Failure Of Water Supply Research Articles

Diversity, Physiochemical and Phylogenetic Analyses of Bacteria Isolated from Various Drinking Water Sources.

Objective:To evaluate the indigenous bacterial strains of drinking water from the most commercial water types including bottled and filtered water that are currently used in Saudi Arabia.Methods:Thirty randomly selected commercial brands of bottled water were purchased from Saudi local markets. Moreover, samples from tap water and filtered water were collected in sterilized glass bottles and stored at 4°C. Biochemical analyses including pH, temperature, lactose fermentation test (LAC), indole test (IND), methyl red test (MR), Voges-Proskauer test (VP), urease test (URE), catalase test (CAT), aerobic and anaerobic test (Ae/An) were measured. Molecular identification and comparative sequence analyses were done by full length 16S rRNA gene sequences using gene bank databases and phylogenetic trees were constructed to see the closely related similarity index between bacterial strains.Results:Among 30 water samples tested, 18 were found positive for bacterial growth. Molecular identification of four selected bacterial strains indicated the alarming presence of pathogenic bacteria Bacillus spp. in most common commercial types of drinking water used in Saudi Arabia.Conclusion:The lack of awareness about good sanitation, poor personal hygienic practices and failure of safe water management and supply are the important factors for poor drinking water quality in these sources, need to be addressed.

Institutional Analysis of Drinking Water Supply Failure: Lessons from Flint, Michigan

AbstractIn addition to infrastructure and regulatory controls, safe drinking water systems require effective institutional arrangements and governance to sustain services and guard against failures...

Manipulación de alimentos en el ambiente doméstico como un factor de vulnerabilidad a las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos

Introduction: the concept of food security and nutrition is based on the regular and sufficient access to food of adequate quality and it implies food safety as one of its dimensions. Objective: to analyze the sanitary and hygienic conditions of food handling in households in Chapecó (SC), Brazil. Materials and Methods: descriptive study with 138 households selected by systematic sampling to a 5% significance level and a 4% acceptable error. We applied a questionnaire to the person who was the responsible for food handling in each household. We used descriptive and inferential statistics and we interpreted the data according to health vulnerability framework. Results: we highlight that 50.7% (n=70) reported to just wash vegetables with water, 71% (n=98) reported to wash cutting boards with detergent and cold water, 33, 3% (n=46) reported the use of raw eggs. There was no association between the source of water supply and sanitary failures observed. Conclusions: safe food handling procedures are not adopted in a reasonable proportion of households, which may explain the vulnerability to foodborne diseases in these environments.

Revealing catastrophic failure of leaf networks under stress

The intricate patterns of veins that adorn the leaves of land plants are among the most important networks in biology. Water flows in these leaf irrigation networks under tension and is vulnerable to embolism-forming cavitations, which cut off water supply, ultimately causing leaf death. Understanding the ways in which plants structure their vein supply network to protect against embolism-induced failure has enormous ecological and evolutionary implications, but until now there has been no way of observing dynamic failure in natural leaf networks. Here we use a new optical method that allows the initiation and spread of embolism bubbles in the leaf network to be visualized. Examining embolism-induced failure of architecturally diverse leaf networks, we found that conservative rules described the progression of hydraulic failure within veins. The most fundamental rule was that within an individual venation network, susceptibility to embolism always increased proportionally with the size of veins, and initial nucleation always occurred in the largest vein. Beyond this general framework, considerable diversity in the pattern of network failure was found between species, related to differences in vein network topology. The highest-risk network was found in a fern species, where single events caused massive disruption to leaf water supply, whereas safer networks in angiosperm leaves contained veins with composite properties, allowing a staged failure of water supply. These results reveal how the size structure of leaf venation is a critical determinant of the spread of embolism damage to leaves during drought.

Failure analysis and assessment on the exemplary water supply network

The subject of this paper is a failure analysis of water supply failure frequency in one of the cities in Poland. Operating data on the failure rate of water supply pipelines in the city were used. The analysis of water pipes' failures, including pipes diameters, their age, the material they are made from and their function in the water supply subsystem in the city was made. There is a noticeable downward trend in both the number of failures as well as the failure rates of water pipes. The value of failure rate indexes corresponds to national and international trends. The average failure rate for the main pipelines is λMavg=0.98km−1a−1, the distribution pipelines λRavg=0.42km−1a−1 and the water connections — λPavg=0.35km−1a−1. The majority of failures (45.62%) happen in the distribution pipelines, representing about 53% of the total length of the pipelines. Detailed analysis of the water network failure should be a main element of the managing system of the urban water networks, particularly in strategic modernization plans.

실시간 저수위 및 용수공급 취약성 지표를 활용한 농업용 저수지 운영 기준 개발

The efficient operation and management strategies of reservoirs in irrigation periods of drought events are an essential element for drought planning and countermeasure. Korea Rural Community Corporation has developed the real-time water level observation system of agricultural reservoirs to efficiently operate reservoirs, however, it is not possible to predict drought conditions, and only provides information of current situation. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate accurate irrigation vulnerability and efficiently reservoir operation rules using current water level. In this paper, the improvement methods of reservoir operation planning were developed with water supply vulnerability characteristic curves comparing to automatic water gauge at agricultural reservoirs. The 11 reservoirs were simulated applying the reservoir operation rules which was determined by irrigation vulnerability characteristic curves criteria and real time water level, and evaluated water supply situation in 2012 year. The analysis of results can be identified probabilistic possibility of water supply failures compared with the existing reservoir operation criteria. These results of efficient reservoir operation rules can be achieved enable irrigation planners to optimally manage available water resources for decision making, and contributed to maintain the water supply according to demand strategy for agricultural reservoirs management.

Innovative methodology of demand responsive approach for large-scale water supply and sewerage/on-site sanitation projects in developing countries using participatory GIS with high resolution satellite imagery

Research Article| August 01 2011 Innovative methodology of demand responsive approach for large-scale water supply and sewerage/on-site sanitation projects in developing countries using participatory GIS with high resolution satellite imagery Shozo Mori; Shozo Mori 1Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd., 22-1, Nishi-Shinjuku 6-Chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 163-1122 E-mail: mori_s@nissuicon.co.jp Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Ihsanullah; Ihsanullah 2Peshawar University, Peshawar, Pakistan 25120 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Akira Koizumi; Akira Koizumi 3Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan 192-0397 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Chinatsu Maeda; Chinatsu Maeda 1Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd., 22-1, Nishi-Shinjuku 6-Chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 163-1122 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Kazuhiro Asada; Kazuhiro Asada 1Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd., 22-1, Nishi-Shinjuku 6-Chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 163-1122 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Yoshiaki Yokota; Yoshiaki Yokota 1Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd., 22-1, Nishi-Shinjuku 6-Chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 163-1122 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Masayuki Mori Masayuki Mori 1Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd., 22-1, Nishi-Shinjuku 6-Chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 163-1122 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2011) 60 (5): 294–304. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2011.081 Article history Received: November 10 2010 Accepted: April 15 2011 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation Shozo Mori, Ihsanullah, Akira Koizumi, Chinatsu Maeda, Kazuhiro Asada, Yoshiaki Yokota, Masayuki Mori; Innovative methodology of demand responsive approach for large-scale water supply and sewerage/on-site sanitation projects in developing countries using participatory GIS with high resolution satellite imagery. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 August 2011; 60 (5): 294–304. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2011.081 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex International discussions on the demand responsive approach (DRA) started in the mid-1990s because past supply-driven approaches had led to the failure of many water supply and sewerage/on-site sanitation (WS&S/OS) projects in developing countries (DCs). DRA has already been adopted in many WS&S/OS projects targeting a certain rural or poor urban area(s) by using various demand assessment techniques such as participatory rapid appraisal (PRA) to select optimum technical options. However, adoption of DRA in large-scale urban WS&S/OS projects (covering various areas of different socio-economic groups with different needs) has been relatively delayed. Recently, the participatory geographic information system (PGIS) has emerged as an effective method of PRA, and high resolution satellite imagery (HRSI) has become commercially available. This paper presents a PGIS-based visual area categorization of different income groups using HRSI as a key for expediting the adoption of DRA to large-scale projects in DCs. This paper proposes an innovative pro-poor methodology of DRA for large-scale urban WS&S/OS projects. The methodology focuses on the improvement of multistage sampling in a household sample survey to plan mixed services suitable for various groups. The results of a partial application of the methodology in Pakistan are also presented. demand responsive approach, developing countries, high resolution satellite imagery, participatory GIS, sewerage, water supply This content is only available as a PDF. © IWA Publishing 2011 You do not currently have access to this content.

Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?

This article discusses the possibility that global warming will disrupt agricultural production in the developing world, leading to political instability. The process of state failure is framed in terms of the inability of governments to ensure food supplies in their countries. Related environmental issues such as water-supply failure and topsoil erosion are also considered. INSETS: Irrigation Can Lead to Severe Water Shortages;Arable Land Is Disappearing;SIDE BETS IN THE GAME OF FOOD POLITICS;Hotter Climate Will Reduce Yield

Impact of emergency shutdown devices on relief system sizing and design

In the sizing of individual relief valves protecting equipment or process or system, it is a common practice not to take cognizance of any immediate operator action or the action of any mitigating devices. However, an increasing number of consultants and practitioners are recommending not to apply the same philosophy when it comes to designing an overall refinery flare system to cope with common mode failures (e.g., loss of power, cooling water supply failure, etc.). They propose taking credit for the action of devices such as unit emergency shutdown (ESD) systems, trips (for example, fired heater fuel supply cut-offs), or autostarts of pumps whose actions reduce the potential load on the overall refinery flare system. Savings can thus be realized in the sizing of flare headers and other ancillary equipment. While there is no objection, in principle, to taking credit for ESDs in the design of relief systems, its application in practice deserves careful scrutiny. There are still many related issues that have not been adequately addressed by the proponents of the credit-taking approach. This paper highlights these concerns and offers practical advice to those facing relief system design decisions.

Multi-criteria Decision Making for Integrated Urban Water Management

The city of Zahedan, in South-eastern Iran, has high population growth, limited local freshwater resources and inadequate water distribution system resulting in water supply failures in recent years. This paper will investigate integration of several demand management measures such as leakage detection on water distribution network, water metering and low volume water fixtures as well as the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources of this city. For integration of water management criteria, compromise programming will be used as a multi-objective decision making method. The criteria include minimizing the cost, maximizing water supply and minimizing the social hazards due to the water supply operations. This model will derive optimum long-term plans for implementation of water resources. The results will show that demand management can delay a water transfer project for Zahedan city up to 10 years. Compromise programming is as an efficient tool for integrated water resources management in urban areas and the method is capable to being used by decision-makers in other cases.

Adapting to climate change

Global warming and related climate changes arelikely to significantly increase the weather-related risks facing human settlements, including floods, water and power supply failures and associated economic collapse into “failed cities”. Action to help poor urban communities adapt to become more resilient to possible change must therefore be initiated, although to date attention has focused on mitigation rather than adaptation. This paper considers the physical and financial implications for urban areas of the potential impacts of climate variability and change on water resources, illustrated by examples from sub-Saharan Africa, which is likely to be one of the most vulnerable and most affected regions. Water management, which will be particularly affected by climate change, could provide an opportunity to initiate structured adaptation responses. Adaptation costs in the sub-Saharan urban water sector are estimated at between 10 and 20 per cent of current overseas development assistance to the region. This paper suggests that additional funding should be made available in terms of the “polluter pays” principle, and should be channelled through government budgets rather than ring-fenced climate funds. This would help ensure that “climate proofing” is mainstreamed and would be in keeping with current trends in overseas development assistance reflected in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.

The Influence of Pedology and Changes in Soil Moisture Status on Manganese Release from Upland Catchments: Soil Core Laboratory Experiments

Manganese (Mn) contamination of drinking water may cause aesthetic and human health problems when concentrations exceed 50 and 500 μg l−1, respectively. In the UK, the majority of Mn-related drinking water supply failures originate from unpolluted upland catchments. The source of Mn is therefore soil, but the exact mechanisms by which it is mobilised into surface waters remain unknown. Elevated Mn concentrations in surface waters have been associated with the rewetting of dried upland soils and with conifer afforestation. We investigated these hypotheses in a laboratory experiment involving the drying and rewetting of intact soil cores (1,900 cm3 volume) of horizons of four representative soil type-land use combinations from an upland water supply catchment in southwest Scotland. Although no statistically significant effect of land use or soil type was detected on Mn concentrations in soil water, Mn release occurred from three soil horizons upon rewetting. Soil water Mn concentrations in the moorland histosol H2 (10–30 cm), the histic podzol H and Eh horizons increased from means of 5.8, 6.2 and 0.6 μg l−1 prior to rewetting to maxima of 90, 76 and 174 μg l−1 after rewetting, respectively. The properties of these three horizons indicate that Mn release is favoured from soil horizons containing a mixture of organic and mineral material. Mineral material provides a source of Mn, but relatively high soil organic matter content is required to facilitate mobilisation. The results can be used alongside soil information to identify catchments at risk of elevated Mn concentrations in water supplies.

INCONVENIENCE TO RESIDENTS CAUSED BY A SUSPENSION OF WATER SUPPLY DUE TO THE 2001 GEIYO EARTHQUAKE

地震による断水被害の貴重な経験を記録し今後の水道の地震対策に役立たせることと, 水道による給水の価値を評価する上での定量的情報を得ることを目的とし, 平成13年3月24日に発生した地震で断水被害を受けた芸予諸島の5町において, 応急給水実施時に生活に及んだ影響についてアンケート調査を実施した. 拠点給水が行われた町では, 給水拠点から人力で水を運んだ人の割合と水の運搬距離, 苦痛に感じる人の割合との間には一定の関係が見られた. 時間給水の実施された町では回答のあった中の約1/3が生活に支障がないだけの水を得ることはできなかった. 断水のために1世帯当たり, 家庭内水利用行動に1日に平均約60分 (時間給水の場合)～約80分 (拠点給水の場合) の余分な時間と数千円の出費が必要であった.

A Reliability and Risk Analysis System for Multipurpose Reservoir Operation

This paper proposes a reliability analysis system, which can be widely applied to the cases in which a reservoir is operated to meet several purposes such as flood control, energy generation, irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply, etc. The presented system has a structure of three levels. 1. Decision-making. 2. Tradeoff analysis. 3. The third level that mainly consists of three subsystems: i – The reservoir flood risk analysis subsystem by flood control simulation. ii – The benefit promotion subsystem of reservoir operation using Stochastic Dynamic Programming. In this subsystem, the Lagrange multipliers are introduced into the objective function to take into account the water supply failures. This method guarantees that each run of the SDP will necessarily derive a non-inferior policy for reservoir operation. iii – The reservoir operation simulation subsystem to derive the performance indices associated with the reservoir operation policies. With the input and feedback between the second level and the subsystems of the third level, a great deal of efficient operation policies and the associated performance indices can be obtained. Then the tradeoff relationships between different performance indices can be derived for the decision makers. With application to Yudong Reservoir in Yunnan province of China, the presented analysis system is practically tested.

Water supply in England and Wales: whose responsibility is it when things go wrong?

The privatisation of the UK water sector in 1989 fundamentally altered the risk landscape. Where previously it was the government's responsibility to ensure that water supply met demand, that quality met standards and that the environment was not harmed, now there is a complex landscape within which risks are managed by a variety of stakeholders. The problem is that water management is an inherently risky business, where although it is in the interest of most stakeholders to minimise the risk of water supply failure it is not the responsibility of most stakeholders. It is not, for example, either in the interest of, or the responsibility of, natural ecosystems to minimise the risk of water supply failure. This paper explores the changing nature of risk allocation and distribution in the management of domestic water supply security in England and Wales. In so doing, it examines the extent to which the institutional arrangements under the British model of privatisation have facilitated a risk redistribution culture in the event that ‘things go wrong’.

Field observations of iron biofouling in water supply boreholes

Iron biofouling continues to be a significant cause of water supply borehole inefficiency and failure in the UK, yet there are still many misconceptions and a lack of understanding of the causes of iron biofouling. This is, in part, due to the lack of systematic research into this subject in the UK. This communication outlines key factors thought to cause the occurrence of iron biofouling in boreholes and suggests appropriate preventative measures based on field experiences. It is suggested that the degree of biofouling and its consequences depend upon the interaction of engineering and environmental factors and that prevention and control requires awareness of all such controlling influences.

Investigation of Sprinkler System Failures

The writer discusses the performance of automatic sprinkler systems, and their occasional failure to extinguish or control a fire when there is no obvious reason. Obvious reasons would include a shut water supply valve, a broken water main, an empty water tank, or any other water supply failure. This paper goes beyond the obvious.

Design of a water-activated switch for a diffusion pump

We describe the design of a simple and inexpensive switch to safeguard against the overheating of oil in a water-cooled diffusion pump, caused by water supply failure.

Bacteriophages as viral pollution indicators

f2 Phage, attenuated Polio I (LSC) strain introduced daily to a 350 l. experimental oxidation pond showed no decrease in bacterial viruses f2 or other coliphages or Polio I strain. Ratios of coliphages to human enteric viruses ranged in flood waters from concentrations as low as 1:1 to as high as 10 3:1; in wastewater at various seasons the ratio was 10 5:1; in trickling filter effluents in winter it was 10 4:1; in spring 10 5:1, in summer and fall 10 4:1, in oxidation pond effluents in winter 10 3:1; in spring 10 4:1; and in summer and fall 10 3:1. Out of three epidemics in small communities caused by failure of water supply, coliphages were found to be positive. At the same time only two samples of human enteric viruses were positive (the third was contaminated with yeasts). Chlorination experiments using the experimental oxidation pond showed that f2 was most resistant, MS 2 was very resistant, and coliphages were more resistant than attenuated Polio I virus. Experiments with the oxidation pond effluents showed that coliphages were at least as or even more resistant to chlorine than human enteric viruses.

The infiltration approach to the calculation of surface runoff

Some future historian of the development of scientific hydrology will probably be tempted to call the present period the “era of infiltration.” At any rate, the preoccupation of contemporary hydrologists with “the infiltration theory of runoff,” and the vast amount of energy they have expended in an effort to turn this concept to practical account, will certainly be put down as a distinctive feature of our timesThere have, of course, been logical reasons for this remarkable interest in the subject. As in all sciences, many have been attracted to it simply because of its newness. Another class—and the one that has participated most eagerly—is composed of those intrepid practicing engineers who are obliged to make the runoff estimates upon which depend the failure or success of costly flood control, water supply, and similar works. Still another group has been intrigued by a purely scientific interest, sharpened by the fact that the calculation of runoff is the central problem of the science of hydrology and involves all phases of the hydrologic cycle. Among these are scientists in the fields of soils, plants, and meteorology. As a result of these various motivations, vast amounts of labor have been expended—much of it misdirected—and many exaggerated claims have been made, to be countered, naturally, by the disparaging murmurs of the “old guard,” and other important lines of investigation have been temporarily slighted. But real progress has been made. Better estimates of runoff are now possible than could be made previously. Problems that would not yield at all to earlier methods are now soluble, albeit the solutions are sometimes only rough approximations. The inescapable conclusion is that a tool of considerable practical value has been added to the equipment of the hydrologist.