Faculty Of Animal Science Research Articles

Effectiveness of Biochar application on the growth of red chili plants during the vegetative stage under waterlogging

The riparian wetland offers potential for horticultural crop cultivation, such as chili peppers. It is important to consider cultivation techniques and the use of organic matter to improve soil properties, particularly to combat waterlogging during the rainy season. This study aimed to assess the impact of biochar application on the growth of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) during the vegetative stage under waterlogging conditions. This research was conducted at the experimental land of the Agrotechnology Department, Faculty of Plant and Animal Sciences, Universitas Bina Insan from December 2022 to February 2023. This research employed a complete randomized design (RAL) factorial with two factors. The first factor involved waterlogging stress, including control (C) and waterlogging stress (W). The second factor (N) encompassed the application of biochar, namely without biochar (N0), rice husk biochar (N1) and coconut shell biochar (N2) at a dose of 200 g plant-1. The results showed that waterlogging conditions (W) and biochar application (N) showed significantly different results in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, and total dry weight of chili plants, while the interaction (WxN) showed significantly different in shoot length and root length of plants. Treatment without biochar (N0) in waterlogging conditions actually showed shoot length, root length, number of leaves and total dry weight of plants that were significantly higher than treatment coconut shell biochar (N1) and rice husk applications (N2).

Preface

Welcome to the proceedings of the The 10th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP X) organized by Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada. In the midst of escalating concerns about the environmental impacts of animal production and the imperative to ensure global food security, this symposium serves as a crucial platform for scholars, researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals to converge and deliberate on pressing issues. The title of our symposium, “Sustainable Animal Productivity and Environmental Footprint Toward Global Halal and Food Security,” encapsulates the multifaceted challenges we face today. As the world’s population burgeons and economies expand, the demand for animal products escalates, placing immense pressure on our environment and resources. Yet, this surge in production comes at a cost—degradation of ecosystems, deforestation, habitat loss, and a myriad of environmental woes. Concurrently, the burgeoning demand for halal food, driven by the expanding Muslim population, necessitates innovative approaches to ensure the sustainability and integrity of supply chains. The backdrop against which this symposium unfolds is one characterized by urgency and complexity. Traditional agricultural practices, marked by inefficiencies and resource-intensive methods, are no longer tenable in the face of escalating global challenges. The need of the hour is a paradigm shift towards sustainable animal production systems that reconcile productivity with environmental stewardship. Throughout this symposium, esteemed experts from diverse disciplines will engage in rigorous discourse, sharing insights, methodologies, and innovative solutions aimed at fostering sustainable animal productivity while mitigating environmental footprints. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange, we aspire to chart a path towards a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable future for animal production systems worldwide. The contributions contained within these proceedings represent the culmination of rigorous research, thought-provoking insights, and practical applications. We extend our deepest gratitude to all the authors, presenters, attendees, and organizers whose collective efforts have made this symposium a resounding success. As we embark on this intellectual journey, let us remain steadfast in our commitment to forge a harmonious balance between the imperatives of productivity, environmental sustainability, halal integrity, and global food security. List of Committee of ISTAP X 2023 is available in this Pdf.

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single Anonymous • Conference submission management system: Morressier • Number of submissions received: 44 • Number of submissions sent for review: 42 • Number of submissions accepted: 38 • Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 86.4 • Average number of reviews per paper: 1.05 • Total number of reviewers involved: 14 • Contact person for queries: Name: Tri Satya Mastuti Widi, Ph.D. Email: widi.tsm@ugm.ac.id Affiliation: Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Preface

This significant increase in population has caused food availability in the world. Food is to become increasingly limited and it is not surprising that the world will experience a food crisis. There are many things that cause a food crisis, including increasing population growth, environmental damage, land conversion and a decline in the quality of agricultural land, changes in consumption patterns. The mindset of farmers which is completely practical and not in accordance with market predictions as well as the conversion of agricultural land into residential and industrial areas are several factors for the occurrence of a food crisis in the future. Efforts to fulfill food needs have been made by the government. Starting with the green revolution. It was used as a way to increase food production. Then continued with the blue revolution in order to meet human needs, especially the need for protein originating from fish. Apart from the two efforts above, efforts continue to be made to search for superior seeds, which is one of the efforts to increase agricultural production, using genetic engineering technology. Based on this, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro would like to address issues around resilience of the agricultural sector in the global food crisis. It is our hope that the results from this seminar may form the basis for the decisions that policy makers and other stakeholders need to consider to improve food sovereignty in global world system. This seminar also places to discuss the solutions on achieving resilience of agricultural sector in the global food crisis. Therefore, on behalf Universitas Diponegoro, we believe that this conference will be a good place to share recent discoveries in the respective fields, to build partnership, so that we can move closer to answer the world feeding challenge, together. We would like to congratulate the committee for a job well done preparing this seminar. Special gratitude goes to keynote speakers, all participants, and all other parties supported this event. List of Committee and Participants of the 6th International Seminar on Agribusiness are available in this Pdf.

The Addition of Avocado Seed Flour in Reduced Fat Mayonnaise as Stabilizer

Aims: This study aims to determine the quality of mayonnaise by adding avocado seed flour as a stabilizer based on pH, viscosity, stability emulsion, emulsion droplets, acidity, and color analysis (L a* b*). Study Design: This study are an laboratory experimental with a completely randomizeddesign. Place and Duration of Study: This study are located in Laboratory of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas of Brawijaya. Methodology: This research method used was laboratory experimental with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Results: Avocado seed flour is added to the mayonnaise formulation at 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% sensory evaluation of the total ingredients used. The variables measured are pH, viscosity, stability emulsion, emulsion droplets , acidity, color analysis (L a* b*). The results showed that the treatment had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on pH, viscosity, stability emulsion, emulsion droplets, acidity and color analysis (L a* b*). It can be concluded that the best treatment in this study was mayonnaise woth the addition of 1% avocado seed flour. Conclusion: This study concluded that the addition of avocado seed flour at 3% can produce mayonnaise with the characteristics of pH, viscosity, emulsion stability, acidity, emulsion droplets, and color analysis.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Set Yogurt Fortified with Dracaena angustifolia Leaves Extract

Aims: This study aims to analyze syneresis, pH, total acid, viscosity, color (L, a*, b*) and sensory analysis (taste, aroma, and color) and antioxidant activity of yogurt set added with Dracaena angustifolia leaves (DAL) extract. Study Design: The research used a factorial experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), four treatments, and four replications. The research used a percentage treatment of DAL extract (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% from milk total). Place and Duration of Study: This was carried out at the Animal Products Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya. The Research was conducted from October- December 2023. Methodology: The yogurt-making process begins with pasteurizing milk to a temperature of 65-70°C, followed by the addition of DAL extract according to the treatment: P0 (control), P1 (2%), P2 (4%), P3 (6%). After pasteurization, the milk is filtered, and a starter inoculation is added at a temperature of 43-45°C, constituting 3% of the milk volume. The milk-starter mixture is thoroughly stirred to ensure even distribution. The inoculated milk is then poured into sterilized glass containers, incubated in an incubator at 43-45°C for 6 hours, and analyzed physicochemical characteristics (syneresis, pH, total acid, viscosity, color (L, a*, b*) and sensory analysis (taste, aroma, and color) and antioxidant activity). Results: The yogurt set fortified DAL with different concentrations showed a significantly different effect (P<0.05) on pH, color (L, a*, b*), and sensory (taste, aroma, and color) and did not have a different effect (P>0.05) on syneresis, total acid, and viscosity. Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the addition of DAL extract to the yogurt set provides an increase in viscosity, color brightness (L), yellowish color (b*), organoleptic quality (taste, aroma, and color), total acid, antioxidant activity, and reduces syneresis, reddish color intensity (a*), and pH.

Evaluation of Elnady preserved tissues as a teaching aid for undergraduate animal science courses

Abstract The use of tissue specimens for undergraduate instruction is a very valuable tool. However, fresh tissue specimens are not always available and many common preservation techniques can result in discoloration, offensive odors, and/or dangerous chemical residues. The Elnady Technique was developed as a means to produce tissue specimens that “are realistic, durable, have no offensive odor, and are dry, soft and flexible” (Elnady, F.A. 2016 The Elnady Technique: An innovative, new method for tissue preservation. Altex. 33:237-242. doi:10.14573/altex.1511091). Briefly for soft tissue, specimens were preserved by fixing in formalin. The tissue specimen was then dehydrated with a series of acetone baths. Once the tissue was fully dehydrated, the specimen was impregnated in glycerin. Excess glycerin was then removed by draining followed by immersion in cornstarch. Cornstarch residue was removed with a soft brush, and the specimen was stored in a plastic bag. Multiple specimens (including female reproductive tract of the cat, goat, horse, and sow; digestive tract of cat, chicken, and dog; one day old lamb stomach; goat rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum; and sheep heart and kidney) have been preserved and used in various animal science course laboratories (126 laboratory sections and 1696 students at Berry College). Some of the specimens have been in use for seven years and are still in usable condition. Anonymously surveyed Berry College Animal Science Faculty strongly agreed or agreed Elnady preserved tissues are a useful teaching aid (n = 5). The Elnady Technique has proven to be a useful means of preserving tissue samples used in undergraduate animal science courses.

Effect of combination of beef cattle feces, dairy waste water solid, and organic kitchen waste as maggot growth media (Black soldier flies) on maggot population weight and density

The livestock industry is closely associated with waste. On-farm waste such as beef cattle feces and off-farm waste in the form of dairy waste water solids can have detrimental effects on the environment if left untreated. The high nutrient content of livestock industry waste can be effectively utilized to prevent environmental pollution. However, the large amount of organic waste poses a significant challenge due to population density and the lack of land for waste storage or processing, which are unresolved issues. This waste can be processed through bioconversion, with the use of Black Soldier Flies (BSF) larvae representing a new method of organic waste treatment. This research was conducted at the Beef Cattle Teaching Farm and the Laboratory of Microbiology and Animal Husbandry Waste Handling, Faculty of Animal Science, Padjadjaran University. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of combining beef cattle feces, dairy waste water solids, and kitchen organic waste on the weight and density of maggot populations. The experimental method employed four treatments with five replications each: 100% kitchen organic waste (P0), 50% kitchen organic waste and 50% beef cattle feces (P1), 50% kitchen organic waste and 50% dairy waste water solids (P2), and 33.4% kitchen organic waste, 33.4% beef cattle feces, and 33.4% dairy waste water. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the combination of kitchen organic waste and beef cattle feces contributes to an increase in maggot population density.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Sheep Breeds in Diverse Habitats of Baluchistan Province through the Analysis of the vertnin Gene

This study was conducted to identify the vertnin gene in four different sheep breeds of Balochistan by studying their genetic characteristics and analyzing molecular markers. For this purpose, four different sheep breeds, Balochi, Rakhshani, Harnai, and Bibrik, were selected. A total of 10 animals from each breed were chosen to study the impact of breed and the vertnin gene on carcass features. The selection of animals was based on their phenotypic characteristics such as age and teeth. Blood samples of 10 ml were collected and transported to the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics at the Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, LUAWMS Uthal, Balochistan. Genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction was carried out using a modified inorganic method. The results showed that Balochi had a change in amino acid cytosine (C) > into thymine (T) mutation, Rakhshani had a change in guanine (G) > into adenine (A) mutation, Bibrik had a change in adenine (A) > into cytosine (C) mutation, and Harnai had a change in thymine (T) > into cytosine (C) mutation. The maximum divergence was 0.15715 bp in relation to the comparison in all studied sheep breeds. The phylogenetic results showed that the Balochi breed has 95–97% similarities with the other breeds when sequences were compared. The results revealed that the gel-electrophoresis bands of the Balochi breed were slightly higher, respectively. It was concluded that the vertnin gene exists in different breeds of sheep and might show a broad range of differences, even with similar DNA sequences. However, the purity based on the vertnin gene is at high risk, as a notable difference was found between the Balochi and Harnai sheep.

Effects of Fresh Azolla microphylla Supplementation on Pelleted Basal Diet to Local Muscovy Duck Breed Production Performances

The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding fresh Azolla microphylla on pelleted basal feed on the Local muscovy duck breed production performances. The research was done for 2 months August to September 2023, in the Muscovy duck farm, Paguyuban Petani Mandiri Kademangan, (PPMK), Blitar Regency, and feed analysis was done in the Nutrition and Animal Feed Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Muhammadiyah Malang University. The research method used is experiment using a completely randomized design consisting of 3 treatments and 5 replications, each experimental unit used 4 ducks, reared and plotted randomly in the litter cage. The research variables observed were: day old duck weight, final weight, feed intake, FCR and performance index. The results of the study of the effect of supplementation 10% of fresh Azolla microphylla on the best performance index of Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), can be apply for duck feed.

The Quality of Spent Hen Chicken Sausage with Tomato Paste at Different Refrigerated Storage Time

Aims: This research aims to determine the quality of spent hen chicken sausage with the tomato paste at different refrigerated storage time based on pH, color, moisture content, total microorganism, and rancidity
 Study Design: This research are an laboratory experimental with a completely randomized design.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research are located in Laboratory of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya.
 Methodology: This research are using a 4 treatments and 5 replications. The main focus are a different storage time for spent hen chicken sausage on refrigerator (4˚C). The 4 treatments are 0 day (D0), 7 days (D1), 14 days (D2), and 21 days (D3)
 Results: The different storage time on spent hen sausage with tomato paste gave a very significant effect (P < .01) on pH, color analysis (L a*b*), moisture content, total microorganism, and rancidity. pH, moisture content, total microorganism, and rancidity are increased during storage time meanwhile for color analysis are decreased during storage time.
 Conclusion: Except for being a natural food colorant, tomato can be used for natural antioxidant. The addition of tomato paste on spent hen sausage can extend spent hen sausage’s shelf life until 21 days on refrigerated temperature (4˚C). The further research are needed for consumer safety on spent hen chicken sausage with the addition of tomato paste.

The Influence of Students Development Strategy of the Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science the University of Muhammadiyah Malang on the Future of Farmers Profession in Indonesia

The young generation is an important part of becoming the nation’s successor. The interest of the younger generation to the farming profession is still very minimal because the farming profession is considered less promising. This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of the student development strategy of the Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Muhammadiyah Malang on the future of the farmer profession in Indonesia. In this study, the authors used sampling with Slovin’s formula, namely a sample of 105 respondents. Respondents in this study were active students of the 2019 FPP UMM class. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regression analysis with quantitative descriptive analysis approach and using SPSS Software Version 26. The results of this study can be concluded that X1, X2, X4 partially have no effect on the farmer profession, while for X3 it shows that it partially has an effect significant to the farming profession. The coefficient of determination of 0.469 means that the farmer profession variable can be explained by the student development strategy variable of 46.9 % while the remaining 53.1 % is explained by other independent variables not examined in this study.

Polymorphism of the myostatin gene exon 1 using PCR-RFLP technique in five beef cattle in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the polymorphism of the myostatin (MSTN) gene in exon 1 at SNPc.111G>C (rs523392653) and SNPc.267G>A (rs383271508) on various beef cattle in Indonesia. A total of 136 DNA samples were analyzed in this study, consisting of 33 heads of Madura, 31 heads of PO, 36 heads of Bali, 18 heads of Simmental, and 18 heads of Limousin cattle. The DNA sample was collected from the Animal Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University. Along 608 bp of DNA sequence was amplified using PCR with forward primer was 5′-CAA GTT GTC TCT CAG ACT GG-3′ and reverse primer was 5′-CTC CTC CTT ACA TAC AAG CC-3′ and annealing temperature was 59°C. The amplified DNA was then digested with HaeIII and AluI restriction enzymes using the RFLP method to determine polymorphism. Genotype frequencies, allele frequencies, PIC, and heterozygosity values were calculated with the PopGen32 program. The HaeIII enzyme produces two genotypes, GG and CG, while the AluI enzyme produces three: GG, AG, and AA. SNPc.111G>C polymorphism was found in Madura and PO cattle, while SNPc.267G>A polymorphism was found in Madura, PO, and Bali cattle. Both Simmental and Limousin cattle were monomorphic.

Preface

The 2nd International Conference on Animal Research for Eco-Friendly Livestock Industry (2nd ICARELI) 2023 was held on August 15th, 2023 in Surakarta, Indonesia. The scientific conference was performed by the Study Program of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia in virtual platform. This international conference aims to explore recent research on the eco-friendly livestock industry which is in line with sustainable development goals.The conference consisted of plenary and panel sessions. During the plenary session, all of the invited speakers from Japan, Malaysia, Australia, South Korea, and Indonesia were able to present live for discussions although there was a time difference between continents. Prof. Abdul Razaq Alimon from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) gave talk about livestock nutrition availability: scenarios for sustainability in climate change context. Dr. Naoto Shimizu from Hokkaido University, Japan discussed regarding food and agricultural waste valorization through the global food system. Prof. Abdul Jabbar from University of Melbourne, Australia talked about epidemiology and control of parasitic diseases of socio-economic significance of livestock and a one health perspective. Prof. Kim Hack Yeon from Kongju National University, South Korea gave a talk about future perspective of meat products development based on protein substitutes and biodegradable materials. Associate Prof. Lilik Retna Kartikasari, Ph.D., from Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta delivered a speech entitled “optimizing omega-3 enriched chicken products”.The Organizing Committee received 76 manuscripts. There 72 participants were able to give presentations during the conference. The participants presented their scientific results live by zoom platform provided during the conference. All talks and discussions during the conference were well recorded. There were five breakout rooms of zoom provided according to conference scopes i.e.: eco-friendly animal feed resources; nutrition, forage and pasture, sustainable animal production system; animal biodiversity, ecology, and conservation, organic farming; eco-friendly animal products processing and technology; food safety and security of animal resources; animal waste management and bioenergy; socio-economic studies on sustainable animal farming; and animal health and welfare. The 49 presented manuscripts out of 72 total received were screened for IOP: EES publication and went through a double-blind review in the Morressier platform.The 2nd ICARELI 2023 was successfully held by all support from the university president, dean, students volunteering in the event, and all third parties involved. We are very glad that the event was joined by all of the participants with enthusiasm. The editorial team, reviewers and participants were also able to use the Morressier platform during the reviewing process with the responsive work of the Morressier team. Therefore, the proceedings of the 2nd ICARELI 2023 can be published and hopefully be able to give values to the community.List of Editors, Advisory Boards, Scientific Committee of Conference, Organizing committee are available in this pdf.

Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and Caspase-3 expression in equine penile squamous cell carcinoma

Neoplasms are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), also called squamous cell carcinoma, being the most common genital malignant tumor in the species and the most common neoplasm in horses in the State of São Paulo. Neoplasms frequently infiltrate the corpus cavernosum and can cause metastases in regional lymph nodes, generally having a guarded to poor prognosis due to local invasion and recurrence. Given the importance of the disease, the objective was to verify whether there is a difference in the expression pattern of immunomarkers of apoptosis and cell adhesion, according to the degree of cellular differentiation of the neoplasms. Twenty equine penile SCC samples from the Animal Pathology Service of the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo were histologically analyzed and classified according to their degree of differentiation. In addition, they were also subjected to the immunohistochemistry technique, with the immunomarkers Caspase-3 and E-cadherin. Data were analyzed using Kendall’s correlation and the Mann-Whitney test. It was found that there is a positive correlation between the expression of immunomarkers and that there is no statistically significant difference in the expression of immunomarkers according to the degree of differentiation.

Deep Learning Models to Predict Finishing Pig Weight Using Point Clouds.

The selection of animals to be marketed is largely completed by their visual assessment, solely relying on the skill level of the animal caretaker. Real-time monitoring of the weight of farm animals would provide important information for not only marketing, but also for the assessment of health and well-being issues. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a method based on 3D Convolutional Neural Network to predict weight from point clouds. Intel Real Sense D435 stereo depth camera placed at 2.7 m height was used to capture the 3D videos of a single finishing pig freely walking in a holding pen ranging in weight between 20-120 kg. The animal weight and 3D videos were collected from 249 Landrace × Large White pigs in farm facilities of the FZEA-USP (Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo) between 5 August and 9 November 2021. Point clouds were manually extracted from the recorded 3D video and applied for modeling. A total of 1186 point clouds were used for model training and validating using PointNet framework in Python with a 9:1 split and 112 randomly selected point clouds were reserved for testing. The volume between the body surface points and a constant plane resembling the ground was calculated and correlated with weight to make a comparison with results from the PointNet method. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.94) was achieved with PointNet regression model on test point clouds compared to the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.76) achieved from the volume of the same animal. The validation RMSE of the model was 6.79 kg with a test RMSE of 6.88 kg. Further, to analyze model performance based on weight range the pigs were divided into three different weight ranges: below 55 kg, between 55 and 90 kg, and above 90 kg. For different weight groups, pigs weighing below 55 kg were best predicted with the model. The results clearly showed that 3D deep learning on point sets has a good potential for accurate weight prediction even with a limited training dataset. Therefore, this study confirms the usability of 3D deep learning on point sets for farm animals' weight prediction, while a larger data set needs to be used to ensure the most accurate predictions.

The Effect of Providing Fermented Pineapple Peel in The Ration on The Performance of Peking Ducks

This research aims to determine the performance of male Peking ducks given rations containing fermented pineapple peel at the Teaching Farm, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Mataram. The research was carried out for 10 weeks using a Completely Randomized Design, consisting of 6 treatments and 5 replications. Each replication used 8 male Peking ducks aged two weeks so that the number of ducks used was 240. The treatments were P0 = control, P1 = 5% fermented pineapple peel, P2 = 10% fermented pineapple peel, P3 = 15% fermented pineapple peel, P4 = 20% fermented pineapple peel and P5 = 25% fermented pineapple peel. The research variables were: final body weight, body weight gain, ration consumption, Feed Converation Ratio, percentage of carcass and non-carcass analyzed using analysis of variance. The results of the study showed that giving fermented pineapple peel up to a level of 25% had a significant effect (P<0.05) on final body weight, body weight gain and feed consumption, but was not significantly different (P>0.05) on the feed conversion ratio, carcass percentage, small intestine length, small intestine percentage, liver percentage, and leg percentage. Conclusion: Providing fermented pineapple peel to a level of 10% increased final weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, head and neck percentage but reduced heart percentage and gizzard percentage. Feed conversion ratio, carcass percentage, small intestine length, small intestine percentage, liver percentage, and leg percentage were relatively similar between treatments.

Viabilitas Benih Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pada Lama Perendaman Air Kelapa yang Berbeda

Propagating date palms from seeds presents challenges due to low viability (<20%) and a lengthy germination period of 100 days, necessitating pre-treatment before planting. Green coconut water serves as a natural source of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) that can potentially stimulate date palm seed germination. This research aimed to determine the optimal duration of immersion in green coconut water to enhance the viability of date palm seeds. The study was conducted from January to February 2023 at the Laboratory of Agronomy and Agrostology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment levels: without immersion in green coconut water, immersion for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours. Each treatment was replicated five times, with 20 seeds per replication. Parameters measured included germination rate, vigor index, maximum sprouting potential, and seedling dry weight. The study revealed that the length of submersion in green coconut water for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours had no effect on the viability of date palm seeds.

Protein bioavailability of Panicum maximum cv Mombaza grass under foliar fertilization with zinc metalosate

The present research was carried out in two sites. The first corresponded to the agronomic phase in the province of Orellana, in the Joya de los Sachas canton. The second phase consisted in determining the rumen degradability (bioavailability) of the protein by developing it in the laboratory of Rumiology and Nutritional Metabolism of the Faculty of Animal Sciences at the Quevedo State Technical University, The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three levels of Zinc metalosate on the bioavailability of protein in Mombaza grass. A randomized complete block design with a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement was used. Nine treatments were distributed in 3 random blocks (fistulated Brahman bulls). The factors under study were zinc metalosate (0, 1 and 2 liters ha-1) and age cut or regrowth (28, 35 and 42 days) and the variables under study Ash bioavailability (protein degradability), Ruminal incubation times (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours). The zinc metalosate effect stands out at the level of 0 and 1 liter per hectare only after 72 hours of incubation, improving the bioavailability of protein. Regarding the regrowth age effect, it was highlighted that 28 days after cutting the Mombasa grass, the bioavailability of the protein is improved in the incubation times of 48 and 72 hours. The interaction of factors showed that protein bioavailability improved at 0 hours of incubation with the combinations 1 L ha-1 x 35 days and 1 L ha-1 x 42 d. Keywords: incubation; bioavailability; degradability

Changes in the Physical Quality of Culled Layer Chicken Meat at Different Ultrasonic Time Levels

Aims: This study aims to determine changes in the quality of culled layer chicken meat at different ultrasonic time levels based on Cooking loss, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Tenderness and Color L*a*b*. the material used is culled layer chicken meat which has been ultrasonic.
 Study Design: The method used in this research is experimental laboratory using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: Animal Product Technology Departement, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, between September-November 2022.
 Methodology: Ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes (P1), 15 minutes (P2), 20 minutes (P3), 25 minutes (P4), and 30 minutes (P5). Parameters observed were Cooking loss, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Tenderness and Color. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If the data showed a significant difference, continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). 
 Results: The average cooking loss value is 2.24-4.07; pH 6.21-6.40; EC 0.61-0.76; tenderness 6.9-10.8; color L* 45.79-51.62; a*6.30-6.54; b* 12.56-13.19.
 Conclusion: The results showed that ultrasonic treatment with a different time in culled layer chicken meat had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the pH, EC, color but could have significant.