Fair Behavior Research Articles

Hasil Belajar Matematika Melalui Model PJBL dalam Blended Learning Ditinjau dari Tingkat Integritas Akademik

Integrity is honest, fair behavior and shows consistency between words and actions. In the field of education, the term academic integrity is known. Academic integrity is behavior that is in accordance with the norms of truth in the academic context. there are five aspects in academic integrity, namely honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility. Academic integrity is very important to have so that a person behaves ethically in the learning process. a decrease in academic integrity has the potential to affect students' professional lives when working later. Lack of integrity in academics in a person can be influenced by several factors, both internal and external. The internal factor causing the lack of integrity is academic anxiety. This happens because of the worries that arise over failure in the exam, so students do various ways to get good test scores. the purpose of this study is to determine with the application of the PjBL learning model, whether there are significant differences in learning outcomes between students with high, medium and low integrity. The project given in the application of the PjBL model is expected to provide a different, fun, meaningful and challenging learning experience for students. The method used in this research is through cluster random sampling technique. The application of PjBL in blended learning with a project-shaped evaluation model produces the same learning outcomes for the three integrity groups. With the highest average learning outcomes coming from the medium integrity group followed by the high integrity group and the lowest average coming from the low integrity group.

Fairness and inequality acceptance in children and adolescents: A survey on behaviors in economic experiments

AbstractThis survey article provides an overview of the recent experimental economic literature on fairness‐related behaviors in children and adolescents. We discuss different motives underlying fair behavior, summarize the development of fairness and inequality acceptance across different developmental stages, and we shed light on behavioral heterogeneity with respect to gender, SES, and cultural background. Moreover, we also discuss the role of preferences and social norms as determinants of fair behavior in children and adolescents. To learn about the origins of fair behavior, we address the influence of social environments, such as the family and we discuss the potential contribution of the genetic disposition.

Distinct role of the right temporoparietal junction in advantageous and disadvantageous inequity: A tDCS study.

Fairness is a hallmark of humans' ability to maintain cooperative relationships with large numbers of unrelated others. It influences many aspects of daily life, from how people share their resources with partners to how policymakers shape income distribution policy. The right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) is a hub of the mentalizing network and it has been proposed to play a key role in guiding human reciprocal behavior; however, its precise functional contribution to fair behavior in situations of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of the rTPJ in relation to fair behavior in situations of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity by modulating the activation of the rTPJ through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Anodal tDCS at 1.5 mA over the primary visual cortex (VC) or rTPJ was performed and participants subsequently played a binary-choice version of the Dictator Game. We found that anodal tDCS over the rTPJ increased the participants' equity choices in the disadvantageous inequity situation but not in the advantageous inequity situation. The tDCS effect is moderated by sex and, in particular, the tDCS effect increases female equity choices. The results suggest that the rTPJ plays a distinct role in inequity aversion in these two types of inequity situations.

Fairness Preference of Preschoolers and the Effects of Family Background in China

Purpose This study investigates the fairness preference of five-year-old children in Shanghai, observing their distributive behaviors in both stakeholder and spectator games and showing how this behavior is linked to their family background. Design/Approach/Methods Participants had to make distributive choices in two experiments and distribute between themselves and another participant in the first choice. They had to distribute between two other participants in luck, merit, or efficiency situations in the second choice. Findings The results suggest that preschoolers showed a preference for splitting equally between themselves and another participant. The second choice showed a significant difference in fairness preference under a situation of luck between genders, and only children were more likely to accept an unequal allocation than those who had siblings. Originality/Value We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it illustrates the variety of factors that can influence a child's fairness preference and fairness behavior and suggests when and how these aspects develop in children. Further, this is an original study exploring the fairness preference of preschoolers in Shanghai using an experimental economics method.

Community-driven governance of FAIRness assessment: an open issue, an open discussion

Although FAIR Research Data Principles are targeted at and implemented by different communities, research disciplines, and research stakeholders (data stewards, curators, etc.), there is no conclusive way to determine the level of FAIRness intended or required to make research artefacts (including, but not limited to, research data) Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. The FAIR Principles cover all types of digital objects, metadata, and infrastructures. However, they focus their narrative on data features that support their reusability. FAIR defines principles, not standards, and therefore they do not propose a mechanism to achieve the behaviours they describe in an attempt to be technology/implementation neutral. A range of FAIR assessment metrics and tools have been designed that measure FAIRness. Unfortunately, the same digital objects assessed by different tools often exhibit widely different outcomes because of these independent interpretations of FAIR. This results in confusion among the publishers, the funders, and the users of digital research objects. Moreover, in the absence of a standard and transparent definition of what constitutes FAIR behaviours, there is a temptation to define existing approaches as being FAIR-compliant rather than having FAIR define the expected behaviours. This whitepaper identifies three high-level stakeholder categories -FAIR decision and policymakers, FAIR custodians, and FAIR practitioners - and provides examples outlining specific stakeholders' (hypothetical but anticipated) needs. It also examines possible models for governance based on the existing peer efforts, standardisation bodies, and other ways to acknowledge specifications and potential benefits. This whitepaper can serve as a starting point to foster an open discussion around FAIRness governance and the mechanism(s) that could be used to implement it, to be trusted, broadly representative, appropriately scoped, and sustainable. We invite engagement in this conversation in an open Google Group fair-assessment-governance@googlegroups.com

Modeling and analysis of a sustainable supply chain with fairness concerns and green-sensitive consumer demand

PurposeWith the global spread of environmental education, environmental awareness is becoming increasingly important in daily life and economic activities. Sustainable development, as the most effective development approach to address global climate change, has gradually become a research hotspot in countries around the world. The authors combine sustainable development with supply chain management and incorporate into the study the objective issue of corporate fairness preferences in real society to explore the pricing and product greenness decision problem of a secondary sustainable supply chain consisting of a manufacturer producing green products and a retailer selling green products. In particular, the authors explore how supply chain decisions change when both the manufacturer and the retailer focus on fairness and how this fairness behavior affects pricing and product greenness decisions in sustainable supply chains.Design/methodology/approachThe authors consider that the manufacturers' greening efforts lead to expanded demand at the retail end. Upstream and downstream firms in the supply chain have preferences for the fairness of transactions. The impact of the fairness behavior of upstream and downstream firms in the supply chain on supply chain decisions is explored by building a Stackelberg game model.FindingsThe results of this study show that the fairness concern behavior of manufacturers and retailers in the supply chain has an impact on product greenness, product pricing and corporate profits.Originality/valueThis study on the fairness concern behavior of supply chain firms integrates behavioral economics and supply chain management. First, the authors consider the equilibrium problem of supply chain members in the centralized channel when there are no fairness preferences. Second, the decision problem of firms in the decentralized channel when fairness is considered and when fairness preferences are not considered is explored. The authors compare these three cases to derive the corresponding propositions. Finally, the authors verify the previous conclusions and draw other conclusions using arithmetic analysis.

Optimal decisions and channel coordination of a green supply chain with marketing effort and fairness concerns

Abstract This paper addresses the optimal decisions and channel coordination issues in a green supply chain composed of a socially responsible manufacturer and a fair-mined retailer, where the manufacturer invests in advanced facilities/technologies to improve green quality of products, and the retailer exerts marketing effort to enhance market demand. We develop supply chain models under three scenarios: centralized system, wholesale price (WP) contract without fairness concerns, and WP contract with fairness concerns. Our results show that the retailer’s fairness behavior further causes a benefit for herself, while the manufacturer and the total supply chain to suffer. Moreover, a revenue-cost-sharing (RCS) contract is introduced to coordinate supply chain . We prove that a win-win outcome is reachable, and the RCS contract is applicable in practice.

The Influence of Robots' Fairness on Humans' Reward-Punishment Behaviors and Trust in Human-Robot Cooperative Teams.

Based on social exchange theory, this study investigates the effects of robots' fairness and social status on humans' reward-punishment behaviors and trust in human-robot interactions. In human-robot teamwork, robots show fair behaviors, dedication (altruistic unfair behaviors), and selfishness (self-interested unfair behaviors), but few studies have discussed the effects of these robots' behaviors on teamwork. This study adopts a 3 (the independent variable is the robot's fairness: self-interested unfair behaviors, fair behaviors, and altruistic unfair behaviors) × 3 (the moderator variable is the robot's social status: superior, peer, and subordinate) experimental design. Each participant and a robot completed the experimental task together through a computer. When robots have different social statuses, the more altruistic the fairness of the robot, the more reward behaviors, the fewer punishment behaviors, and the higher human-robot trust of humans. Robots' higher social status weakens the influence of their fairness on humans' punishment behaviors. Human-robot trust will increase humans' reward behaviors and decrease humans' punishment behaviors. Humans' reward-punishment behaviors will increase repaired human-robot trust. Robots' fairness has a significant impact on humans' reward-punishment behaviors and trust. Robots' social status moderates the effect of their fair behavior on humans' punishment behavior. There is an interaction between humans' reward-punishment behaviors and trust. The study can help to better understand the interaction mechanism of the human-robot team and can better serve the management and cooperation of the human-robot team by appropriately adjusting the robots' fairness and social status.

Content Analysis of Gorontalo Dikili Manuscript and the Relevance to Message and Values of Kindness

The study aims to analyze the content of the Gorontalo Dikili manuscript and its relevance to messages and values ​​of kindness. This research is library research with a descriptive qualitative approach. Primary data were collected and identified through documents in the form of manuscripts and written with APG script, totalling 10 main themes and containing 297 couplets. Secondary data in the form of video recordings
 The data is processed following the stages of philological analysis by reading the manuscript, identification, editing, and interpretation. The interpretation technique is done by directed content analysis. The results of this study indicate that the manuscript in Gorontalo contains messages and values of kindness that can be used as lessons and examples in following the sunnah of the Prophet. The values ​​of goodness include: The value of spiritual education is related to patience and independence as an orphan. Moral values, in the form of fair behaviour in acting and behaving. Cultural values ​​are related to the recommendation of circumcision which is useful for maintaining genital hygiene for men, maintaining the respectfulness of women to avoid disgraceful attitudes and traits, and tolerant behaviour toward adherents of other religions. Social value is found in the sincere attitude of giving and willing to share, and always giving benefits to others.
 This research has implications for information about the contents of the dikili manuscript which has not been revealed, so the celebration of the prophet's birthday by re-reading the prophet's life history text needs to be preserved.

Methods of administrative and legal enforcement of fair behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine

The purpose of the article was to define the concept and types of methods of administrative and legal support for the respectable behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
 The article determines that the problem of methodology is basic for any field of scientific activity. Attention is focused on the fact that methods, doctrines and paradigms find their embodiment and practical confirmation of the hypotheses of researchers put forward to solve topical theoretical and practical issues. The methods of administrative and legal support are an important part of the updated theory of administrative law, the provisions of which can be applied to the analysis of new social relations, in particular, in the field of virtue of military officials.
 Arguments are given that the methods of administrative and legal support for the respectable behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine are the most established legal methods and methods for achieving the performance by a military person of those actions that he is obliged to implement during his service, and refraining from prohibited and undesirable actions (inaction ).
 The classification is proposed for the methods of administrative and legal support of the respectable behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which includes the following groups of methods: a) “hard” law methods, which include methods of subordination and coordination; b) methods of “soft” law, in particular, methods of legal harmonization, unification, modeling of the desired behavior of military personnel.
 It is concluded that the methods of administrative and legal support for the good behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine are characterized by the following features: a) they are not always legal; b) they combine legal and moral and ethical elements; c) the use of the studied methods is of a longitudinal nature and is intended for long-term use, which is due to the duration of the processes of formation of personality attitudes in her professional activities.

Probabilistic fair behaviors spark its boost in the Ultimatum game: the strength of good Samaritans

Behavioral experiments on the Ultimatum game have shown that we human beings have a remarkable preference in fair play, contradicting the predictions by the game theory. Most of the existing models seeking for explanations, however, strictly follow the assumption of Homo economicus in orthodox economics that people are self-interested and fully rational to maximize their earnings. Here we relax this assumption by allowing that people probabilistically choose to be ‘good Samaritans’, acting as fair players from time to time. For well-mixed and homogeneously structured populations, we numerically show that as this probability increases the level of fairness undergoes from the low scenario abruptly to the full fairness state, where occasional fair behaviors are sufficient to drive the whole population to behave in the half–half split manner. We also develop a mean-field theory, which correctly reproduces the first-order phase transition and points out the reason. Heterogeneously structured populations, however, display continuous fairness transition; surprisingly, very few hub nodes acting as fair players are able to entrain the whole population to the full fairness state. Our results thus reveal the unexpected strength of ‘good Samaritans’, which may constitute a new explanation for the emergence of fairness in our society.

Leadership dimension: increasing employee satisfaction and engagement in travel industry

Employee engagement becomes one of the most important driving factors in the success of business processes because it can provide high motivation for the employees' positive behavior and support the achievement of the travel company goals. Positive behavior includes striving to provide the best service and ensure consumer satisfaction. Various studies explain the relationship of employee engagement with leadership and employee satisfaction factors. This study aims to analyze the effect of leadership and employee satisfaction on fostering employee engagement. The research instrument used questionnaires as a data-gathering tool. About 77 travel agency employees participated as respondents based on accidental sampling techniques. Data analysis used SEM-PLS with Smart PLS software. The results showed that leadership affects employee satisfaction and engagement. Leadership having fair behavior and being accommodative to the employees’ needs and interests will foster employee satisfaction, which ultimately affects employees engagement. Therefore, it is important for the company to improve the leadership factor

Empathy and teachers’ fairness behavior: The mediating role of moral obligation and moderating role of social value orientation

This study examined the mediating effect of moral obligation and moderating effect of social value orientation on the relationship between empathy and fairness behavior in Chinese teachers. Seven hundred and twenty-six Chinese teachers completed self-reported questionnaires regarding empathy, moral obligation, social value orientation, and fairness behavior. The results revealed that moral obligation mediated the link between empathy and teachers’ fairness behavior. Teachers’ social value orientation moderated the associations between empathy and moral obligation and moral obligation and fairness behavior. The associations between empathy and moral obligation and moral obligation and fairness behavior were more robust for those with high SVO scores (i.e., prosocial). This study identified the critical factors associated with teachers’ fairness behavior, supplying empirical support for existing theories and providing practical implications for interventions designed to improve Chinese teachers’ classroom environment.

СЕНСИТИВНІСТЬ В АСПЕКТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЦІННІСНОГО СТАВЛЕННЯ ДО МОРАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВИХ НОРМ У ДІТЕЙ

Legal education of children at the stages of preschool and primary school age, when the foundation of citizenship, morality, legal education is laid, the effectiveness of which depends on the effectiveness of the process of becoming a responsible citizen of the country. The article deals with the prospects of forming a value attitude to moral and legal norms in children based on a survey of their parents and teachers. It is noted that receiving information from an adult about human rights, the child begins to relate them to moral values. Gradually, the moral and legal ideas that are formed in the child, form a personal system of legal ideals and beliefs, on the basis of which she will later be able to assess legal information, forming its own sensitivity to the assimilation of legal norms. In particular, the child first learns the moral norms on the basis of which he is able to evaluate actions for morality or immorality ("what is good and what is bad", "what can be done and what should be avoided"). In this way, the child in his behavior is adjusted to actions in accordance with the norms of morality. Gradually, it becomes available to understand the child that people are punished for certain antisocial, illegal acts (sometimes children are afraid that they will be taken to the police), according to state laws, awareness of the existence and functioning of institutions with punitive powers. In the future, adults should form children's ideas about human offenses in terms of their legal behavior or vice versa - immorality and inadmissibility of certain actions and deeds, as well as acts contrary to the principles of law already known to children and violate the rights of others. The result of this process is the child's awareness of the injustice of the offense and the differentiation of its legal and moral ideas, which allows you to assess the behavior of yourself and others from the standpoint of justice-injustice with the legitimacy of priority and significance. In this approach, the moral assessment of fair behavior is perceived by the child as secondary.

Effects of Academic Integrity of Faculty Members on Students’ Ethical Behavior

Education is fundamental tool in achieving sustainable development. Higher education institutions play vital role in providing a nation with required skilled manpower, needed to foster sustainable development. For these higher education institutions to achieve their goals and respond positively towards meeting needs of the society, ethical behavior of various actors is crucial. Therefore, this study examined the effects of faculty members’ academic integrity on students’ ethical behavior in universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 450 students were sampled across three public universities in the country. Random sampling method was used in selecting the participants in this study. The study made use of a 30-item questionnaire on academic integrity and ethical behavior. This was adapted into Kingdom of Saudi Arabia universities. The methods of data analysis used in this study are simple percentage and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to examine the relationship between faculty members’ academic integrity and students’ ethical behavior. The result shows that there is a relationship between honest, fairness, responsibility, respect, trust, and ethical behavior of students. In order to ensure sustainable higher education development in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia academic, leaders and policy makers must encourage faculty members to uphold true academia and display good academic integrity as a measure towards influencing the moral and ethical behavior of their students.

Does trait interpersonal fairness moderate situational influence on fairness behavior?

Although fairness is a key moral trait, limited research focuses on participants' observed fairness behavior because moral traits are generally measured through self-report. This experiment focused on day-to-day interpersonal fairness rather than impersonal justice, and fairness was assessed as observed behavior. The experiment investigated whether a self-reported fairness trait would moderate a situational influence on observed fairness behavior, such that individuals with a stronger fairness trait would be less affected by a situational influence than those with a weaker fairness trait. We used an iterated resource game in which participants could withdraw resources as they chose, and we manipulated the number of resources bogus players withdrew. The number of resources participants withdrew was the behavioral measure of fairness. Results confirmed the expected moderation of the unfairness manipulation by a fairness trait on observed behavior. Those reporting a stronger fairness trait were unaffected by the manipulation, whereas those reporting a weaker fairness trait were more strongly influenced.

Do self-talk phrases affect behavior in ultimatum games?

The current study investigates whether self-talk phrases can influence behavior in Ultimatum Games. In our three self-talk treatments, participants were instructed to tell themselves (i) to keep their own interests in mind, (ii) to also think of the other person, or (iii) to take some time to contemplate their decision. We investigate how such so-called experimenter-determined strategic self-talk phrases affect behavior and emotions in comparison to a control treatment without instructed self-talk. The results demonstrate that other-focused self-talk can nudge proposers towards fair behavior, as offers were higher in this group than in the other conditions. For responders, self-talk tended to increase acceptance rates of unfair offers as compared to the condition without self-talk. This effect is significant for both other-focused and contemplation-inducing self-talk but not for self-focused self-talk. In the self-focused condition, responders were most dissatisfied with unfair offers. These findings suggest that use of self-talk can increase acceptance rates in responders, and that focusing on personal interests can undermine this effect as it negatively impacts the responders’ emotional experience. In sum, our study shows that strategic self-talk interventions can be used to affect behavior in bargaining situations.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR: A CASE STUDY OF WIPRO

Every organization’s existence is aimed at designing their operations in the pursuit of making monetary benefits through vision and mission. Letting employees understand the vision and goal of the organization helps the employee to understand the ideas and milestones of the organizations. Work from home scenario across industries has brought in a new challenge to communication connectivity with the workforce. Organizations have to communicate not only their goals to the employees but also should gain the trust of their employees. Organizational justice is one of such factors which employees are keenly looking as the word of promise from employers. It articulates, how employer should conduct themselves with employees, so that they sense organization treated them properly. This study is aimed at identifying the employee’s perception about organizational justice and explored a relationship if any existing amid organizational fairness and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Researcher has adopted a descriptive analysis and this has study has used a well structure questionnaire consisting of three parts measuring: 1. Organizational Justice (OJ), 2. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and 3. Demographic details. This study has used convenience-sampling technique for selection of samples from the population i.e., employees from Wipro in Bengaluru city. A detailed analysis using SPSS tool revealed a direct and positive significant association between OJ and OCB. Among the dimensions of OJ: Spatial justice, Interactional justice and Distributive justice had a positive substantial influence on OCB. Other two factors of OJ namely: Procedural, Temporal dimensions of OJ had no noteworthy impact on OCB.

Fairness takes time: Development of cooperative decision making in fairness context

The current study examined the development of fairness behavior and tested whether children’s fair choices are fast and intuitive or slow and deliberate. Reaction times were measured while 4- to 9-year-olds (N = 94, 49 girls, 84.6% White) completed a novel social decision-making task contrasting fair choices with selfish choices. Fairness behavior increased during childhood, shifting from predominantly selfish choices among young children to fair choices by 7 years of age. Moreover, young children’s fair choices were slow and deliberate, whereas reaction times did not predict older children’s choices. These findings contrast with adults’ intuitive cooperation and point to protracted development and learning of cooperative decision making in fairness contexts.

Investigating a green supply chain with product recycling under retailer's fairness behavior

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Due to the rapid increment of environmental pollution and advancement of society, recently many manufacturing firms have started greening their products and focusing on product remanufacturing. The retailing firms are also taking several efforts for marketing those products and thinking more about the fairness of the business. Keeping this in mind, this study investigates the effect of recycling activity and the retailer's fairness behavior on pricing, green improvement, and marketing effort in a closed-loop green supply chain. In the forward channel, the manufacturer sells the green product through the retailer while in the reverse channel, either the manufacturer or the retailer or an independent third-party collects used products. The centralized model and six decentralized models are developed depending on the retailer's fairness behavior and/or product recycling. The optimal results are derived and compared analytically. The analytical results are verified by exemplifying a numerical example. A restitution-based wholesale price contract is developed to resolve the channel conflicts and coordinate the supply chain. Our results reveal that (ⅰ) the manufacturer never selects the third-party as a collector of used products under fair-neutral retailer, (ⅱ) the fairness behavior of the retailer improves her profitability but it diminishes the manufacturer's profit, and (ⅲ) if the manufacturer does not pay much transfer price, then the collection through the third-party is preferable to the fair-minded retailer.</p>