Public Health Faculty Research Articles

QUALITATIVE STUDY OF STUDENTS’ OPINION ON DISTANCE EDUCATION

The paper presents the results of the qualitative study that aimed to study the opinion of the students of the Faculty of Public Health regarding online education of epidemiology and biostatistics. Online classes were held in the period of COVID-19 pandemics. The respondents (n=9) have attended online as well as presential classes (before the pandemics). The study was performed by means of the structured interviewing and all the students were explained the purpose of the study. The interviewees discussed a list of the beforehand prepared topics and the audio records of the interviews were prepared following their permission. Afterwards these audio records have been transcribed and analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of the online education were identified, as well as the topics which remained unchanged while online vs presential classes in epidemiology and biostatistics. Obtained results are generally in line with the global trends: there are some subjects in medicine that absolutely cannot be approached by online education. Hybrid education comprising both presential and online components is a modern approach to the education, but whether it is advisable to be used for any subjects of medical education still need further exploration.

Hubungan Antara Stres dengan Kejadian Emotional Eating pada Pekerja Yang Melanjutkan Pendidikan Ekstensi

Stress is the fourth most common noncommunicable disease in the world. Because stress has so many harmful consequences, the body defends itself as the coping stress mechanism. Emotional eating are eating behaviors that aren’t triggered by physical hunger, but as a result of certain emotional impulses. Emotional eating can lead to weight gain, which can lead to chronic illness till the end. Analyzing the relationship between stress levels and the prevalence of emotional eating in extension students of the Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional research method and correlation test with a 95% confidence level ( = 0.05). According to research findings, the majority of respondents (46.4%) experienced moderate emotional eating (32 of 69 respondents). In terms of stress, the majority of the correspondents who were studying and working reported a normal stress level of 33.3%. (23 out of 69 respondents). The relationship between the level of stress and the incidence of emotional eating in Extension Students FKM UI obtained a coefficient value of 0.398 with a p-value of 0.001, indicating that the two variables have a moderately strong positive relationship. There is a relation between stress levels and the incidence of emotional eating in extension students at the University of Indonesia's Faculty of Public Health.

Study Environment, Teaching-Learning Activity and Employment Status in Public Health Discipline: A Qualitative Research

<i>This paper explores the study environment, teaching-learning activity, and employment status of the Public Health discipline. Qualitative research was conducted from December 2021 to August 2022. We recruited graduates, lecturers, and employers using the snowball sampling method and purpose. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City (No. 550/HDDD-DHYD), and the oral consent form was obtained for each in-depth interview and focus group discussion. The number of participants in the focus group discussions was 20, equal to those in the in-depth interviews. There were 22 women (55%) and 47.5% of people over 35 years. University was the highest choice for working (47.5%), and over 50% of people had post-graduate degrees. The Faculty of Public Health is a romantic place with various green spaces and fresh air on Hung Phu Street and a modern building at 12A of Hong Bang Street. There are various teaching-learning activities, such as role-playing, case study, group discussion, writing report, presentations, and thesis defenses. Employers satisfy the Public Health graduate student knowledge and skills; however, they must improve their soft skills for job adaptation. This study's results may help to supply evidence for our university to improve the educational training program of Public Health. Furthermore, it may contribute to the expected learning outcomes to train human resources, which satisfies employers' needs and requirements of social changes relating to Public Health professionals.</i>

Relationships between Exclusive Breastfeeding, and History of Illness, and Stunting in Children Under Five

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding can affect a child's immune system against infectious diseases and malnutrition. Children under five who experience repeated infectious diseases and malnutrition will have the opportunity to experience stunting problems. Riskesdas (2018) shows that the prevalence of stunting under five in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is higher (42.6%) than the average prevalence of stunting in Indonesia (30.8%). The results of the initial survey found that the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding was very low and the morbidity rate for children under five was still high in the Working Area of the Kokar Health Center, Alor Barat Laut District, Alor Regency, NTT. Subjects and Method: A case control study conducted in Adang Village, the work area of the Kokar Health Center, Alor Barat Laut District, Alor Regency in October-November 2021. The size of the study sample was 132 toddlers with 66 case samples and 66 control samples taken by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was the incidence of stunting. The independent variables were the history of exclusive breastfeeding and the history of illness. The analysis used is simple logistic regression analysis and followed by Odd Ratio (OR) analysis. Results: The history of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=4.57; CI95%= 1.58 to 13.21; p= 0.003) and the history of illness (OR=5.33; CI95%= 2.53 to 11.24; p <0.001) were associated with the incidence of stunting. Further test results showed that every child under five who had a history of bad exclusive breastfeeding had a 4.5 times greater risk of experiencing stunting and a child under five who had a history of illness more often had a 5.3 times greater risk of experiencing stunting. Conclusion: The incidence of stunting in the Northwest Alor District, Alor Regency, NTT Province is influenced by a history of exclusive breastfeeding and a history of infectious diseases or illness. Keywords: history of exclusive breastfeeding, history of illness, incidence of stunting, infectious diseases, nutritional intake Correspondence: Intje Picauly, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, Jl. Adi Sucipto Penfui, Penfui, Maulafa, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Mobile: +62822-3714-5517. Email: intjepicauly@staf.undana.ac.id. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2023), 08(01): 116-124 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2023.08.01.11

Factors Associated with the Utilization of Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Services among Pregnant Women in Oepoi Health Center, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara

Background: The tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization program is a process of building immunity as an effort to prevent tetanus infection. TT immunization is important to form tetanus antibodies that will prevent neonatal tetanus. The coverage of TT immunization in Oepoi Community Health Center Working Area in 2020 is classified as very low, which was only 37.06%. The low coverage of TT Immunization indicated a lack of utilization of immunization services by pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the utilization of Tetanus Toxoid immu­ni­zation services for pregnant women in the working area of the Oepoi Health Center. Subjects and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the working area of the Oepoi Health Center, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara from March to October 2022. A total of 46 third trimester pregnant women were selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was the TT immunization service. The independent variables were knowledge, the role of health workers, husband's support, and parity. Data was collected by using a questionnaire and analyzed by using the chi-square test. Results: There is a relationship between knowledge (OR= 48.00; 95%CI= 7.84 to 293.71; p<0.001), the role of health workers (OR= 22.16; 95%CI= 2.57 to 190.99; p<0.001) husband’s support (OR=10.85; 95%CI= 2.68 to 43.89; p<0.001), parity (OR= 3.73; 95%CI= 1.08 to 12.90; p= 0.033) and the utilization of the TT immunization service in the Oepoi Health Center working area. Conclusion: Knowledge, the role of health workers, husband's support, parity are related with the utilization of TT immunization services in the working area of the Oepoi Health Center. Keywords: immunization, tetanus toxoid, pregnant women. Correspondence: Chintya Leba Leo. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang. Jl. Adisucipto Number 1 Penfui Kotak Pos 104 Kupang 85001, East Nusa Tenggara. Email: chintya­leba­leo@gmail.com. Mobile: +62 813-3855-7740. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2023), 08(01): 58-64 DOi: https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.01.08

Factors Associated with Stunting in Children Under Five: A Cross-Sectional Study from Ritaebang Health Center, West Solor, East Flores, Indonesia

Background: Stunting in children under five years of age is a global nutritional problem. World Health Organization (WHO) puts Indonesia as the third country with the highest cases in Asia. Prevalence of stunting in children under five years of age in East Nusa Tenggara touches 40.3%, the highest compared to other provinces in Indonesia. The study aims to discover factors associated with stunting incidences in children under five years of age in the working area of Ritaebang Community Health Center, West Solor, East Flores. Subjects and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the working area of Ritaebang Community Health Center, West Solor, East Flores during the month of June – July 2022. A total of 70 children under five years of age were selected by using random sampling. The dependent variables were birth weight, consumption pattern, clean water availability, maternal education, number of family members, and family income. The independent variable was stunting children under five years of age. The data were collected by using questionnaires, and analyzed by using SPSS. Results: The stunting incidences in children under five years of age were significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 3.91; p= 0.046), consumption pattern (OR= 19.63; p<0.001), the availability of clean water (OR= 6.37; p= 0.001), maternal education, (OR= 3.14; p= 0.033), number of family members (OR= 6.71; p= 0.007), and family income (OR= 12.25; p= 0.008), and were also associated with birth weight (OR= 3.61; p= 0.214), however it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Stunting incidences is associated with birth weight, breastfeeding, consumption pattern, clean water availability, maternal education, number of family members, and family income. Keywords: stunting, birth weight, clean water, environment. Correspondence: Marina A.B Ndetu. Public Health Department, Public Health Faculty, Universitas Nusa Cendana. Jl. Adi Sucipto Penfui, Penfui, Maulafa, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. 85001. Email: Marina­ndetu12@gmail.com piusweraman@yahoo.com. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2023), 08(01): 1-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2023.08.01.01

Covid-19 as an issue of memory, truth, and justice: an interview with Deisy Ventura.

This interview with Deisy Ventura, professor at the Faculty of Public Health of the Universidade de São Paulo, discusses the political dimension of the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. She has become a leading reference on the subject due to her extensive knowledge of international law, with a focus on health. In this interview, Deisy Ventura offers some reflections on global health and discusses the handling of the pandemic in Brazil and its human rights implications. According to Ventura, the Brazilian government had a systematic policy for the spread of the virus, and the pandemic should be treated as a matter of memory, truth, and justice.

Covid-19 como tema de memória, verdade e justiça: entrevista com Deisy Ventura

Abstract This interview with Deisy Ventura, professor at the Faculty of Public Health of the Universidade de São Paulo, discusses the political dimension of the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. She has become a leading reference on the subject due to her extensive knowledge of international law, with a focus on health. In this interview, Deisy Ventura offers some reflections on global health and discusses the handling of the pandemic in Brazil and its human rights implications. According to Ventura, the Brazilian government had a systematic policy for the spread of the virus, and the pandemic should be treated as a matter of memory, truth, and justice.

Perception of faculties towards online teaching-learning activities during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study at a tertiary care center in Eastern Nepal

Introduction: Online teaching learning activities is totally a new modality of medical education in the country with new opportunities, experiences and challenges. Objectives of the study were to explore the perception of faculties towards online teaching learning activities conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and to find out barriers and facilitators to conducting online teaching learning activities in our context. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical, dental, nursing and public health faculties using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Google Form was prepared and its link was sent to the faculties via email. Descriptive statistics were calculated using statistical package for the social sciences. Results: Out of 158 faculties, 105(66.46%) were male and 121(85.44%) were medical faculties. Only 16(10.13%) faculties had received formal training regarding preparing and/or delivering online teaching learning activities. Out of 158, 133(84.18%) faculties faced technical and internet issues. The most common advantage and disadvantage of online teaching-learning activities perceived by the faculties were ‘not limited to time or place’ (149, 94.30%) and ‘lack of interaction with the students’ (130, 82.28%) respectively. Majority (149, 94.3%) of them had positive perception towards online teaching-learning activities conducted during COVID-19 pandemic. Slow internet connection (145, 91.77%) and frequent electricity interruption (131, 82.91%) were the most common perceived barriers to online teaching learning. Conclusions: Most of the faculties had positive perception towards online teaching learning activities. Academic leaders and stakeholders should provide uninterrupted internet and electricity connectivity, training on online teaching-learning platform and timely technical support.

Hubungan Manajemen Waktu dengan Kebiasaan Prokrastinasi Penyusunan Skripsi pada Mahasiswa Keperawatan

Students who practice the habit of procrastination take longer to complete their study period compared to students who do not procrastinate. Compiling a thesis is one of the important areas but this is often delayed by students. The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is a relationship between time management and the procrastination habit of thesis preparation in students of the nursing science study program of FKM UMI. The research design used is analitic pobservational with a cross sectional study approach. The sample determination was carried out using a total sampling technique with a sample size of 48 respondents. The relationship test was carried out using the Chi- Square statistical test with a meaningfulness level of p ≤ 0.05. The results showed that there was a relationship between time management and the procrastination habit of thesis preparation with a meaningfulness level of p ≤ 0.04. The conclusion of this study is the effective time management of nursing students of the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muslim Indonesia as many as 39 people (81.3%) and students who have ineffective time management as many as 9 people (18.7%), nursing students of the Faculty of Public Health, Muslim University of Indonesia who do not procrastinate as many as 40 people (83.3%), and those who carry out the habit of procrastination as many as 8 people (16.7%). It is necessary to conduct further research with other methods and more samples in order to get even more accurate results in the future.

Evaluation of Community Health Volunteers Training on Early Detection Skills of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Background: achievement of coverage numbers of cases of pulmonary TB cases that meet the target impact on the prevention of disease transmission, complications, and even death due to pulmonary TB. Increasing the capacity of community health volunteers as partners of health workers in the early detection of pulmonary TB becomes a program that needs to be considered.Purpose: this study aims to identify the effect of community health volunteer training on the early detection of pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods: the study design used quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test types with a control group. The study was conducted in February-March 2020 in the working area of the Kutowinangun Primary Health Care Facilities. The total sample of 32 community health volunteers for each intervention and control group was selected by purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instruments used were observation sheets and modules developed by researchers. The training was conducted in 5 sessions over 5 days with a duration of 60 minutes per session. Data analysis using paired t-test and independent t-test. This research has passed the ethical test from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Public Health, University of Muhammadiyah Semarang.Results: there was an effect of community health volunteers' training on improving early TB pulmonary detection skills significantly with a p-value = 0,000 (p 0.05).Conclusion: refreshments of community health volunteers must be planned in the annual work plan program design. Increased skills have a positive impact on the increasing findings of new cases of pulmonary TB. Community health volunteer training can be integrated with the DOTS program in primary health care facilities.

DEVELOPMENT OF A HOPE-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAM TO IMPROVE HEALTH BEHAVIORS AMONG DIVERSE OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Studies have shown that health education can improve dietary intake, exercise, and energy balance, which improves health outcomes and quality of life. However, diverse low-income older adults may have low self-efficacy coupled with potentially negative opinions regarding the aging process. Emerging research suggests that asset-based approaches utilizing persuasive and hopeful messages may be particularly effective with diverse populations of older adults who may be struggling with negative perceptions of self-efficacy. Research also shows that health behavior change interventions are most likely to be successful among diverse populations when they incorporate messages of resilience and facilitate information sharing and diffusion among participants. This presentation outlines the program curriculum development process of a student-led health promotion program by an interdisciplinary team of university researchers. Public health, dietetics, and communication faculty utilized Persuasive Hope Theory (PHT) and Self-Efficacy Theory to create a 15-week program to improve fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity among low-income adults aged 55+ living in Anchorage, Alaska. We will also detail the curricular components for this NIA-funded program which will be delivered in Fall 2022.

Strengthening Public Health Scholarship in Sudan: The Role of Leadership and Mentorship Development.

A robust public health workforce in Sudan is essential for accelerating progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals, and strengthening public health education is a priority for the Ministries of Health and Higher Education. Faculty at public health training institutions are a critical resource. Globally, development programs for junior to midlevel public health faculty have been well documented. However, most involved direct partnership between a university from the Global North and only one or two universities from the Global South, only one included an explicit focus on creation of a leadership network, and none were launched as fully virtual collaborations. Therefore, we conducted a mixed-method evaluation of the fully virtual Yale-Sudan Program for Research Leadership in Public Health. We used program records, participant feedback, competency assessment, and network analysis to evaluate 1) participant engagement, 2) change in skill, and 3) change in collaboration. The program achieved a 93% graduation rate. All participants would "definitely" recommend the program and described the live virtual sessions as engaging, effective, and accessible. We observed progress toward learning objectives and significant increases in 13 of 14 leadership and mentorship competency domains. Collaboration across Sudanese institutions increased, including an almost doubling in the number of pairs reporting scholarly collaboration. Eight authorship teams are actively working toward peer-reviewed publications. The program engaged scholars and policymakers from across Sudan and the Sudanese diaspora achieved high levels of co-creation and continues despite significant political unrest in the country, serving as a promising model for strengthening of public health education in Sudan.

Adolescent learning and health behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: COVID-19 pandemic, in its first year, forced restrictions on social, economic, work, education, and religious activities. All activities were diverted and conducted online to avoid exposure to the coronavirus. These online activities had an impact on students, particularly learning behavior and behavior related to health aspects. Objective: This research aimed to analyze adolescent learning and health behavior. Methods: A descriptive method with a cross-sectional study design was used. The research was conducted from November to December 2021 among students of the Faculty of Public Health, Halu Oleo University, Kendari City, South East Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data were collected using online questionnaires with Google Forms and were processed using epi info. Results: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents from the aspect of learning behavior was, during the online learning process, many adolescents experienced constraints, such as the lack of optimal internet networks in their areas in rural areas, the limited quota due to the pandemic also had an impact on the economy of students’ parents, power outages and unfavorable weather condition. In addition, changes in adolescent learning behavior became more skilled in using various applications. In terms of health behavior, there was a change in perspective and behavior, which is more sensitive to health, including dietary habits, exercise pattern, and readiness to face the new normal. Conclusion: The students got difficulty learning technically due to online learning, but there were also many positive impacts, namely increasing skills related to the use of technology, social communication, and health behavior.

Internalization of Islamic Values in Tarbiyah Activities for Public Health Students at University of Tadulako, Palu

The internalization of Islamic values in Islamic education, especially in public universities, has yet to run optimally due to limited learning time. One of the faculties that develop Islamic education learning in non-formal activities is the Faculty of Public Health (FKM) at the University of Tadulako, Palu. Currently, there is phenomena lack of moderate though among university students. Therefore, the researcher intends to identify and analyze the results of internalizing Islamic values in the tarbiyah activities of Faculty of Public Health students at the University of Tadulako in Palu. This study used qualitative paradigm with a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis. In depth-interview was conducted with ten informants. The data analysis technique uses the matrix style and tests its validity through the triangulation method. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the form of Islamic valyes internalization at the s faculty includes studies of divine values in the form of aqidah values. For example, the consequences of the shahada, then sharia values with practical worship material, knowing Islamic dinul and others. Furthermore, regarding insaniyah values with the topic of study discussing ukhuwah Islamiyah. It was held routinely one to two times a week accompanied by direct practice, namely; reading tests of the Al-Qur'an, Tahsin, thematic and preventive studies. The results aslso show that students internalize Islamic values not only professed in their hearts or verbally, but are proven by realizing divine values and insaniyah values in perfecting their beliefs, sharia, and morals, for example carrying out religious orders, worship properly and behave well with others.

SURVEY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING TOBACCO SMOKING IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Introduction. The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced, killing more than 8 million people a year around the world. The young people are the easiest target for the risky behavior. Aim. To assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding tobacco smoking among medical students in Georgia. Materials and Methods. KAP questionnaire containing 44 questions was developed in Georgian. Sampling frame consisted of students of the1st and 4th year of the Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU) – Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health Management and Faculty of Public Health. Random cluster sampling was used and total number of participants was 242: 1st year students 39.51% (96), 4th year students 60.08% (146); Faculty of Medicine 62.96% (153), Faculty of Public Health 36.63% (89); female 183 (75.31%), male 59 (24.48%). Mean age was 20.63 (SD=2.2). Cross-sectional study was performed. The survey was anonymous and self-administered. Principles of Declaration of Helsinki were followed. Data analysis was done in Stata 14.0. Results. Based on the knowledge component, most students do not have complete information about tobacco products and the diseases they cause. Statistically higher number of the students of the Medical Faculty and male students had correct information about the harm of tobacco. 20.6% of respondents smoke, male 33.9%, female 16.4%. The main reason for starting smoking was cited as interest and the influence of friends. 32.1% of respondents stopped smoking after the quitting attempt. The maximum length of time to smoking after quitting was 7.9 months on average (SD = 7.8). Conclusion. Obtained results are mainly in line with the international findings. There was seen a statistically significant difference between public health and medical faculties and male and female in responses on knowledge and attitude. Taking into account that we have studied medical students it is less probable that the students of other specializations will be more knowledgeable in this regard. It is advisable to increase awareness activities in this regard.

The Context, Input, Process, and Product Evaluation Model on English Language Teaching at Public Health Study Program

Evaluation of English teaching is carried out to determine the achievement of program objectives and provide recommendations for program improvement. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of English Language Teaching to identify its effectiveness in achieving the objectives of the Public Health Study Program curriculum. In this study, the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) evaluation model was applied. This research was conducted at the Public Health Study Program, Faculty of Sport and Public Health, Mandalika University of Education. The population in this study was the first semester students of Public Health study program in the amount of 133 students. In determining the number of samples, there were 46 students chosen as samples by using simple random sampling technique, and 1 English lecturer and the Head of Public Health study program as the participants in this study. This study was an evaluative study utilizing a mixed-method research design. The data gained from the questionnaire were analysed by using descriptive quantitative whereas, the data obtained from interview and class observation were analysed qualitatively. Based on the findings of the study, it was found that for context dimension got a Percentage of Effectiveness of 78.52; input dimension got a Percentage of Effectiveness of 59.47; process dimension got a Percentage of Effectiveness of 76.74, and product dimension got a Percentage of Effectiveness of 51.86. Based on the result of the study, it was concluded that the implementation of teaching English in Public Health study program has not been effective. It is recommended that language skills and language components are integrated since those elements can support communication ability stated in the curriculum of Public Health study program.

Benefits of Fiber-Rich Snacks on Waist Circumference and Atergenic Index of Plasma in Obese

TitleBenefits Of Fiber-Rich Snacks to Prevent the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease by Reducing Waist Circumference dnd Atherogenic Index of Plasma in Obese Author(s): Fatma Syukrina, Sunarti, Ika Ratna Palupi Affiliation: Departement of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, Farmako Street, North Sekip, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281 Abstract: Background and aimsObesity, which is marked by an increase in waist circumference, is one of the risk factors for degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disease which is characterized by an increase in atherogenic index of plasma. Dietary fiber decreases the speed of gastric emptying which maintains satiety and decrease appetite through the secretion of the hormones GLP-1 and PYY. These effects is believed can reduce the waist circumference and atherogenic index of plasma in obese. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fiber-rich snacks on waist circumference and atherogenic index of plasma in obese. Material and MethodsThis study uses a quasi-experimental study design that use control group with pre-post test intervention. A total of 40 adults age 19-60 years old with obesity were recruited. From Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The Intervention group were asked to consume fiber-rich snacks as much as 42 grams/day for 6 weeks. The fiber-rich snacks made into chip from Dioscorea esculenta, Arrowroot, Cassava and Pumpkin. Waist circumference was measured using midline, while the atherogenic index of plasma was measured and calculated as follows: Log10(Triglyceride [TG] /High-Density Lipoprotein [HDL-C]. Paired t-test was used to evaluate the results. ResultsThe fiber-rich snacks intervention in obese was significantly reduce waist circumference and atherogenic index of plasma in obese (p<0.05) ConclusionsThis study shows that fiber-rich snacks has a positive effect in reducing waist circumference and atherogenic index of plasma in obese. Therefore, fiber-rich snacks can be considered for daily consumtion to prevent cardiovascular disease

The Faculty of Public Health: past, present and future.

This year we celebrate 50 years of the UK Faculty of Public Health (FPH). This commentary serves as a reflection on the history of the FPH, considering the origins of public health in the UK and the role of the FPH in shaping public health practice and policy. The genesis and evolution of the FPH are discussed, drawing upon reflections from past presidents and the wider literature. Historical shifts in the identity and roles of public health practitioners are also explored in the context of an increasingly complex and dynamic health and social care system. Key changes in public health practice are described, including the development of a multidisciplinary public health workforce and an increased focus on health inequalities over recent decades. Building upon this is a discussion of the current purpose of the FPH and perspectives on the future of the FPH amidst a changing public health landscape.

Public health and military health.

This paper summarizes the role of Public Health specialists within the UK Defence Medical Services (DMS). The armed forces have a need for expert advice on health improvement, health protection and healthcare public health. The first professor of military hygiene, Dr Edmund Parkes, was a leading pioneer in the public health movement of the late 19th century. Since then, the armed forces have evolved the term 'hygiene', though 'health', to 'well-being'. Military doctors with an interest in medical administration and the health of populations have longstanding links with their civilian peers, through the Society of Medical Officers of Health and its successor the Faculty of Public Health. The specialty of Public Health in the armed forces is multidisciplinary, following the same educational pathway as civilian peers. The speciality has made important contributions during global health emergencies including the Ebola outbreak in 2014 and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Although a small cadre, within the DMS and in the UK Public Health workforce, they have an important role in keeping our armed forces ready for operations. We celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Faculty of Public Health and expect that the DMS will contribute to the further development of the specialty.