Fair Behavior Research Articles

The power of prompts: Encouraging children to think about fairness promotes the costly rejection of unfairness.

Children in the United States have an early-emerging understanding that resources should be divided fairly among agents, yet their behavior does not begin to reflect this understanding until later in development. Why does this gap between knowledge and behavior exist, and how can we close it? Here, we tested the role of explicit prompts in closing the gap, asking whether prompting 4- to 9-year-olds to make fair decisions would promote the costly rejection of unfairness in the Inequity Game. Children were presented with either advantageous (more for actor, less for recipient) or disadvantageous (less for actor, more for recipient) allocations and assigned to one of three experimental conditions: Fairness Prompt, Autonomous Prompt, or Baseline. Prompt condition had a strong effect on advantageous but not disadvantageous inequity aversion. Indeed, a simple fairness prompt was enough to reveal advantageous inequity aversion at 5 years of age, roughly 2 years before it was seen in children in the Autonomous Prompt or Baseline conditions. This study points to the promise of simple prompts as a powerful means of encouraging costly fair behavior in childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Belief in a just world and fair behavior among clinical nurses: a moderated mediation model of empathy and observer justice sensitivity

BackgroundExploration of the relationship between nursing staffs’ justice in belief world and fair behavior is important to promote equity and access to health services in health organizations, as well as to enhance the quality of care. In order to further dissect the influencing factors of fair behavior among clinical nurses, the current study aims to investigate how belief in a just world influences the fair behavior among nurses. Based on the belief in a just world theory, the empathy-altruism theory and the protective-protective model, the current study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of belief in a just world on fair behavior by investigating the mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of observer justice sensitivity.MethodThis was a cross-sectional study. 571 registered clinical nurses were included from five hospitals in Fuzhou through a convenience sampling method. Measurements included Chinese translations of belief in a just world scale, empathy scale, observer justice sensitivity scale, fair behavior scale. SPSS 22.0 was used to describe descriptive statistics and the variables’ Pearson correlation coefficient. SPSS PROCESS macro Model 4 and model 14 were used to examine the mediation and the moderation between the relationship of belief in a just world and fairness behavior.ResultThe results shower that fairness behavior was positively correlated with one’s belief in a just world (r = 0.26, p < 0.01); (2)empathy mediated the relationship between belief in a just world and fair behavior. The mediation model explains 20.83%; (3) Observer justice sensitivity moderated the relationship between empathy and fair behavior.ConclusionsBelief in a just world, empathy, and observer justice sensitivity were motivations for nurses’ fair behavior. Nursing administrators should focus on cultivating nurses’ belief in a just world, their empathy abilities, and positive qualities of justice sensitivity to enhance fair behavior in a healthcare setting.

Time pressure increases children's aversion to advantageous inequity.

The relative contribution of intuitive and reflective cognitive systems in cooperative decision making is a topic of hot debate. Research with adults suggests that intuition often favors cooperation, but these effects are contextually sensitive. Emerging evidence has shown that in many contexts children show a tendency toward intuitive cooperation, but research investigating these processes in children is sparse and has produced mixed findings. In the current study we investigated the influence of intuitive and reflective decision processes on children's fairness behavior by manipulating decision time. We tested (N = 158) pairs of children between 4 and 10 years of age from a rural community in Canada. Children's decisions to accept or reject allocations of candies were either made under time pressure or after a 10-s delay. We assessed the impact of decision time on children's aversion to inequitable distributions of resources by comparing their responses to equal allocations with either disadvantageous allocations or advantageous allocations. We found that children showed a greater age-related increase in advantageous inequity aversion when decisions were made under time pressure compared to when they were made after a delay. In contrast, we did not observe a significant impact of decision time on the development of disadvantageous inequity aversion. These findings suggest that intuitive decision processes may contribute to the development of fairness concerns in middle childhood.

Emergence of Fairness Behavior Driven by Reputation-Based Voluntary Participation in Evolutionary Dictator Games

Emergence of Fairness Behavior Driven by Reputation-Based Voluntary Participation in Evolutionary Dictator Games

Advice and behavior in a dictator game: An experimental study

We experimentally examine the effects of advice on decision making in a dictator game in which participants receive no advice, selfish advice, or fair advice before making decisions and the advisors do not benefit from the decision makers’ actions. We find that participants receiving fair advice are more inclined to exhibit fair behavior, whereas those receiving selfish advice are more likely to act selfishly; however, no significant difference in magnitude between the effects of fair and selfish advice is found. We also discover that both types of advice have a more pronounced impact on participants with relatively lower social tendencies, as indicated by the social value orientation test. This study is the first to directly demonstrate the impact of fair and selfish advice in moral dilemmas.

Common and distinct equity preferences in children and adults.

Fairness plays a crucial role in children's social life and has garnered considerable attention. However, previous research and theories primarily examined the development of children's fairness behaviors in the conflict between self-interest motivation and fairness-complying motivation, neglecting the influence of advantage-seeking motivation. Moreover, despite the well-established role of gain/loss frame in human decision-making, it remains largely unclear whether the framing effect modulates fairness behaviors in children. It was hypothesized that children would exhibit advantage-seeking motivation resulting in more selfish behaviors in the loss context. To examine the hypothesis, we combined an adapted dictator game and computational modeling to investigate various motivations underlying fairness behaviors of children in both loss and gain contexts and to explore the developmental directions by contrasting children and adults. In addition, the current design enabled the dissociation between fairness knowledge and behaviors by asking participants to decide for themselves (the first-party role) or for others (the third-party role). This study recruited a total of 34 children (9-10 years, Mage = 9.82, SDage = 0.38, 16 females) and 31 college students (Mage = 19.81, SDage = 1.40, 17 females). The behavioral results indicated that children behaved more selfishly in first-party and more fairly in third-party than adults, without any significant framing effects. The computational results revealed that both children and adults exhibited aversion to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity in third-party. However, they showed distinct preferences for advantageous inequity in first-party, with advantage-seeking preferences among children and aversion to advantageous inequity among adults. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of children's social preferences and their developmental directions.

Fish Trader Behavior of Fish Market Mentaya Kota Sampit Based on The Principles of Islamic Business Ethics

This research is motivated by behavior that does not follow Islamic business ethics principles based on initial observations made by the author through interviews with two fish merchants. The purpose of this study is to find out how the behavior of fish traders and the application of Islamic business ethics to the conduct of fish merchants at Mentaya fish market, Sampit City. This research is field research, with the subject being fish merchants who sell on fishing boats in the Mentaya Fish Market, Sampit City, totaling ten informants. The analysis used in presenting and compiling the data is descriptive qualitative analysis. Based on the results of this study: First, the Islamic business ethics behavior of 10 fish traders at the Mentaya fish market in Sampit City can be seen from several behaviors such as Free Will, Responsibility/Trust, Honesty, and Delivering. All traders apply these behaviors. Meanwhile, according to the conduct of Tauhid/Unity, only 4 out of 10 fish merchants have implemented this behavior, and for Fair behavior, 8 out of 10 traders have implemented this behavior. Second, judging from the application of Islamic business ethics to the conduct of fish merchants at the Mentaya fish market, Sampit City, who has implemented Islamic business ethics behavior as a whole, from 10 informants, only two people, or about 20%.

Discovering the Components of an Efficient Administrative System with a Focus on the Jihadi Management Approach and Organizational Justice in the Social Security Organization

Objective: The objective of this study is to discover the components of an efficient administrative system that also incorporates elements of jihadi management and organizational justice. Methodology: The philosophy of this research is interpretive, the approach is qualitative, the strategy is grounded theory with an emergent approach, and the analysis method is thematic analysis based on Glaserian coding. The study population consists of the managers of the Social Security Organization in Kerman province, which was selected as the statistical population. The sample includes 21 individuals with at least 10 years of relevant work experience and comprehensive knowledge of administrative efficiency processes. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and theoretical sampling was employed to select participants. The reliability of the findings (validity and reliability) was ensured using the four criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln, including credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Findings: The findings revealed 15 components and 80 categories. These components include administrative efficiency, an efficient culture, organizational justice, corruption control, commitment to jihadi values, high productivity, service quality, transparency and accountability, innovation and continuous improvement, jihadi management, performance management, governance, fair laws, fair behavior, and fair evaluation. Conclusion: The results indicated that these dimensions and components can be considered as the most important criteria for evaluating administrative efficiency and ultimately creating efficiency in the administrative system.

Analisis Pemahaman dan Implementasi Nilai-nilai Multikulturalisme dalam Hadis Sebagai Landasan untuk Membangun Harmoni Sosial di Era Globalisasi

&lt;p&gt;This research aims to analyze the understanding and implementation of multiculturalism values in the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a foundation for building social harmony in the era of globalization. The research methodology used is a descriptive-analytical method, which involves collecting data from primary and secondary sources, followed by analyzing the collected data. Primary data is gathered from hadith collections related to multiculturalism, while secondary data is obtained from literature such as journals and books relevant to the topic under discussion. The results of this research indicate that the multiculturalism values analyzed by the author encompass three aspects: human equality, tolerance, and fair behavior within Human Rights. Additionally, there are efforts to enhance the understanding and implementation of multiculturalism values, such as through (1) education and religious understanding by integrating multicultural values into ethics and social interactions related to justice, unity, equal rights, tolerance, and mutual assistance, (2) interfaith dialogue that can be facilitated through the Bottom-Up Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB), involving religious figures and community members, (3) dissemination of positive information by providing character education to teach how to detect fake news and reduce the spread of fake news and hate speech in society, and (4) cross-cultural understanding that can be developed as an additional skill when adapting to a region, enabling communication and interaction with peers from different cultural backgrounds. However, the article also identifies several challenges, such as lack of religious understanding, religious fanaticism, structural injustice, and the rising extremism and intoleranceIn the era of globalization, where changes and complexities occur within society, the multiculturalism values present in the hadiths become increasingly important in building social harmony and maintaining interfaith coexistence. Therefore, the understanding and implementation of multiculturalism values within the hadiths need to be continually enhanced and disseminated to the entire community.&lt;/p&gt;

Eğitim Kurumlarında Örgütsel Adalet Algısının Oluşmasında Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Rolünün İncelenmesi

Abstract The relationship between teachers and school management in educational institutions can directly affect the Deciency level of the school. The situation of the teachers in the institution constitutes a decisive influence on the students' performances for the future. The fact that school principals develop a fair management towards teachers, that is, they exhibit a fair attitude in the distribution of merit and equality, will reveal a positive development course in teachers' perceptions of justice towards school management and the institution. The fact that the value of the work that teachers have done in the school is appreciated and respected by the school administration, that is, the output process takes place at the desired stage, creates an indicator of the fair behavior of school principals towards teachers, while at the same time enabling teachers to have more confidence in school principals and, indirectly, in the institution. Maintaining organizational functioning in educational institutions in a fair manner is one of the issues that teachers attach importance to. In the process of making and implementing decisions, the fact that school principals share healthy information with teachers and maintain a transparent management approach has a positive impact on teachers' perceptions of justice. Key Words: Educational Institutions, Organizational Justice, Teacher, Education Administrator

The Relationship of Common Cold Knowledge Level and Self-Medication Behavior in Non-Faculty of Health Students at Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah University

The results of the National Health Survey in 2016 showed that 72.44% of the people carried out self-medicationtreatment and data from the Health Profile of the Bantul District Health Office in 2019. Acute nasopharyngitis(Common cold) was included in the top ten diseases with 84,142 patients. Self-medication behavior must befollowed with high knowledge in order for treatment to be appropriate and rational. This study aims to determinetherelation between the level of common cold knowledge and common cold self-medication behavior innon-healthfaculty students at the University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. This was an observational study withacross-sectional research design using descriptive analysis. The sampling technique used was the probabilitysamplingtechnique with systematic random sampling. In this study, 400 respondents who were non-medical students at theUniversity of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta were included in the study. The instruments used in this studywereacommon cold knowledge level questionnaire and a common cold self-medication behavior questionnaire. Thedatawere analyzed using the spearman rank correlation test. The results of this study showed that the level of knowledgeof respondents regarding common cold self-medication was known, namely 84.5% of respondents were includedinthe category of high knowledge, 15.5% of the category of fair knowledge. For common cold self-medicationbehavior, 82.3% were found to be in the high behavior category, 12.5% in the fair behavior category, and5.4%inthe poor behavior category. The results of the correlation test between the level of knowledge and self-medicationbehavior produced a significant correlation value (p-value 0.005) with a correlation coefficient of 0.141. Basedonthe results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a relation between the level of common cold knowledgeandthe behavior of common cold self-medication in non-medical faculty students at the University of MuhammadiyahYogyakarta.

The Impact of Linking Three Different Incentive Methods to Specific, Challenging Goals

Despite a great deal of research investigating incentives and goal setting more broadly, little is known about the linking of goals and goal attainment to different monetary incentive structures, or the manner in which such structural choices impact various job attitudes and job performance. Consequently, a quasi-field experiment, a laboratory experiment, and an on-line survey experiment examined the effects of three monetary incentive systems on task performance (exps. 1, 3), counterproductive behavior (exper. 2), and perceptions of fairness (exps. 1, 3). Additionally, the mediating effect of prolonged effort/persistence (exp. 3) was tested. The results revealed that an all-or-nothing distal goal method of linking a monetary incentive to a goal under-performs the multiple proximal goals and linear piece-rate methods with regard to task performance, counterproductive behavior, and perceptions of fairness. The results of the third experiment revealed that persistence and perceptions of fairness mediate the monetary incentive-task goal performance relationship.

Fair Healthcare Practices in Orthopedics Assessed with a New Framework.

Background and Objectives: Healthcare systems are supported by the European ideology to develop their egalitarian concerns and to encourage the correct and fair behavior of medical staff. By integrating fair healthcare practices into sustainability, this requirement is addressed. In this research, our objective is to develop and validate, in the current activity of healthcare facilities, a new instrument for evaluating fair healthcare practices as a component of social responsibility integrated into sustainability. Materials and Methods: The research methods consist of deciding the domains of a new framework that integrates fair healthcare practices; the collection of the most recent fair healthcare practices reported by healthcare facilities around the world; elaboration of the contents and evaluation grids of the indicators; the integration of indicators related to fair healthcare practices in the matrix of the new framework for sustainable development; validation of the theoretical model at an orthopedic hospital. Results: The theoretical model of the new framework is composed of five domains: organizational management, provision of sustainable medical care services, economic, environmental, and social. The last domain is developed on the structure of the seven subdomains of the social responsibility standard ISO 26000. The seven indicators that describe fair healthcare practices are attitudes of the profession towards accreditation, effective intervention application, promoting a culture of patient safety, characteristics that affect the effectiveness of transfers, effective healthcare practices, feedback to medical staff, safety checklists. The new reference framework was implemented and validated in practice at an emergency hospital with an orthopedic profile. Conclusions: The practical implementation highlighted the usefulness of the new reference framework, its compatibility, and the possibility of integration with the reference frameworks for the evaluation of European hospitals, with the national legislation for the accreditation of hospitals and outpatient units, as well as with the ISO 9001 standard regarding the implementation of quality management systems. Its added value consists in promoting sustainable development by orienting staff, patients, and interested parties towards sustainability.

Setting the stage: Fairness behavior in virtual reality dictator games

By utilizing an experimental approach, we investigate how interactional effects and different virtual environment settings (e.g. office, surreal and control group) change human behavior. For this purpose, we conduct a series of 101 double-blind dictator games in both a physical and two differing virtual settings. Our results provide evidence that virtual environments are playing an important role in shaping the economic behavior of our participants. We show that virtually mediated interactions between two participants within a formal virtual office setting lead to less equal sharing compared to our control group. Equal sharing is more common in surreal virtual environments. Thereby, we find evidence for the workings of either anchoring or framing effects. Our results are particularly relevant as negotiations and meetings can be expected increasingly to take place via VR.

Correction to Amir et al. (2023).

Reports an error in "Computational signatures of inequity aversion in children across seven societies" by Dorsa Amir, David Melnikoff, Felix Warneken, Peter R. Blake, John Corbit, Tara C. Callaghan, Oumar Barry, Aleah Bowie, Lauren Kleutsch, Karen L. Kramer, Elizabeth Ross, Hurnan Vongsachang, Richard Wrangham and Katherine McAuliffe (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Advanced Online Publication, May 08, 2023, np). In the original article, there were affiliation errors for the first and 14th authors. The affiliations for Dorsa Amir are Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Psychology, Boston College. The affiliation for Katherine McAuliffe is Department of Psychology, Boston College. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2023-69306-001). Inequity aversion is an important factor in fairness behavior. Previous work suggests that children show more cross-cultural variation in their willingness to reject allocations that would give them more rewards than their partner-advantageous inequity-as opposed to allocations that would give them less than their partner-disadvantageous inequity. However, as past work has relied solely on children's decisions to accept or reject these offers, the algorithms underlying this pattern of variation remain unclear. Here, we explore the computational signatures of inequity aversion by applying a computational model of decision-making to data from children (N = 807) who played the Inequity Game across seven societies. Specifically, we used drift-diffusion models to formally distinguish evaluative processing (i.e., the computation of the subjective value of accepting or rejecting inequity) from alternative factors such as decision speed and response strategies. Our results suggest that variation in the development of inequity aversion across societies is best accounted for by variation in the drift rate-the direction and strength of the evaluative preference. Our findings underscore the utility of looking beyond decision data to better understand behavioral diversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Computational signatures of inequity aversion in children across seven societies.

Inequity aversion is an important factor in fairness behavior. Previous work suggests that children show more cross-cultural variation in their willingness to reject allocations that would give them more rewards than their partner-advantageous inequity-as opposed to allocations that would give them less than their partner-disadvantageous inequity. However, as past work has relied solely on children's decisions to accept or reject these offers, the algorithms underlying this pattern of variation remain unclear. Here, we explore the computational signatures of inequity aversion by applying a computational model of decision-making to data from children (N = 807) who played the Inequity Game across seven societies. Specifically, we used drift-diffusion models to formally distinguish evaluative processing (i.e., the computation of the subjective value of accepting or rejecting inequity) from alternative factors such as decision speed and response strategies. Our results suggest that variation in the development of inequity aversion across societies is best accounted for by variation in the drift rate-the direction and strength of the evaluative preference. Our findings underscore the utility of looking beyond decision data to better understand behavioral diversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Community-driven governance of FAIRness assessment: an open issue, an open discussion.

Although FAIR Research Data Principles are targeted at and implemented by different communities, research disciplines, and research stakeholders (data stewards, curators, etc.), there is no conclusive way to determine the level of FAIRness intended or required to make research artefacts (including, but not limited to, research data) Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The FAIR Principles cover all types of digital objects, metadata, and infrastructures. However, they focus their narrative on data features that support their reusability. FAIR defines principles, not standards, and therefore they do not propose a mechanism to achieve the behaviours they describe in an attempt to be technology/implementation neutral. Various FAIR assessment metrics and tools have been designed to measure FAIRness. Unfortunately, the same digital objects assessed by different tools often exhibit widely different outcomes because of these independent interpretations of FAIR. This results in confusion among the publishers, the funders, and the users of digital research objects. Moreover, in the absence of a standard and transparent definition of what constitutes FAIR behaviours, there is a temptation to define existing approaches as being FAIR-compliant rather than having FAIR define the expected behaviours. This whitepaper identifies three high-level stakeholder categories -FAIR decision and policymakers, FAIR custodians, and FAIR practitioners - and provides examples outlining specific stakeholders' (hypothetical but anticipated) needs. It also examines possible models for governance based on the existing peer efforts, standardisation bodies, and other ways to acknowledge specifications and potential benefits. This whitepaper can serve as a starting point to foster an open discussion around FAIRness governance and the mechanism(s) that could be used to implement it, to be trusted, broadly representative, appropriately scoped, and sustainable. We invite engagement in this conversation in an open Google Group fair-assessment-governance@googlegroups.com.

Fair and Efficient Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Optimization Considering the Maximum Individual Waiting Time and Operating Cost

The shortage of charging piles and the soaring power demand of charging stations will lead to long waiting times for electric vehicles (EVs) that need to accomplish charging tasks. Most charging scheduling methods pay more attention to the overall waiting time, and they usually do not consider the time-aware fairness among EV users. Moreover, it has become important to schedule EVs effectively to minimize the operating cost of the station. This paper considers the trade-off between the time-aware fairness and overall waiting time of EVs to optimize the individual waiting time. A novel metric, the time-aware fairness index (TAFI), is proposed to evaluate the fairness performance for competing EVs. Therefore, a bi-objective charging and discharging scheduling problem is formulated. A novel online scheduling algorithm based on the dynamic schedulable time of EVs and the energy demand fluctuation of the station is proposed to obtain an optimal scheduling solution. Experimental results indicate that our method effectively reduces the total waiting time while minimizing the maximum individual waiting time and reducing the operating cost of the station. Moveover, the TAFI results confirm that the desired fairness behavior occurs.

Generalizing across moral sub-domains: infants bidirectionally link fairness and unfairness to helping and hindering.

Across two experiments, we investigated whether infants use prior behavior to form expectations about future behavior within the moral domain, focusing on the sub-domains of fairness and help/harm. In Experiment 1, 14- to 27-month-old infants were familiarized to an agent who either helped or hindered another agent to obtain her goal. At test, infants saw the helper or hinderer perform either a fair or unfair distribution of resources to two recipients. Infants familiarized to helping looked longer to the unfair distribution than the fair distribution at test, whereas infants familiarized to hindering looked equally at both test events, suggesting that hindering led infants to suspend baseline expectations of fairness. In Experiment 2, infants saw these events in reverse. Following familiarization to fair behavior, infants looked equally to helping and hindering; in contrast, following familiarization to unfair behavior, infants looked significantly longer to helping than hindering on test, suggesting that prior unfair behavior led infants to expect the agent to hinder another agent's goals. These results suggest that infants utilize prior information from one moral sub-domain to form expectations of how an individual will behave in another sub-domain, and that this tendency seems to manifest more strongly when infants initially see hindering and unfair distributions than when they see helping and fair distributions. Together, these findings provide evidence for consilience within the moral domain, starting by at least the second year of life.

Preschool‐aged children's responses to unfairness and subsequent sharing behavior in dyadic contexts

AbstractRecent research implicates the importance of social and contextual factors in children's fair behavior. Here, we explored the social and emotional influences that might contribute to fair behavior in young children. We examined 79 pairs of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children (N = 158; 85 female; M = 4.3 years; Range = 3.03–5.54) in a naturalistic sharing interaction to measure their verbal, emotional, and behavioral responses to an unfair distribution of rewards, as well as their subsequent sharing behavior. Children who received fewer rewards responded verbally, behaviorally, and emotionally as predicted, protesting the unfair distribution. However, children who received more rewards either failed to notice their partner's responses, or they failed to consider these responses when given the chance to behave prosocially and correct the unfair distribution. The only cue that predicted prosociality was a negative affective response from the disadvantaged peer.