Fecal Waste Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Septage Management in Five Cities in the Philippines

This study assessed and compared septage management systems in Baliwag, Calamba, Muntinlupa, Pasig, and San Fernando, the Philippines, using fecal waste flow diagrams and service delivery scorecards. According to the fecal waste flow diagrams, San Fernando is the most successful in preventing its environment’s pollution. It is followed by Baliwag, Muntinlupa, and Pasig. In Calamba, all of the fecal waste is disposed of to the environment. According to the scorecards, Pasig has the most efficient septage management service, followed by San Fernando, Baliwag, Muntinlupa, and Calamba. Among the five areas, San Fernando can be considered to have the most efficient septage management system as it had the best fecal waste flow diagram and second highest ratings in the service delivery scorecard. It might have been an advantage that the city itself is managing the whole system—from implementing rules for septic tank plans, to the collection, treatment, and disposal of septage.

Assessment of sociocultural acceptability of biogas from faecal waste as an alternative energy source in selected areas of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

The use of wastes for biogas production has been restricted to few feedstock like cattle manure and food waste. Increasing the feedstock base for biogas production is capable of increasing the sustainability of feedstock availability. This study seeks to assess sociocultural and acceptability issues associated with the use of faecal waste (human excreta, cattle manure, etc.) as a source of energy in selected stakeholder areas in Benin City, Nigeria. Qualitative research methods were used for data collection as data were generated through survey questionnaire. Field responses were mined and analysed using Factor analysis and cluster plots generated from Factor plots were analysis using Statistical Program for Social Sciences to rank the variables in order of hierarchical means. Analyses from this study have shown that faecal waste is a dependable feedstock for biogas production while adding value to food production through digestate utilization. Furthermore, high factor loading of 0.759 for acceptance to the fact that biogas from faecal waste has the potential to improve environmental sanitation in Benin City. However, there exist considerable knowledge gap as shown in the analyses which suggest a need for continuous awareness creation, policy formulation and orientation on the importance of biogas production from a range of feedstock in tackling energy security and sustainability in line with SDGs 2, 6 and 7.

Performance of selected organic wastes for available technologies for biogas, Kisumu City, Kenya

Inadequate solid wastes disposal exists in Kenya, for unsightliness and health problems. This study determined that available digesters performance differed for size and bio-material. Larger fixed dome, flexible tubing and ordinary drum (0.1 m3, 2.4 m3) sizes were thus tested within Kisumu County. Despite fixed dome having known design parameters, these technologies are not embraced for use. Market wastes were chopped to size while food and faecal wastes needed own or little water content, though all were mixed to porridge consistency. The 0.1 m3 drum produced high CO2 gas in small quantities as match box lighting test was positive only for market wastes (0.1 m3) tube. The larger dome and 2.4 m3 tube respectively produced gas for market (65%) and faecal (56%) wastes. A natural co-generation was observed in market waste and need for determining key digester size design parameters. The manual preparation best informs design automation and bio-digester management.

An Intervention Study on Worm Infestation among School Going Children in Rural Areas of South India

Background: World Health Organization had estimated that about 1400 million people worldwide are infected with any one of the three kinds of intestinal helminths. They are a roundworm, hookworm and whipworm infestation. In that 200 million children suffer from diseases associated with these infestations. In India, 25 to 30 children’s were positive with hookworm. The poor standard of living includes improper disposal of faecal and other wastes, overcrowding, unhygienic health practices and poor environmental sanitation are the reasons for the worm infestation among the children. The worm infestation will cause due to unhygienic practices that’s why the Government of India started the National deworming day programme in 2015 with yearly two-phased observation to prevent the worm infestation. So in this study, we wanted to assess the knowledge about worm infestation among the service receiving children, servicing providing school teachers and civil society participation and cooperation. Objectives: Assessment of knowledge about worm infestation among School Children, school teachers and General population. To assess the health education impact on the study participants. Materials and Methods: A school-based cross-sectional intervention study was conducted to assessing the knowledge about worm infestation among the children, school teachers and general population using a pre-tested questionnaire. Systematic random sample, Universal sampling and convenient sampling technique were adapted to choose the students, teachers and community people respectively. The knowledge about worm infestation was assessed through pre-test and after providing the health education the Post-test was done using the same questionnaire for the same participants. Results: Among the school children in the pre-test have 51.36% and in the post-test, it is increased to 83.73 %. In the pretest 57.11% and the post-test, it is increased 92.17 % among the school teachers and the general population in the pre-test knowledge was 41.91 % and it increased to 88.16 % in the post-test. Conclusion: Though the government of India started the national deworming day program in 2015, the knowledge about worm infestation is below 60 percent in the studied population. This study proved that health education is the key to improve their knowledge about worm infestation.

Integrative principles and criteria for implementation of faecal sludge management in Russian Federation

Faecal sludge management (FSM) is an organized program that allows regularly to collect, transport, process and utilize faecal sludge as biological waste. A faecal sludge management in settlements in Russian Federation is so bad organized or only partially exist. There are significant gaps as well as general understanding of institutional roles and responsibilities at national, state and city levels. Planning should be done in a temporal and spatial context. Сities, while maintaining short-term stability, will be guided by the goals of a long-term vision of creation. Planning system of faecal sludge management in Russian Federation that involves these blocks: regulatory framework, selection of best available techniques (BAT), financing and planning mechanisms, is analyzed. Integrated approach to the creation and regulation of a faecal waste management are shown. For implementation such approach, a system of evaluation criteria is required in order to determine the end product and, accordingly, determine development direction of this industry in the geographical area where this system will operate.

Improving management of manually emptied pit latrine waste in Nairobi’s urban informal settlements

Sanergy has offered reliable, non-sewered sanitation services in Nairobi, Kenya through the implementation of container-based, urine-diverting dry toilets. However, there remains a large volume of untreated faecal waste in urban informal settlements due to poorly managed pit latrines. With limited space in the settlements to bury old pits and dig new ones, management of faecal sludge requires manual pit emptying and safe discharge. Sanergy piloted the Mtaa Fresh project in the settlement of Mukuru Kwa Njenga, establishing a waste transfer station where manual pit emptiers could safely and reliably dispose of pit latrine contents. The most important factors in the successful implementation of this station were, first, the relationship established between Sanergy and the pit emptiers and, second, Sanergy’s commitment to iterating as new insights emerged. The relationship with the emptiers impacted the location, design, and adoption of the site, and aided in the formalization of a pit emptiers’ community-based organization. The commitment to iterating enabled Sanergy to respond to learnings gained from the emptiers. Additional factors that ensured the success of Mtaa Fresh included the implementation of full-time staff, security when the site is closed, support from local authorities, and an expansion to improve management of faecal sludge and trash. Improvements trialled during the expansion aim to minimize operation and maintenance costs, but sustainability will still rely on government support and external funding.

Efficiency of the system of ecological and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport in the Russian Federation

The article is devoted to the analysis and development of recommendations for improving the efficiency of the system of environmental and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport in the Russian Federation. The article deals with the ecological and economic aspects of the functioning of closed sanitary systems for collecting sewage from the toilets of passenger trains, stationary points for cleaning tanks-collections of environmentally friendly toilets, as well as their processing and disposal. It is shown that the system of environmentally friendly toilet complexes requires updating and improving the mechanisms of ecological and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport. The procedure for assigning waste of hazard classes I–IV to a specific hazard class is considered. The requirements for determining limits on the placement of fecal waste of railway transport are analyzed. The procedure for calculating and charging fees for the negative impact on the environment when placing fecal waste from railway transport is given. Possible regional benefits for income tax from activities related to the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, and disposal of hazard class IV waste, including fecal waste from railway transport, are indicated. The rules for the transit of fecal waste from railway transport are given. The rules for regulating relations between consumers and performers in the field of services for organizing the collection and removal of fecal waste in terms of consumer protection are outlined. Recommendations are given for improving the system of environmental and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport. An approach to the formation of methods of ecological and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport, taking into account the industry risk of technological development, is proposed.

Analysis of the problems and methods of processing fecal waste of railway transport

he current scheme for the turnover of human waste is imperfect and has a number of serious problems that lead to the risk of pollution of the surrounding natural environment, the emergence of threats to human health, the accumulation of waste water that is not suitable for further use. one of the aspects of the turnover of human waste is the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport. The article develops the topic raised in the research work on the topic No. 7280-20 «Improving the mechanisms of ecological and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport», carried out by the authors in 2020. A quantitative assessment of the volume of fecal waste is made, the ways of its utilization in a number of countries are described, the current legislative norms of the Russian Federation that regulate these processes, the existing turnover schemes, in which there are significant amounts of different chemical composition and possible ways of using sewage sludge. possible ways of processing are described, based on the existing world experience and theoretical developments confirmed by experiments. the problems and risks of human involvement in the natural cycle of these wastes are considered, while the ambiguity of the situation and the lack of the only correct solutions are noted. The purpose of the article is to consider the technological directions and techniques that can be useful for creating technologies for processing this material into a competitive product and choosing priority directions in the processing of fecal waste. Special attention is paid to the waste generated during the operation of railway passenger transport and the design of the technological chain that allows more efficient processing of these wastes and minimizes the negative impact on the natural and man-made environment.

An integrated approach to the analysis and evaluation of the mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation of railway transport, taking into account the state environmental policy in the context of technological development of the economy

The article is devoted to the analysis and evaluation of mechanisms of ecological and economic regulation of railway transport in the conditions of technological development in the interests of their improvement. It is indicated that Russia has developed a system of methods of environmental and economic regulation of railway transport. Attention is drawn to the insufficient effectiveness and efficiency of the current system of environmental and economic regulation mechanisms to encourage railway transport entities to technological modernization. The authors indicate the need to develop a comprehensive approach to the analysis and evaluation of mechanisms, taking into account their interdependence, dependence on internal and external factors, risks of technological development of the transport industry, and the impact of each mechanism on the environment. The article proposes to analyze and evaluate the mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation of railway transport based on the analysis and assessment of their contribution to the goals and objectives of state environmental policy at all levels (national, regional, industry, object). To analyze and evaluate the mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation of railway transport in the interests of implementing the state environmental policy in the context of technological development, an algorithm and indicator for analysis and evaluation are proposed. The authors draw attention to an important element of the analysis and evaluation of the mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation of railway transport-an assessment of the environmental and economic effects of the introduction and use of mechanisms. An algorithm and indicator for evaluating the integral ecological and economic effect of the introduction and use of mechanisms of ecological and economic regulation of railway transport are proposed. The proposed approach is aimed at improving the system of mechanisms for environmental and economic regulation of railway transport, taking into account the environmental imperative of technological development of the economy. The article is based on the results of research work on the topic No. 7280-20 «Improving the mechanisms of environmental and economic regulation of the turnover of fecal waste of railway transport», performed by the authors in 2020.

El 'monstruo de las toallitas': relacionalidad material en el Antropoceno

En los últimos años se viene argumentando desde las ciencias sociales que es necesario prestar mas atención a los objetos, porque no solo los humanos actúan, también lo hacen los materiales. Tomando el ejemplo de la toallita húmeda exploraré cómo pueden actuar los materiales y qué relaciones son relevantes. Para ello movilizaré dos casos, el de la doekje, la toallita húmeda en Holanda, y el de “el monstruo de las toallitas” (la obstrucción del colector norte de Valencia por un atasco formado por una bola de toallitas, grasa y otros residuos). El caso de la toallita húmeda visibiliza que los objetos nunca actúan solos, siempre van a acompañados de prácticas (en este caso prácticas que tienen que ver con la higiene, la caca, y la infraestructura y gestión de los residuos fecales). No es que los objetos tengan agencia sobre los humanos, sino que los ensamblajes de toallitas y otros residuos pertenecen a prácticas concretas (en este caso qué hacemos con nuestra caca) recordándonos que en el contexto de crisis medioambiental es urgente pensar sobre los efectos materiales y semióticos de los objetos. La lección sería aprender a vivir con la abundancia material del Antropoceno de una mejor manera, más que defender que los objetos tengan agencia.

Associations among Household Animal Ownership, Infrastructure, and Hygiene Characteristics with Source Attribution of Household Fecal Contamination in Peri-Urban Communities of Iquitos, Peru.

.Using previously validated microbial source tracking markers, we detected and quantified fecal contamination from avian species and avian exposure, dogs, and humans on household cooking tables and floors. The association among contamination, infrastructure, and socioeconomic covariates was assessed using simple and multiple ordinal logistic regressions. The presence of Campylobacter spp. in surface samples was linked to avian markers. Using molecular methods, animal feces were detected in 75.0% and human feces in 20.2% of 104 households. Floors were more contaminated than tables as detected by the avian marker Av4143, dog marker Bactcan, and human marker Bachum. Wood tables were consistently more contaminated than non-wood surfaces, specifically with the mitochondrial avian markers ND5 and CytB, fecal marker Av4143, and canine marker Bactcan. Final multivariable models with socioeconomic and infrastructure characteristics included as covariates indicate that detection of avian feces and avian exposure was associated with the presence of chickens, maternal age, and length of tenancy, whereas detection of human markers was associated with unimproved water source. Detection of Campylobacter in surface samples was associated with the avian fecal marker Av4143. We highlight the critical need to detect and measure the burden of animal fecal waste when evaluating household water, hygiene, and sanitation interventions, and the possibility of decreasing risk of exposure through the modification of surfaces to permit more effective household disinfection practices. Animals may be a more important source of household fecal contamination than humans in many low-resource settings, although interventions have historically focused almost exclusively on managing human waste.

Complex support of technological development of environmentally friendly toilet systems in passenger trains

Ensuring environmental-oriented turnover of fecal waste in passenger transport is necessary for the preservation of ecosystems, public health and sustainable development of transport complexes. The history of Russian railway toilet complexes begins with the launch of the first railway “Petersburg – Tsarskoe Selo” in 1837. In the USSR since 1985 The Ministry of Railways of the USSR thought about the need for experimental design work on the creation of closed systems for collecting sewage for passenger rolling stock. A set of scientific works on the creation of systems and equipment that protect the environment from chemical and biological pollution was presented in the Railway transport program for 1990-2000. The article considers the negative impact of fecal waste on the environment and public health, as well as problems related to the maintenance of environmentally friendly toilet complexes of passenger cars. The main results of technological development of toilet complexes of transport systems have been outlined. The authors note the importance of timely comprehensive support (infrastructure, technical, organizational and economic, regulatory and methodological, personnel, and other) for the technological development of toilet complexes in the transport industry. In particular, the article reviewes some of the current problems of infrastructure, regulatory and methodological, organizational and economic support for the operation and maintenance of environmentally friendly toilet complexes. For the effective functioning of the environmentally friendly toilet complexes system of transport systems, the authors propose to use organizational and methodological tools that will allow you to systematically determine the actual level of technological development of the fecal waste disposal system of the environmentally friendly toilet complexes of passenger trains, to develop directions and measures to improve its environmental and economic efficiency.

Insect and avian threats to the industrial production of balanites fruit in Eritrea

Balanites fruit pulp and seed kernel contain considerable amount of steroidal saponins, which are used as raw material for the production of pharmaceutical drugs. However, insect and avian pests are the key limiting factors in balanites production. This study was conducted to record the causal insect and avian pests and level of their infestation. Balanites fruits fallen on the ground were collected at regular intervals for two fruiting seasons at Keren, Eritrea. The fruits were put in polybags and stored at room temperature. The emerging insects were counted and percent infestation was calculated. The insects identified were balanites stone borer, Eublemma (= Eupsoropsis) robertsi (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and carob moth, Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Eublemma robertsi larva consumed the kernel and bored into the stone with one exit hole (ca. 3 mm) at pre-pupal stage whereas A. ceratoniae larvae infested and contaminated fruit pulp with faecal waste. More than 70% of fruits collected during October and November were infested by E. robertsi and oviposition of 1–3 eggs were found on 73% of examined fruits. Damage from A. ceratoniae was unnoticeable in field-collected fruits but larval infestation was observable after one month of storage. The speckled mousebird, Colius striatus (Coliiformes: Coliidae), was the most frequent avian visitor, which not only nibbled on fruits attached to branches but also caused drop of fruits to the ground. Fruit damage caused by birds ranged 58 to 95% during the two fruiting seasons.

Molecular Screening of β-glucuronidase and Class 1 Integron of Escherichia coli from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu

Ready-to-eat food products procured from different roadside shops in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu were screened for Escherichia coli. A total of 500 samples from 250 vegetable and 250 meat products were collected from different hotels, restaurants and street food vendors in Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu. Out of 500 ready-to-eat food samples, 162 (32.4%) E. coli strains were isolated. The ready-to-eat meat products had higher bacterial count than the vegetable food samples collected due to unhygienic handling, improper storage, inadequate temperature to maintain processed meat and improper cooking. Biochemically identified E. coli colonies were screened for housekeeping gene uidA and 139 (85.8%) E. coli isolates were confirmed to possess β-glucuronidase activity. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility assay was performed using 12 antibiotics. From 139 E. coli strains, 96 (69.1%) isolates showed multidrug resistance. Among them, 16.7% showed 100% resistance to all the antibiotics tested. Whereas, multidrug resistant E. coli isolates showed increased resistance (75.9%) to streptomycin followed by 70-50% level of resistance to ceftriaxone, ampicillin, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, doxycycline, co-trimoxazole, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Furthermore, drug resistant E. coli isolates 56 (58.3%) were detected with the presence of intI1. The source of contamination was found to be water and human handling. Drinking water supply from corporation might have been contaminated with fecal waste source is being discharged into Cauvery river which might disseminate horizontal gene transfer.

Relationship between Rainfall, Fecal Pollution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Microbial Diversity in an Urbanized Subtropical Bay.

Urbanized bays are vulnerable to fecal bacterial pollution, and the extent of this pollution, in marine recreational waters, is commonly assessed by quantifying enterococcus concentrations. Recent reports have questioned the utility of enterococci as an indicator of fecal bacterial pollution in subtropical bays impaired by non-point source pollution, and enterococcus data alone cannot identify fecal bacterial sources (i.e., hosts). The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between rainfall, fecal bacterial pollution, antimicrobial resistance, and microbial diversity in an urbanized subtropical bay. Thus, a comprehensive bacterial source tracking (BST) study was conducted using a combination of traditional and modern BST methods. Findings show that rainfall was directly correlated with elevated enterococcus concentrations, including the increased prevalence of Enterococcus faecium, although it was not correlated with an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Rainfall was also correlated with decreased microbial diversity. In contrast, neither rainfall nor enterococcus concentrations were directly correlated with the concentrations of three omnipresent host-associated fecal markers (i.e., human, canine, and gull). Notably, the human fecal marker (HF183) was inversely correlated with enterococcus concentrations, signifying that traditional enterococcus data alone are not an accurate proxy for human fecal waste in urbanized subtropical bays.IMPORTANCE The presence of human enteric pathogens, stemming from fecal pollution, is a serious environmental and public health concern in recreational waters. Accurate assessments of fecal pollution are therefore needed to properly assess exposure risks and guide water quality policies and practices. In this study, the absence of a direct correlation between enterococci and source-specific human and animal markers disputes the utility of enterococci as an indicator of fecal pollution in urbanized subtropical bays. Moreover, the inverse correlation between enterococci and the human-specific marker HF183 indicates that recreational beach advisories, triggered by elevated enterococcus concentrations, are a misleading practice. This study clearly demonstrates that a multiparameter approach that includes the quantitation of host-specific markers, as well as analyses of microbial diversity, is a more effective means of assessing water quality in urbanized subtropical bays.

When pits fill up: Supply and demand for safe pit-emptying services in Kisumu, Kenya.

Improving sanitation conditions in low-income communities is a major challenge for rapidly growing cities of the developing world. The expenses and logistical difficulties of extending sewerage infrastructure have focused increasing attention on the requirements for safe and cost-effective fecal sludge management services. These services, which are primarily provided by the private sector, include the collection and treatment of fecal waste from latrine pits and septic tanks. To determine the degree to which market forces can promote safe fecal sludge removal in low-income neighborhoods of Kisumu, Kenya, we compared household willingness-to-pay for formal pit emptying with the prices charged by service providers. Through surveys of 942 households and a real-money voucher trial with 646 households, we found that stated and revealed demand for formal emptying services were both low, with less than 20% of households willing to pay full market prices. Our results suggest that improving fecal sludge management in these neighborhoods via the private sector will require large subsides, ranging from 55.1-81.4 million KES (551,000-814,000 USD) annually, to address the gap between willingness-to-pay and market prices. Raising and administering subsidies of this scale will require the development of a city-wide sanitation master plan that includes investment, management, and regulatory procedures for fecal sludge management. In the absence of government investment and coordination, it is unlikely that the private sector will address safe sanitation needs in low-income areas of Kisumu.

Experiments in Excreta to Energy

In the quest for alternatives to energy extraversion and carbon-heavy extraction, transformation of waste to energy is growing worldwide. In Ghana’s working-class city of Ashaiman, an international NGO converts faecal waste into electricity through a massive biodigester. Fed by public toilets, the power is sold back to residents. Touted as an exemplar of sustainable development, Ashaiman’s case demonstrates that when power comes from human waste, the entanglement of energopolitics and biopolitics, but also energopower and necropower – the political uses of death and decay – is undeniable. Premised on such ‘bio-necro collaborations’ and enabled by sustainability science, these interventions activate state monopolies of waste while assimilating bodily excesses of urban dwellers. Marking the intimate exploitations of internal energy frontiers, an ever-tightening circuitry of energy production and political-economic incorporation results.

Isothermal drying characteristics and kinetics of human faecal sludges

Background: Drying is an important step for the thermochemical conversion of solid fuels, but it is energy-intensive for treating highly moist materials. Methods: To inform the thermal treatment of faecal sludge (FS), this study investigated the drying characteristics and kinetics of various faecal wastes using thermogravimetric analysis and isothermal heating conditions. Results: The findings show that FS from the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP) exhibit similar drying characteristics, with maximum drying rates at 0.04 mg/min during a constant rate period that is followed by a distinct falling rate period. On the contrary, fresh human faeces (HF) and FS from urine diversion dry toilets (UDDT) exhibited a falling rate period regime with no prior or intermittent constant rate periods. The absence of a constant rate period in these samples suggested limited amounts of unbound water that can be removed by dewatering and vice versa for VIP and ABR faecal sludges. The activation energies and effective moisture diffusivity for the sludges varied from 28 to 36 kJ/mol and 1.7·10 -7 to 10·10 -7 m 2/s at 55°C and sludge thickness of 3mm. The Page model was consistent in modelling the different sludges across all temperatures. Conclusions: These results presented in this study can inform the design and development of innovative drying methods for FS treatment.

WARDS A SUSTAINABLE INCENTIVE TO OPEN DEFECATION ERADICATION

This study is aimed at estimating the significant indicators and constructs that directly influence households to recover and reuse faecal waste in Ogun state, Nigeria. Adopting a four-level multi-stage approach, a total of 110, 100, and 120 questionnaires were respectively administered in Ogijo/Likosi, Ilaro I, and Sodeke/ Sale-Ijeun II wards. The selected criteria reflect the variance in the populations of 1,250,435(33%), 1,112,761(30%), and 1,387,944(37%) for Ogun East, Ogun West and Ogun Central, respectively. The pooled confirmatory factor analysis process took the form of several re-estimations, based on the deletion of lowly loading factors and correlation of redundant items, validation of the model, assessment of normality, and full structural model analysis. The structural model established a significant positive relationship between Environmental/Health Factors of Faecal Waste Reusability (EV) and Reusability Factor(RF) (β=0.727, p<0.05), and similarly, Economic Factors of Faecal Waste Reusability (EC)and Reusability Factor (RF) (β=0.715, p<0.05). The study, among all others, recommends a more flexible sanitation business value chain model that is household inclusive and conforms to the paradigm of green and circular economy.

Inclusion of innovative technology in integrated waste management of a city: case of Bogura, Bangladesh

Abstract Bogura is the largest municipality in Bangladesh by population. Its huge population and agri-industry produces a great deal of solid, faecal and industrial waste which has been a matter of concern for the municipality. IRC started working for a solution and completed a pre-feasibility and feasibility study to find innovative technologies and an operation model. The feasibility study has produced an integrated solution of faecal sludge, municipal solid waste, agri-waste and aerosol can recycling model which also helps to reduce surface and ground water contamination. The solution integrates conventional anaerobic digestion with new torrefaction and aerosol-propellant capture technologies which treats the municipality solid waste and aerosol cans to produce biofuel and liquid petroleum gas, respectively.