, and economic development. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 22.0). The results demonstrate a positive impact on international, national, and local market prices, contributing to the sustainable development of cocoa producers. Exploring fair trade practices in production reveals significant interest and potential when adopting measures that promote equity and sustainability within the cocoa value chain. Education emerges as a key driver of development through training programs, enabling producers to fully engage in productive, economic, and commercial activities. Ultimately, fair trade practices are closely tied to pricing and productive activities in cocoa cultivation.

Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Community Pharmacists in Managing Chronic Diseases in Lahore, Pakistan

Background: The rising number of chronic illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, osteoarthritis, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a major danger to the worldwide health community. The ability of individuals to successfully manage their medical problems with the help of healthcare professionals is essential to the effective control of chronic illnesses. Objective: The current study focuses to evaluate the knowledge of community pharmacist’s regarding chronic disease management, their attitude, and their practice to control chronic diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted using random sampling method in Lahore, Pakistan. The samples collected for this study was 110. However, the final sample size was 93, the remaining forms were discarded. Data was collected by visiting community pharmacies in Lahore. The filled questionnaires were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences program software (SPSS Inc., version 21.0, IBM corp., Armonk NY, USA). P-value of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant values. Results: The results, with a p value of 0.001, indicate a significant difference in adequacy of knowledge between the male and female groups. Majority of the participants have bachelor’s education and are unmarried. The p-value of 0.871 for level of education shows insignificant association between the higher education and better practice scores. The most important finding in this study is significant relationship between technology proficiency and adequacy of knowledge with p-value of 0.005. This shows that those who are more proficient in the technology are significantly more likely to have adequate knowledge. Conclusion: This study concludes that the majority of community pharmacists had adequate knowledge regarding chronic disease management. But showed neutral attitude and fair practice towards the control of chronic diseases. In order to optimize the management of chronic diseases, community pharmacists need to exhibit best practices and a positive attitude.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Fast Hugs Bid Among ICU Staff Nurses in a Selected Hospital of New Delhi

A study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice regarding FAST HUGS BID among ICU staff nurses in a selected hospital of New Delhi. The objectives of the study were: to assess the knowledge and practice regarding FAST HUGS BID among ICU staff nurses in a selected hospital of New Delhi and to find out the association of knowledge and practice regarding FAST HUGS BID with selected demographic variables of ICU staff nurses in a selected hospital of New Delhi. Ethical clearance was obtained, and formal permission was taken from Holy Family Hospital and Holy Family College of Nursing, respectively. Data collection was done from 22nd January to 27th January 2024. Research approach used for the study was quantitative research approach and research design was non- experimental descriptive study design. A total of 90 samples were selected through purposive sampling technique. Tools used for the study were demographic variables seeking personal information regarding age in years, number of years of experience in ICU, educational qualification, and attended any CNE or In-service education on FAST HUGS BID; Structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding FAST HUGS BID among ICU staff nurses; and Observational Checklist to assess the practice regarding FAST HUGS BID among ICU staff nurses. Data obtained were analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The majority of samples, i.e., 52 (57.78%) were 21-24 years old, 46 (51.11%) had experience as an ICU staff nurse for <1 year, 53 (58.89%) were B.Sc. nurses, and 71 (78.89%) had not attended any CNE or in-service education on FAST HUGS BID. The majority of the sample had fair knowledge, i.e., 65.55%, 20% had poor knowledge, and 14.44% had a good knowledge level. The majority of the sample had a good practice level, i.e., 96.67%, and 3.33% had fair practice. The mean value of knowledge is 12.84, the median value is 13, and the standard deviation is 2.99. The mean value of the level of practice is 9.83, the median value is 10, and the standard deviation is 1.05. There was a significant association between knowledge (chi-square=19.551, p-value=0.0033 at the p<0.05 level of significance) with selected demographic variables, i.e., educational qualification. The study concluded that samples had fair knowledge (65.55%), good practice (96.67%), and there was a significant association of knowledge (chi-square=19.551, p- value=0.0033 at p<0.05 level of significance) with selected demographic variables, i.e., educational qualification regarding FAST HUGS BID among ICU staff nurses.

Trends In Tourism Recommendation Systems: A Review

Tourism Recommendation Systems (TRS) are increasingly important in the tourism industry to provide personalized recommendations based on diverse tourist preferences. Technology and big data have transformed TRS from traditional travel agencies to modern digital platforms, enabling the processing of vast amounts of user-generated data for precise recommendations. The study aims to identify strengths and weaknesses within existing TRS frameworks and techniques, propose recommendations to mitigate these weaknesses, and provide insights for practitioners and researchers. Key findings are the effectiveness of personalized and context-aware recommendations, the importance of multimodal data integration, the need for ethical and fair recommendation practices. Future directions in TRS research should focus on exploring and developing explainable AI and transparency, personalization at scale, enhancing multimodal recommendation capabilities, and ensuring ethical and fair recommendation. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of contemporary TRS methodologies and provides actionable insights for enhancing TRS performance. By addressing current trends and proposing recommendations for future research, this paper aims to advance the field of TRS and improve travel experiences for tourists.

Beyond Convenience: Exploring the Hidden Impact of Algorithmic Pricing on Consumer Trust and Loyalty in Chinese Online Travel Agencies

ABSTRACTThe emergence of online travel agencies (OTAs) provides travelers with “one‐stop” convenience, but also faces issues of price discrimination. This mixed‐methods study began with semi‐structured interviews of 30 participants to explore initial perceptions, followed by a survey of 307 Chinese consumers. The study examined attitudes toward OTA overreliance on algorithmic pricing and unclear information, and their impact on trust and loyalty. Findings reveal that during peak seasons, regular customers without value‐added membership services paid higher room rates than new customers. The results indicate that once trust is established through clear information quality and reliable service, consumers are less wary of pricing quotes. The conclusion summarizes the findings and suggests further research to promote transparent and fair pricing practices, enhancing consumer trust and loyalty.

Impact of Automated Underwriting Systems on Insurance Risk Classification in Singapore

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of automated underwriting systems on insurance risk classification in Singapore. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that these systems significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessment. By utilizing advanced algorithms and data analytics, automated systems can process large volumes of data quickly, leading to more precise risk classification and reduced underwriting time. This enhances the ability of insurers to offer more personalized premiums based on individual risk profiles. However, the study also highlighted potential concerns about data privacy and the reliance on algorithmic decisions, suggesting the need for balanced oversight to ensure fair and transparent practices in risk classification. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Algorithmic fairness theory, data privacy theory & technology acceptance model (TAM) may be used to anchor future studies on analyze the impact of automated underwriting systems on insurance risk classification in Singapore. In practice, insurers should prioritize the implementation of AUS that are transparent and explainable. Policymakers should establish robust regulatory frameworks that govern the use of AUS in insurance. These frameworks should mandate fairness audits, transparency in algorithmic decision-making, and strict data privacy standards to protect policyholders.