Faculty Of Physical Education Research Articles

Encouraging a Unified Framework for Understanding Socialization Into Higher Education

Over the past few decades, scholars have directed increasing attention toward the socialization of physical education faculty members’ recruitment, preparation, and ongoing socialization. Parallel research trajectories have, however, resulted in varied approaches to conceptualizing and labeling the phases or types of socialization experienced by this occupational group. With the view of academic journals as spaces for discourse surrounding divergent approaches to conceptualizing and conducting research, the purpose of this research note was to overview two contrasting conceptualizations of physical education teacher education faculty socialization and propose a unified approach for moving forward in future research. Differing perspectives are reviewed, and an updated conceptual framework for understanding socialization into and through academic roles is proposed. We argue that this model better captures the diversity in and provides flexibility for the backgrounds that draw individuals into careers in higher education and their experiences once serving among the faculty in academia.

Teacher Socialization Research: Leveraging Lessons Learned Toward a Favorable Future for Physical Education

Occupational socialization theory has been used to guide research related to the lives and careers of teachers and, more recently, teacher educators for around 50 years. Across this time, much has been learned about the factors that attract or deter prospective recruits from seeking occupations in the field, the effectiveness of professional development programming, and individuals’ experiences working in educational systems or scholarly contributions toward larger institutional missions. In this paper, we provide an overview of research stemming from occupational socialization theory before presenting and discussing vignettes that provide illustrative examples of the socialization of physical education teachers and faculty members in action. Building from the discussion across these vignettes, we describe lessons learned related to applying the findings of socialization research in practice before closing with research recommendations. We emphasize topical and methodological diversity in socialization research and provide example studies linked to the current literature.

Development Of Speed Motor Quality Using Complex Motor Actions In Secondary School Students

One of the priority objectives of school physical education, specified in school programs for all education cycles, is the development of motor skills. The topic addressed by us in this paper was born from the need to have the greatest possible efficiency in the teaching of physical education in grades V-VIII, where the instructional-educational process must pursue concrete goals regarding the system of knowledge, skills and motor skills in order to concretize the model of each class in gymnasium physical education and sports. The study of this topic aims to establish the most effective exercise structures regarding the development of speed motor quality in secondary school students. Using the means proposed by us, after a well-established program in the physical education lesson for secondary school students, in order to develop the speed motor quality, I believe that it will develop obviously, during the whole school year. The data resulting from the scientific investigation regarding the development of speed motor quality through the use of movement games at the secondary school level were implemented in school units in the municipality of Arad. They can be used in the instructional-educational process by the specialists in the field and as methodical material by the students of the faculties of physical education and sport in the disciplines "Theory of physical education and sport" and "Practice and methodology of motor activities by age groups" . The research was conducted during the 2022-2023 school year. Following the application of the experiment, it was found that major differences in student performance were obtained, they had a significant increase between the initial testing and the final testing, which allows us to state that the methodology used in the lessons was adequate. The exercises and games used had a positive influence in obtaining the results of the experiment. Of course, the experiment should be continued and possibly extended to a larger sample of children in order to further improve motor quality, speed in particular, as well as harmonious physical development in general. Keywords: motor qualities, methods, means, physical training, program.

Yoga, a mindfulness therapy to prevent PTSD as to encompass athletes' performance.

Yoga is one of the physical and mental activities used in elite sports training for risk prevention and medical rehabilitation in case of injuries caused by overtraining or accidents. This study examined the opinions of Romanian elite athletes and coaches on the feasibility of incorporating yoga practice into training regimens for purposes of injury prevention and medical recovery. This study surveyed a group of 500 athletes, coaches, and medical personnel from three universities in Romania, all of which are part of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (PES). An online survey was administered which evaluates athletes' experience of yoga integration in pre/post training and its positive effects on reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The data were then analyzed with a structural equation model utilizing SmartPLS software. According to the survey, Romanian athletes use yoga both before and after competitions to improve their focus, balance, muscle, and joint elasticity, foster a winning mindset, control their emotions and PTSD, visualize their competition performance, and see themselves as winners. The survey also found that yoga is seen as useful for cardiac rehabilitation, neuropathic pain, pulmonary disease, orthopedic illness, muscle strain, and managing symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study contributes to enhancing athletes' mindfulness and health, offering valuable insights to trainers and athletes interested in incorporating yoga into professional sports activity. The results support the notion that yoga integration in training activity promises to positively influence athletes' performance and reduce collateral side effects of competitions. The results are also in line with the objectives of the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 (GAPPPA) - with the theme of "being more efficient to prevent than to treat" - which places special emphasis on the demands for certain programs and services, sports coverage, and healthy workplace initiatives. The study further indicates that Romanian elite athletes and coaches support the use of yoga is an effective method for enhancing athletic training and medical therapy for post-traumatic illnesses and stress disorders.

State of professional readiness of the future physical education teachers

The current state of training of students of the faculties of physical education and sports requires modernization and improvement of the training process of future physical education teachers in secondary schools. The problem of forming the professional readiness of teachers is currently in the center of attention of the Ukrainian education sphere. Professional training of physical education teachers must meet the requirements of the methodology of modern science; organically fit into the general theory of the culture of the individual and society; to enable students to identify and solve philosophical, cultural, sociological, psychological and pedagogical problems. The purpose of the work is to determine the professional readiness of future physical education teachers to work in a secondary school. The research methodology is based on the theoretical and scientific-methodical levels of the main provisions of pedagogy and psychology, theory and methodology of physical education and professional education, laws and principles of the educational process in the field of physical culture and sports. Scientific methods were used in the research: analysis of literary sources, pedagogical observation, interview, questionnaire, assessment of professional readiness. The research was conducted at Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University in 2021–2023, in which students of the third and fourth years (84 persons) of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports took part. Scientific novelty. The acquired professional knowledge, skills and abilities at the level of the latest achievements of psychological-pedagogical, anatomical-physiological disciplines and a high level of physical and methodical preparation in the field of physical culture and sports are the basis of the successful activity of the future physical education teacher. Conclusions. It was established that 17.6% of third-year students had a high level of professional readiness, 50.9% had an average level and 31.5% had a low level. The fourth-year students showed better knowledge, abilities and skills, their professional training, and accordingly, their professional competences are higher: 23.8% have a high level of professional training, 51.8% - average, and only 24.4% - low.

Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Academic Achievement among Students Enrolled in Sports Psychology Courses at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Hashemite University

Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Academic Achievement among Students Enrolled in Sports Psychology Courses at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Hashemite University

Measuring Components of Social Behavior According to Psychology of Bilateral Relationships and Relationship to Variables of Gender and Geographical Location for Students of College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Applied in Secondary Schools 2022-2023

Activation of all social roles that university student must show during stage of university application in middle and high schools, so research problem is that achieving sufficient studies in field of social behavior does not reach level that students of physical education and sports science . Research aim Building, legalizing and applying a measure of components of social behavior (his behavior with himself, his behavior with his supervisor’s teacher, his behavior with school administration, his behavior within his students inside lesson) according to (bilateral relations) for students applied in middle schools. research community is one of students and students of fourth stage in Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Basra University for academic year 2022- 2023, which number (236) of morning and evening studies. As for research sample, it reached (180) male and female students and percentage (76.27% ) of original community of research, researchers chose two samples for that, first to build scale for social behavior according to basic components of student’s applied behavior . Most important recommendation: 1) Conducting similar studies that deal with behavioral components that researcher proposed according to each of levels that researcher has placed within research. 2) Supporting various curricula and various sporting and social activities that urge social behavior and search for best ways that contribute to development and development in a way that suits university’s university life. 3) Take advantage of students who have a very high level of social behavior in leading various social activities inside and outside college.

Psychological Skills in Relation to Academic Achievement through Swimming Context

This study aimed to investigate: (1) the level of psychological skills among students enrolled in swimming courses at the Physical Education faculties in the Jordanian Universities. (2) the relation between their psychological skills and academic achievement. (3) the differences in these psychological skills according to gender. The descriptive approach was used to conduct this study. The study sample consisted of (260) male and female students enrolled in intermediate and advanced level swimming courses at the School of Sport Sciences/ University of Jordan. Students’ final academic achievement records in addition to the “Life skills through swimming context” scale was used to collect required data. The results of the statistical analysis revealed an average level of psychological skills, significant differences in psychological skills level in favor of female students, A level students, and JU students, and a positive significant relation between psychological skills and academic achievement. In conclusion, it is important to design comprehensive psychological skills-based study plans for swimming courses and in different sports fields. Also, to conduct specified training and guidance courses in this domain to improve psychological skills, teaching competencies, and academic achievement.

Investigation of Digital Game Playing Time and Motivation of Sport Sciences Students

The aim of this study was to investigate the time spent playing digital games and the motivation of Sports Sciences students. A total of 192 students (122 males, 70 females) who are studying at the Faculty of Physical Education of Ondokuz Mayıs University Yasar Dogu took part in the study. The data collection instruments used in this study were the digital game playing motivation scale and the digital game playing attitude scale. For data analysis, SPSS 21 package was used. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA tests were used for data evaluation. Significance was set at 0.05 to compare all variables. There was no significant difference in attitude and motivation to play digital games according to gender, class, height, age and father's educational level among the students of Sports Sciences (p > 0.05). A significant difference was found between the behavioural sub-dimensions of attitude towards digital games and the curiosity and social acceptance sub-dimensions of motivation towards digital games according to the level of education of the mothers (p<0.05). As a result, the curiosity-social acceptance sub-dimensions of the digital game playing motivation scale increase as the level of parental education increases, according to the data obtained from the parental education variable. It can be said that students are influenced by extrinsic sources of motivation in line with their desires and needs in the direction of the target behaviour, as the level of curiosity-social acceptance increases.

The Impact of Modern Technological Management Strategy on the Quality of Scientific Research in Some Faculties of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Libyan Universities

This research aims to clarify the role of technological management strategy by identifying the quality of scientific research in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences in Libyan universities. In addition, this study aims to study the role of human resources management in the transition to bringing about the modern technological change in management strategy. Concentrating the process of bringing and attracting modern technology has become an inevitable necessity on the one hand, and a planned and non-random matter on the other hand. In this research, we relied on the descriptive method using the survey method. The study sample was composed of professors from some faculties of physical education and sports sciences of the Libyan University. The total sample number was ninety-one (91) individuals. Several statistical tools were used in this study using SPSS, version 2020, This research resulted in that the strategy of modern technological management has a role in achieving change in universities colleges during their management of various educational programs, especially when it concerns a radical change in the methods of administrative work. Therefore, adopting the digital style by introducing modern technology in the management of local administration is inevitable and imposed by the rapid developments in various means of communication and modern technologies.

Training of future physical education teachers to physical culture and health activities in the secondary school

The article examines the actual problems of training of future physical education teacher for physical culture and health activities in a secondary school. The process of preparing students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports for the organization of a physical culture and health environment at school has been revealed. The components of physical culture and health activities and the level of training of students for this type of activity are established. It has been proven that the issues of physical culture and health activities in Ukrainian schools are quite relevant for improving physical fitness, harmonious development and recovery of students. The purpose of the work is to establish the level of readiness of future physical education teacher for physical culture and health activities in a secondary school. The research methodology was to reveal the current state of solving the problem of training future physical education teachers for physical culture and health activities in a secondary school using analytical investigation methods and problem-based research methods. The following scientific methods were used in the study: analysis of literary sources, pedagogical observation, conversation, questionnaires, expert assessment and self-assessment of the level of knowledge, skills and abilities in physical culture and health activities, methods of mathematical statistics. The research was carried out at Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University in 2021–2023, in which students of the third and fourth years (84 persons) of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports took part, who are studying under the educational and professional bachelor's program in the field of knowledge 01 Education/Pedagogy, specialty 014, Secondary education in subject specialty 014.11 Secondary education (Physical culture). The scientific novelty consists in the disclosure of the dynamics of the formation of physical culture and health readiness of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports for professional activities at school. Third-year students have a low level of readiness for physical education and health activities at school (61.1–65.1 points). The students of the fourth course showed good grades (73.2–76.9 points) in all components of readiness for physical culture and health activities. Conclusions. The preparation of future physical education teacher for physical culture and health activities at school can be presented as a system of organizational, psychological and pedagogical measures of a higher education institution aimed at acquiring knowledge, abilities and skills in health preservation and experience of implementing various forms of physical culture.

Methodical mastery of students of physical education faculties as future specialists in the field of teaching gymnastics

The article highlights the theoretical foundations of training future physical education teachers in gymnastics and its teaching methods, defines and substantiates the mastery indicators of this type of activity. At the present time, this problem is also due to the fact that at the current stage of development of the institution of general secondary education, the level of requirements for the professional training of future physical education teachers has significantly increased. The purpose of this work is the theoretical and methodological substantiation, the characteristics of indicators of methodical mastery of future teachers of physical culture in relation to the organization and conduct of gymnastics classes in general secondary education institutions. The analysis of scientific research shows that the training of a physical education teacher requires, first of all, professionally significant knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as the coordination of special personality qualities, namely: proper attitude to professional activity; development of methodical thinking of future teachers of physical education; the ability to work in a team and independently; availability of communication skills; effectively apply acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in professional activities, etc.
 The peculiarities and specifics of educational forms of gymnastics classes in higher education are substantiated for the effective formation of professional skills and skills for conducting various forms of gymnastics classes; mastering practical material and developing the skills of its optimal selection for organizing and conducting gymnastics classes; increasing the level of development of basic motor skills; realization of creative possibilities of students in modeling future professional activity.
 It was established that the methodical mastery of the physical culture teacher is most pronounced in the process of his professional activity in the educational institution, the correspondingly formed system of special knowledge, abilities and skills and the development of the thinking of future specialists.

Differences in the indicators of speed and agility of students of the Faculty of physical education of the 3rd year of study in different years of entering the university

Background and purpose. Coordinated movement takes place under the great influence of the CNS and its highest centers, whose numerous functions are still not sufficiently explored. Agility is the ability to maintain body position in a controlled manner with a rapid change of direction during successive movements. The research aim the study was is to determine the speed and changing the direction of movement as well as existing differences between students using the Illinois Agility Test (IAT). 
 Material and method. The research included 114 students divided into 4 groups: I group (2011/12y) =28; II group (2012/13) =30; III group (2015/16) =29; IV group (2016/17) =27., who at the time of measurement corresponded to the 3rd year of study (20-21 years old). The IAT was used to assess motor agility and the averege test results (sec.) and the average movement speed during the test (m/s) were determined.
 Results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, which detected statistically significant differences at the multivariate level (Wilks=0.717; F=16312; p<0.002). At the univariate level, there are differences between the IAT results (F=5.827; p<0.001), where the Tukey HSD test confirmed statistically significant result (sec.) differences between the I group of students (Result=16.97sec) with the II group (Result=18.00sec.), with III group (Result=17.71sec.), and with IV group (Result=18.04sec.) for (p<0.05). Using the same methodology, statistically significant intergroup differences in IAT speed (m/s) were recorded (F=6.743; p<0.001), which was confirmed by the Tukey HSD test, only between the I group of students (Speed=3.84m/s) with the II group (Speed=3.61m/s), III group (Speed=3.69m,/s) and for IV group (Speed=3.61m/s) for (p<0.05). 
 Conclusion. Differences between the groups are evident for results (sec.) and speed (m/s) and statistically significant were achieved only between the I group with the II, III and IV group. The best results of the Illinois Agility Test (sec.) and Speed (m/s) were achieved by the students of group I and the weakest students of group IV. Statistically significant differences were not recorded between II, III and IV groups.

Development of specific competencies in gymnastics in specialized higher education

Background and Study Aim. The modernization of the curriculum in higher education, through its importance and significance, aims to ensure optimal conditions in the creation and continuous improvement of the personality of the student/future teachers of physical education. The purpose of the study was the comparative analysis of the academic programs for development of specific competencies in the specialized higher education. Material and Methods. Three groups of subjects participated in the research: group A (Grade - A1, A2, A3) with a number of 83 students (the class of 2017-2020) from the Physical and Sports Education study program of the Physical Education and Sport Faculty (ROU). Group B (Grade – B1, B2) is formed of 18 students (the class 2017-2020) while group C (Grade – C1, C2) is formed of 20 students (the class 2018-2021). The subjects of groups B and C are students of the Faculty of Pedagogy (MD). The research was carried out depending on the status of the discipline ”Gymnastics” within the curriculum of both study programs. Grade A1: first year – fundamental discipline ”Basic Gymnastics”. Grade A2: second year – bachelor’s degree discipline ”Theory and practice in the branches of gymnastics – Artistic gymnastics”. Grade A3: third year - specialization discipline ”Methods of teaching gymnastics in school”. Grades B1 and C1: ”Didactics of gymnastics I” (first semester). Grades B2 and C2: ”Didactics of gymnastics II” (second semester). Each discipline provides data about the subject matter, estimated total time, total of study hours per semester and individual study, conditions of carrying out and weighting of the evaluation criteria. The Single Factor Analysis of Variance was used to compare the average differences between groups. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for the differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. The comparative analysis of the study programs reveals differences in the status of disciplines (fundamental, bachelor’s degree and specialization – ROU and component of orientation towards a specialty - MD). The results of the comparative analysis between grades in the program ROU highlights the decrease of the mean by 0.24 points at Grade A2 and 0.36 points at Grade A3. There are significant differences at p<0.001 and at ANOVA Factor insignificant differences p>0.05. The results of the difference between groups in MD highlights the increase of performances in Grade C1 by 0.73 points and by 0.41 points at Grade C2. As for the comparison of the performances between grades, significant differences were observed between Grade C1 with Grade A2 and Grade A3, p<0.05. Regarding the other comparisons, the differences are insignificant at p>0.05, which shows that there are the same curricular approaches between contents and performances. Conclusions. The comparative analysis carried out between the training programs of gymnastics specific competencies revealed different contents, different weightings of the number of hours and number of credits. The insignificant differences between programs in terms of grades highlight the same curricular approaches between contents and achieved performances.

Challenges and future prospects of online practical education in physical education faculties during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction. Coronavirus (COVID-19) is considered a worldwide pandemic, and as such a threat, it caused millions of cases and above million deaths.Aim. The present research aims to explore the challenges among the lecturers and students during the online practical education in the faculties of physical education (PE) during the COVID-19 world pandemic, and to seek the best solutions and applications that can be used under similar circumstances from the perspective of lecturers and students.Methodology and research methods. The authors used the descriptive approach on a sample of lec­turers (n = 63) and students (n = 1391). To reduce face-to-face interaction, the researchers designed the study tool using a web tool, where the study included two questionnaires. The first dealt with the lecturers’ challenges during the online practical education and the best solutions and practices from their perception. In addition, the second dealt with the students’ challenges during the online practical education and the best solutions and techniques from the students’ points of view. We used frequencies, percentages, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, mean, standard deviations, three-way ANOVA, and Scheffe test to address the study sample responses.Results. The findings show that the educational environment is one of the main challenges facing the lecturers during the online practical education while considering the aspects of students’ social and economic factors is one of the essential solutions. In addition, there are statistically significant differ­ences in the level of challenges according to the gender variable. From the students’ points of view, the content and the educational environment are among the most significant challenges they face during online practical education.Scientific novelty. The study attempted to uncover the challenges facing students in physical educa­tion faculties in practical subjects. As far as the researchers know, it is considered one of the few studies that addressed the impact of the transition to distance education due to the Coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, this study constitutes a turning point that can be used in future studies.Practical significance. The practical significance of this study lies in the use of its results in strategic planning for distance education in similar situations, thus contributing to achieving better learning out­comes by addressing weaknesses and encouraging positive aspects.

Preparation of an educational curriculum to perform the skill of the front somersault rise of on the balance device

The aim of the research is to identify the preparation of an educational curriculum to perform the skill of rolling forward in an upward balance. While the two researchers, the educational curriculum for the performance of the skill of rolling forward, the beginning of the rise on the balance-balance device of the experimental group. The sample of the research included students of the third stage in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala from 20/11/2017 until 25/1/2018 at the Gymnasium Hall in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers developed the learning curriculum for the teaching material. Using the tools and tools to learn the skill in question in terms of technical performance and knowledge, during the duration of the experiment from 29/11/2017 until 3/1/2018 The tests were carried out after the completion of the educational curriculum for all skills, and concluded that the use of the methodology devices and tools Help understand and understand the detailed parts of the skill (technical performance) better when used during learning.

A comparative study of the social interaction that excites the excitement and success between Baghdad University and Al-Mustansiriya University for the third and fourth stages

The difference of social interaction between students as a result of cases of independence and disharmony between them and the lack of actual belonging to others is the problem of research, and because the subject of football and volleyball needs understanding and direct and indirect communication it negatively affects the superiority and success of some students who tend to be isolated and not understanding with others, thus while the goal of the research was1. Building a scale of social interaction among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Establishing Norms Levels For Physical Fitness For The Students Admission Exam In The Physical Education Departments In Palestinians Universities.


 The studyinvestigates the possibility of building up standard levels of physical and in testing students who apply for the entrance exam in the faculties of physical education in Palestinian universities . To achieve this goal , the study was conducted on a random sample of 190,174 male and female studentsrespectively in four Palestinian universities ( Al-Najah university ,Khadouri university , Al-Quds Open university and Arab American university – Jenin ).Those students are first- years who underwent ability test in their universities .The tool of the study consists of a number of physical skill examinations that focus on flexibility , agility , speed , muscular strength, fortitude and precision , The data was collected and analysed using the program (spss). The study finds that the students, level in both physical and tactical skill examinations was average. Physical fitness tests for male and female students were founded on standard levels in which the results were illustrated as: flexibility (bending the trunk of the body) , agility (hurdle zigzag race ) , speed ( 30m race ) , fortitude (1500m race), precision ( aiming by the hand at the interlocked circle).The researcher recommends that it is necessary to adopt standard levels the study arrived at in the selection and acceptance of first-year students in the faculties and sections of physical education in Palestinian universities ,provided that there need be a unified system based on scientific standards in all universities in Palestine .
 

Obstacles that faced teaching swimming courses at Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science at Hashemite University during Corona pandemic from the students’ point of view themselves

This study aimed to identify the obstacles that faced teaching swimming courses at Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science at Hashemite University during Corona pandemic from the perspective of the students themselves The researchers used the descriptive approach for its suitability to the nature of the study and its objectives, where the questionnaire was used as a tool to obtain the study data after the researchers conducted validity and reliability transactions to ensure their safety and suitability for the current study،The results of the study indicated that the most important obstacles that faced teaching swimming courses at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Hashemite University during the Corona pandemic were arranged as following: Obstacles related to the electronic field, obstacles related to the academic field, obstacles related to the psychological field, Obstacles related to the economic field, and finally obstacles related to the social field؛The researchers recommend generalizing the results of this study to benefit from them in knowing the nature of the obstacles that students of practical courses faced, especially swimming during Corona pandemic

Wheat Germ Protein Powder: A Study on the Muscle Soreness Relief of Volleyball Players After Training

This paper briefly introduces wheat germ protein powder. The alleviating effect of wheat germ protein powder on muscle soreness was studied on 30 male athletes from the varsity volleyball team at the Faculty of Physical Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology. During the study, the athletes were divided into three groups: Group 1 received a kind of starch placebo, Group 2 received a low dose of wheat germ protein powder, and Group 3 received a high dose of wheat germ protein powder. Subjective pain, knee isokinetic muscle strength, and creatine kinase activity levels were measured at different time points before and after exercise. It was found that athletes who consumed wheat germ protein powder experienced faster alleviation of muscle soreness compared to those who took the starch placebo, and athletes who consumed a high dose of wheat germ protein powder demonstrated faster relief of muscle soreness compared to those who consumed a low dose.