Threat Factors Research Articles

Is Fluctuating Asymmetry a Sufficient Indicator of Stress Level in Two Lizard Species (Zootoca vivipara and Lacerta agilis) from Alpine Habitats?

Alpine habitats are exposed to increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change. The negative impacts can lead to chronic stress that can affect the survival and reproductive success of individuals and even lead to population extinction. In this study, we analyse different morphological and ecological traits and indices of abiotic and biotic stressors (such as head size and shape, fluctuating asymmetry, body condition index, tail autotomy, and population abundance) in alpine and subalpine populations of two lacertid species (Zootoca vivipara and Lacerta agilis) from Serbia and North Macedonia. These lizards live under different conditions: allotopy/syntopy, different anthropogenic pressure, and different levels of habitat protection. We found differences between syntopic and allotopic populations in pileus size, body condition index (in both species), pileus shape, fluctuating asymmetry (in L. agilis), and abundance (in Z. vivipara). Differences between populations under anthropogenic pressure and populations without it were observed in pileus shape, body condition index (in both species), pileus size, fluctuating asymmetry, tail autotomy and abundance (in L. agilis). On the basis of our results, it is necessary to include other stress indicators in addition to fluctuating asymmetry to quickly observe and quantify the negative effects of threat factors and apply protective measures.

ANALYSIS OF RISK TERMINAL FLOWS IN TECHNOGENIC SYSTEMS ARISING IN THE PROCESS OF THREAT IMPACT

Context. The analysis of the risk terminal flows in technogenic systems is carried out, which arise in the process of the impact of informational and cognitive threats in the automated document management system as part of the hierarchical production system.
 The object of the research is the process of functioning of complex systems with a hierarchical structure, in which automated document management systems with a high level of data flow protection for decision-making are used to provide the information quality control of technological processes.
 The subjects of the research are the methods and means of constructing an information protection system to ensure the reliable functioning of automated document management systems and making targeted decisions in hierarchical structures with minimal risk of exposure to external threats and attacks.
 Objective is to develop a complex model for assessing the risk of the document management system failure as part of a hierarchical production system under the active threats.
 Method. For the first time, the cause-and-effect diagram of the event formation with the active action of threat factors and attacks is substantiated and developed, the interpretation of risk in a technogenic system is defined, and the risk in the space of states is presented as a change in the trajectory in the system transitions to the limit operation mode. For the first time, a category diagram of the structure of risk generation under the threat factors and a system-category diagram of interaction in the system risk ↔ emergencyactive nature is constructed, a system-category scheme of risk formation under the active threat factors is suggested. For the first time, a cognitive diagram for assessing losses in the event of a risk situation arising from incorrect actions of the personnel is substantiated.
 Results. As a result of the research, a system-category diagram of the impact of a set of threats on the system functioning mode and process is constructed, a method is developed for calculating the level of system strategic security of energy-active hierarchical systems in the process of attacks and threats, and a complex model for assessing the risk of a system functioning failure under active threats is suggested.
 Conclusions. Under the action of active obstacles, cognitive and system factors at the operational and strategic levels of the control hierarchy, due to wrong decisions and informational disorientation, emergency situations and risks of the system function loss and its target-orientation arise. The analysis of a set of risks and the suggested category diagram of the risk generation structure under the impact of threat factors form the basis of the development of the probability structure of the risk concept based on the attack ↔ consequence model, as well as the construction of a system-category diagram of the interaction in the game active factor ↔ accident risk. This, in turn, makes it possible to construct a system-category scheme for the formation of risk terminal flows in technogenic systems that arise in the process of threat impact. A complex model for assessing the risk of system failure under threats can be used to construct protection systems for any hierarchical control structures of technogenic systems.

Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Dalam Mengembangkan Umkm Toko Rifany Hijab

The marketing strategy is one of the main functional strategies adopted by Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to improve performance. The Community Service Program which was carried out within one semester tried to analyze the right marketing strategy for the development of a shop business that was developing in the fashion sector, namely Rifany Hijab. The method is carried out through four stages of analysis, namely environmental analysis, strategy planning (formulation), strategy implementation, and finally evaluation and control. The results of the analysis and formulation of the strategy show that Rifany Hijab has six internal key factors and six external key factors. Rifany Hijab's internal key factors consist of three strengths and three weaknesses, with the strength that has the highest score being the relatively cheap price of the product, and the weakness factor with the highest score being the working relationship between employees and superiors. Meanwhile, external factors Rifany Hijab has three opportunity factors and three threat factors, with the main opportunity being to participate in every promotional event and good customer service (Customer Service), as well as the main threat factor, namely the many competitors and newcomers of fellow hijab products and lots of price competition fellow hijab businessmen.

Strategy to Strengthening Forest Farming for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management in the Coastal Area, Deli Serdang, Indonesia

Mangrove forests can be used directly or indirectly by communities/farmer groups around the coast. However, with the rampant forest destruction that occurs, the community or farmer groups need to be equipped with capacity building about the importance of the mangrove ecosystem and its impact on their livelihood. This study aims to identify the condition of mangrove forests in the research area and determine strategies for institutional development of forest farmer groups in coastal areas at the Production Forest Management Unit. The research method used is a qualitative method with interviews; while the analytical method used is the SWOT analysis. Based on the results of the analysis of the Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) with a strength factor value of 0.054 and a weakness value of 0.47. From the calculation of the internal environment score (IFAS) value, namely the strength factor minus the weakness factor, the value of x was obtained as the horizontal axis 0.054-0.047 = 0.007. Based on the External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) analysis results, the opportunity factor had a value of 0.054 with threats having a value of 0.047. The results showed that the external calculation score (EFAS), namely the opportunity factor (opportunities) reduced by the threat factor, obtained the Y value as the vertical. The identification of internal (IFAS) and external (EFAS) factors indicated that the position of institutional development of forest farmer groups in coastal areas was in quadrant one (I) or in an aggressive position that supports the SO development strategy (aggressive development strategy)

Cyber Threat Analysis in Smart Terminal Systems

Cyber threats create significant factors that challenge traditional threat prevention mechanisms in harbor areas and port terminals. It has been recognized that understanding security functionalities in the harbor area is based on a more traditional experience of what it requires. It is not enough that the maritime and harbor ecosystem repeats only physical security service routines regarding random checks of passengers and vehicles and customs functions on cargo and passenger transportation. Smart environments and infrastructures are widely expanded in urban areas and create more challenges if old practices are combined with new technologies and functionalities. Traditional threats have changed to a combination of threat types. While developing cyber or physical threats may evolve into hybrid threats, it may prevent everyday harbor activities so that damage can become long-lasting and harm business continuity management. Therefore, it is essential to analyze cyber threat factors in Smart Terminal Systems. The research provides cyber threat and vulnerability analysis and the main attack vectors in the Smart Terminal systems. This research belongs in Finland to the maritime Sea4Value (S4VF) research program that includes Smart Terminals (SMARTER) project for harbor’s digitalization.

Cybernetic model of rational world order under the paradigm of directed evolution

With the rapid advancement in our civilizationʼs technology, the dynamics of a variety of global processes are on the rise as well, the environmental degradation rate increases, competition for access to resources grows, new large-scale epidemics emerge, etc. All of these processes and phenomena have a negative impact on global security and are being studied by scientists to develop recommendations for a world order that will meet the needs of humanity, regardless of race, nationality, socio-cultural and religious affiliation, and will allow for the restoration of the environment. The new principles of the world order should be rooted in the main principle of human security — «the possibility of rational development of civilization». This can be achieved by implementing an optimal control system for the world order. Human security should be considered, in addition to the factors of the direct threat of military conflicts, in the context of climate change and natural disasters, cultural and social development, migration and health care. Considering that the problem of human security and development is an interdisciplinary one, the only way to solve it is to combine the efforts of scientists who specialize in different sciences and to use a transdisciplinary approach that appeals to the creation of a scientific picture of the world based on the systematic integration of scientific knowledge and the Noosphere Theory of Academician Vernadsky V.I.

Transfer Forest: A Deep Forest Model Based on Transfer Learning for Early Drilling Kick Detection

Kicks can lead to well control risks during petroleum drilling, and even more serious kicks may lead to serious casualties, which is the biggest threat factor affecting the safety in the process of petroleum drilling. Therefore, how to detect kicks early and efficiently has become a focus practical problem. Traditional machine learning models require a large amount of labeled data, such kicked sample, and it is difficult to label data, which requires a lot of labor and time. To address the above issues, the deep forest is extended to a transfer learning model to improve the generalization ability. In this paper, a transfer learning model is built to detect kicks early. The source domain model adopts the deep forest model. Deep forest is an ensemble learning model with a hierarchical structure similar to deep learning. Each layer contains a variety of random forests. It is an integration of the model in depth and breadth. In the case of a small sample size (20–60 min), kick can be identified 10 min in advance. The deep forest model is established as the source domaining model, and a cascade forest is added at the last layer according to the transfer learning algorithm to form the classification model of this paper. The experimental results show that the kick prediction accuracy of the model is 80.13% by a confusion matrix. In the target domain, the proposed model performs better than other ensemble learning algorithms, and the accuracy is 5% lower than other SOTA transfer learning algorithms.

Reducing technology-mediated service exclusion by providing human assistant support for senior citizens: evidence from China

ABSTRACT This study explored how the allocation of human assistants in a technology-mediated service setting could reduce the exclusion of senior citizens from such services. Our methodology is based on social support and protection motivation theories. Using a two-phase study with a mixed-methods approach, we firstly conducted 25 semi-structured interviews to develop the research model. The model was then empirically validated using survey data from 285 Chinese senior citizens. The results revealed that senior citizens experienced defense motivation and avoidance behavior when facing technology-mediated services. However, perceived emotional support from a human assistant enhanced their evaluation of coping factors, further reducing their defense motivations and avoidance behaviors. Perceived instrumental support had a greater impact, as it both reduced their assessment of threat factors and enhanced their evaluation of coping factors. Finally, future time perspective moderated the effects of perceived support on threat and coping appraisal processing.

Coffee Export Marketing Strategy in North Sumatra Province During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this research is to analyze coffee export marketing strategy in North Sumatra Province during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The research is conducted in North Sumatra Province. Data collection techniques in this study used literature study, observation, and documentation. Data analysis uses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. The internal factors of strength affecting coffee export in North Sumatra Province are physicality and quality, timely delivery, potential exporters, and networking as well as the internal factors of weakness, namely promotion, capital, and pricing policies. The external factors of opportunity, namely licenses, regular consumers, and export tariffs as well as the external factors of threat, namely prices, demand, the role of government, competitors, and the condition of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Keywords: Coffee Export, Marketing Strategy, COVID-19 Pandemic, SWOT Analysis

STRATEGI PEMASARAN KERIPIK PISANG DI UD. HASIL ALAM SINGOJURUH KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

This study aims to analyze the internal and external factors of banana chips in UD. Hasil Alam Singojuruh Banyuwangi Regency. The sampling technique in this study was purposive sampling. This study uses the IFAS (Internal Strategic Factor Analysis Summary) matrix, the EFAS (External Strategic Factor Analysis Summary) matrix, the IE (Internal External) matrix and the SWOT matrix. The results of this study indicate that UD. Hasil Alam have three strength factors, three weakness factors, three opportunity factors, and two threat factors. The research results show that the IFAS (Internal Strategic Factor Analysis Summary) value is 2.676 and EFAS (External Strategic Factor Summary) is 2.386. The results of the IE (Internal External) matrix show that UD. Hasil Alam is in position V, which is classified as the deepest Growth Strategy and Stability Strategy. The SWOT analysis of this study resulted in eight alternative strategies that can be recommended to increase the marketing of banana chips.

Large-scale movement patterns in a social vulture are influenced by seasonality, sex, and breeding region.

Quantifying space use and segregation, as well as the extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting them, is crucial to increase our knowledge of species-specific movement ecology and to design effective management and conservation measures. This is particularly relevant in the case of species that are highly mobile and dependent on sparse and unpredictable trophic resources, such as vultures. Here, we used the GPS-tagged data of 127 adult Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus captured at five different breeding regions in Spain to describe the movement patterns (home-range size and fidelity, and monthly cumulative distance). We also examined how individual sex, season, and breeding region determined the cumulative distance traveled and the size and overlap between consecutive monthly home-ranges. Overall, Griffon Vultures exhibited very large annual home-range sizes of 5027 ± 2123 km2, mean monthly cumulative distances of 1776 ± 1497 km, and showed a monthly home-range fidelity of 67.8± 25.5%. However, individuals from northern breeding regions showed smaller home-ranges and traveled shorter monthly distances than those from southern ones. In all cases, home-ranges were larger in spring and summer than in winter and autumn, which could be related to difference in flying conditions and food requirements associated with reproduction. Moreover, females showed larger home-ranges and less monthly fidelity than males, indicating that the latter tended to use the similar areas throughout the year. Overall, our results indicate that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors modulate the home-range of the Griffon Vulture and that spatial segregation depends on sex and season at the individual level, without relevant differences between breeding regions in individual site fidelity. These results have important implications for conservation, such as identifying key threat factors necessary to improve management actions and policy decisions.

STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN PABRIK PUPUK ORGANIK DI KABUPATEN JEMBER : APAKAH HANYA UTOPIA?

Organic fertilizer is one of the vital elements in the cycle of sustainable agricultural development, therefore the purpose of this research is to formulate a strategy for building an organic fertilizer factory based on manure of beef cattle in Jember District. The research location is Tempurejo Sub District which is one of the locations for the building an organic fertilizer factory in Jember District. The research was conducted by quantitative descriptive method. Data was collected using desk research, observation, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and surveys using questionnaires. This study involved 32 key respondents in the effort to build an organic fertilizer factory in Jember District. The research data was analyzed using IFAS, EFAS, and SWOT analysis approaches. The results showed that the strength factor has a weight of 0.512 and the weakness factor has a weight of 0.488, while the opportunity factor is 0.485 and the threat factor has a weight of 0.515. The conclusion of the research was that the building an organic fertilizer factory in Jember District was carried out with an SO (strength and opportunity) strategy, which means supporting an aggressive growth policy (growth oriented strategy) .

Unveiling Distribution Patterns and Community Characteristics of Rare and Endangered Plants in the Sanya River Basin, China

Wetlands have an important ecological function and economic value. However, with economic development and urban expansion, wetland plants have suffered serious damage. Rare and endangered plants are “thermometers” that reflect the health processes of their ecosystems. To better protect the wetlands in Sanya, China, we systematically investigated and analyzed the species, quantities, distributions, and community characteristics of the rare and endangered plants in the Sanya River basin using the sample and sample strip methods. We established a total of 152 quadrats, of which 46 contained rare and endangered plants. We identified 27 rare and endangered plants that mainly appeared in the tree and shrub layers. The dominant families and genera of the community were evident. However, the proportion of families and genera with fewer or single species was high, indicating that the species composition of the community is complex, and the plant species diversity is rich. The dominant species in each layer of the community were evident, and the rare and endangered plants are occasional species of the community. The community similarity in the urban areas was high, indicating that the rare and endangered plants in these areas require highly homogenous habitats. The community similarity in the suburbs was low, indicating that the rare and endangered plants in these areas are highly adaptable to different habitats. Threat factors and vegetation coverage degree had a significant impact on the number of species and population size of rare and endangered plants. Finally, according to our study and IUCN classification criteria for the endangered levels, Sonneratia × gulngai meets the CR (Critical Endangered) assessment criteria, thus we recommend upgrading it to the endangered level from VU (Vulnerable).

SWOT Analysis for Determining Marketing Strategy: A Case Study on Coal Mining Related Service Firm

The purpose of this study aims to identify marketing strategy alternatives for the studied company is able to compete in higher intense competition in which more companies have been entering the market. Interview to the managers of the company was conducted to gather data on the marketing strategy it has applied. SWOT analysis using IFE matrix for describing strength and weakness factors and EFE matrix for opportunity and threat factors. The results indicate that the company is in quadrant I of IE matrix meaning that internally the company has strengths and externally it has opportunities. Appropriate strategy is to grow and build. The company can penetrate the market by offering new services to the existing clients, develop the market by addressing not only big companies but also the smaller ones, and develop product by creating new supporting services to the clients.

An integrated risk assessment method for cross-regional mega construction projects

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a novel integrated risk assessment method from the system perspective to evaluate the risk of the cross-regional mega construction project (CMCP). Furthermore, this paper aims to confirm the core risk source factors and refine the risk management strategies of CMCPs through a case study.Design/methodology/approachBased on the analysis of the risk system of CMCPs, the concept model and risk assessment principles of integrated risk assessment were confirmed. The risk source factors and project objectives of the CMCP were identified from a literature review, export interview and case analysis. According to the vulnerability theory, the integrated risk assessment model was developed by involving vulnerabilities, threats, objectives and interaction of those factors synthetically. Then, ZW high-speed railway from China was analyzed to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.FindingsAs a result, 12 threat factors and 12 vulnerability factors were identified. Based on the case study, the main external threat comes from T13 (conflicts of interest between local governments) and T23 (harsh natural environment); the most easily exploited internal vulnerabilities were V11 (complexity of technology), V13 (lack of experience in technical application), V21 (inadequate experience) and V23 (lack of interest coordination mechanism). Moreover, the economic objective was most affected.Practical implicationsIt is essential to develop an interest coordination mechanism for CMCPs. The harsh natural environment is a critical factor, but it also promotes technological innovation and iteration. Public opinions in different regions are critical for CMCPs, and more emphasis should be placed on public opinion surveys of CMCPs. Moreover, diverse and flexible environmental protection strategies should apply in CMCPs.Originality/valueThis research has the following three contributions. First, based on vulnerability theory, an integrated risk assessment approach of CMCPs is developed, which enriches the risk measurement method system and provides inspiration for future research on risk in the construction industry. Second, the risk sources of CMCPs are identified from the perspective of vulnerability and threat to provide clear guidance for the risk management of CMCPs. Third, the core risk source factors and management strategies confirmed by the case study will be beneficial for various governments in different regions and project managers to optimize the project management scheme, as they are transferable management experiences.

PERANAN UAV (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE) DALAM IDENTIFIKASI ANCAMAN LONGSOR TINGGI DI SUNGAI CI DURIAN, DAERAH CIGUDEG, BOGOR

Technological developments in the field of photography, especially in the manufacture of 3D models from a collection of aerial photographs can be quickly and effectively with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This research was conducted in CI Durian River as the target object of 3D modeling. The study area located in Bogor regency, West Java province has a morphology of hills to low hills with winding rivers and composed by the Bojongmanik formation (Tmb). The dominant rock units in the study area are sandstone and claystone. The process of data retrieval using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) can be used to perform mapping quickly and accurately at a more affordable cost. This research uses descriptive and interpretive methods. Primary Data in the study is all the data acquired through drones. Secondary Data are data such as slope maps and topographic maps. Primary Data and secondary data can be a reference in detecting landslides in the study area. The tool used in this study is to use unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology in the form of drones by utilizing aerial photography data which is then processed into Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The use of Ground Control Point (GCP) can certainly add accuracy to the creation of DEM data. The Data is a reference in the interpretation of the threat of landslides that occurred in the study area. Primary data in the form of slope can validate secondary data in the form of slope maps. The dominant factors that influence the threat of landslides in the study area include: topographic factors and steep slopes. Topography and slope factors are very steep slopes are the main factors of high landslide threat in the study area.

Species action plan for conservation of an isolated Steppe Eagle population in Turkey

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) is a globally Endangered (EN) species according to IUCN Red List, with a breeding range extending through the arid zones of southern Russia and Kazakhstan, from Kalmykia in the west to Dauria in the east. There is a small, isolated breeding population in Turkey, discovered in 2003, which lost contact with the main breeding range. Although there are studies carried out between 2015 and 2021, the size of the isolated population is not exactly known. To protect this small population on the brink of extinction, the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP), which is officially responsible for wildlife conservation, programmed to prepare a species action plan in 2021. As part of the “Preparation, Implementation and Monitoring of Species Action Plans for Endangered Species in Turkey within the Concept of a New Methodology”, shortly “Endangered Species” project, Steppe Eagle was selected, based on a prioritization study, to be one of the pilot species for which species actions to be prepared. Field studies were conducted in the 2022 breeding season to identify threats causing stress to the Steppe Eagle. During the breeding studies in 2022, it was determined that 4 pairs of Steppe Eagles were confirmed to be breeding in Central Anatolia, and 4 pairs attempted to breed. During the field studies, threat factors were listed based on direct observations, indirect observations (nest records, mortality records, etc.), and bilateral discussions with local communities. Using the threat analysis adopted by IUCN and adapted to Turkey within the framework of the same project, a national-level threat analysis was conducted. Direct threat factors causing stress to the species were listed as conversion of grasslands into agricultural areas, excessive use of groundwater and surface water leading to the drying of wetlands, power transmission lines, human activities and grazing pressure on breeding islands in wetlands, illegal hunting, predation, researcher pressure, hybridization with Eastern Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca), and artificial materials in nests. Additionally, the use of rodent poisons was also identified as a potential threat. As a result of the threat analysis, the threats with the highest level of impact on the species were identified as the conversion of grasslands into agricultural areas and excessive water usage. These threats result in the transformation of steppe habitat and decrease in the species' food sources. Another high-level threat is illegal hunting. The identified threats were transferred to a problem tree and, following the method generated in the “Endangered Species” project, problem tree was transformed to a result chain. In the result chain, the selected results for eliminating/reducing threats were defined by identifying intervention points and transforming them into objectives. Activities were defined to achieve the identified objectives. Within the scope of the 10-year action plan a total of 34 activities were designed under 9 objectives to be achieved. Eight out of the 9 objectives involve conservation, and one involves research-related activities. The aim of the 10-year plan is to conserve and support the breeding population of the species in Turkey.

МНОГОФАКТОРНЫЙ КОГНИТИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТИ ОБЪЕКТОВ КУЛЬТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ РОССИИ

This article studies the issue of preserving the cultural and historical heritage of Russian cities in the face of a significant expansion of the range of threats, changes in the conditions of financing and economic activity. Analysis and ranking of risk factors for violation of the appearance and characteristics of objects of cultural and historical heritage make it possible to determine the most effective methods and means of mitigating threats and develop an optimal protection strategy. The application of analytical methods of factor analysis to solve those issues is difficult due to the qualitative nature and heterogeneity of risk factors. It is shown that the method of cognitive modeling and multivariate analysis based on a fuzzy cognitive map, which is a special type of semantic network, can be used to identify the subject area. To illustrate the proposed approach, the author opted for the State Memorial and Natural Reserve Museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy “Yasnaya Polyana”, located in the Tula region. For the numerical solution of the issue, the author’s method of multivariate cognitive analysis based on the use of fuzzy cognitive maps by V.B. Silov. When identifying a fuzzy cognitive map, three groups of concepts were identified: threat factors; methods and means of protection; target factors. After transforming the original cognitive matrix to a transitive-closed form, the system indicators of the fuzzy cognitive map are calculated. As a result, the concepts that have a dominant weight influence on the protection of the Museum-estate “Yasnaya Polyana” are determined. The results of the study make it possible to substantiate a set of effective measures aimed at preserving the chosen object of cultural and historical heritage.

Will future extinctions occur at the same places where the past ones did? A review involving mammals and the IUCN Red List

Eighty-five mammal species are classified worldwide as Extinct on the IUCN Red List. In this study, we aimed to assess to which Orders these species belong, when they became extinct and the factors that led to their extinction. We also compared the factors that threatened the survival of these species with the ones that are currently threatening the species classified as Critically Endangered, as well as the areas where the extinct species could be originally found with the areas where Critically Endangered species are currently found. Our review was conducted using the advanced search tool of the IUCN Red List database (Taxonomy, Red List Category, Threats and Land Regions filters). Rodentia was the mammal Order with the highest number of Extinct species, whereas Primates was the Order with the greatest proportion of Critically Endangered ones. The last two (19th and 20th) centuries were the periods in which the greatest number of species was lost. We found remarkable differences between the factors threatening species survival and between countries with the highest number of Extinct species and the ones that contain a greater number of Critically Endangered species. The threat category responsible for most of the extinctions overall was «Invasive and other problematic species, genes and diseases». Nonetheless, factors associated with habitat loss and degradation seem to have become more important nowadays and, in addition, some «new» factors, such as «Energy production and mining», «Human intrusions and disturbance», «Pollution», and «Transportation and service corridors», which have not had much relevance for past extinctions, now appear as important threats to Critically Endangered species. Australia was the country that has lost the most mammal species (n = 26), followed by Haiti (n = 9), the Dominican Republic (n = 8), and Cuba (n = 6). On the other hand, when we evaluated the amount of species classified as Critically Endangered, Madagascar (n = 33), Mexico (n = 27), and Indonesia (n = 26) are the countries that concentrate the highest number of them. Thus, future extinctions are unlikely to occur in the same places as in the past because the human society's relationship with the environment has changed over time: human population has grown, habitat loss has become the predominant threat to many species and new threat factors have emerged.

REGIONAL RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN THE SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

Goal is the ismprovement of scientific-practical and methodical recommendations for the development of regional strategies for the recovery and development of the regions of Ukraine, taking into account the opportunities, conditions and obstacles existing at a certain stage in the direction of achieving the goal. The next scientific methods of research were applied. In the process of achieving the goal, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis to substantiate the general logic of research and solving the formulated tasks; historical study of the evolutionary development of self-government in Ukraine and its impact on the level of territorial organization; SWOT - a model for the analysis of internal and external factors, which allows you to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the region, external opportunities and threats and formulate alternative options for strategic actions. The maim results are the next. The stages of improving the regulation of planning processes of regional development strategies in Ukraine are analyzed. The approach to the formation of factors of internal defects and external threats at the stage of recovery, as key challenges that arose as a result of military operations, has been clarified. Methodological recommendations for the development of a strategy based on SWOT - a model with a certain frequency, which is determined by the dynamics of the state of the region itself and the external environment, taking into account current characteristics and opportunities for further development, have been improved. Scientific novelty are the next. The theoretical and methodological approach to the identification and formation of external and internal factors, relevant for a certain stage of development, and the formulation of relevant strategic goals, based on real opportunities and prospects, in order to optimize the use of all resources and achieve the maximum effect, has been improved. Practical significance is grounded on the developed scientific-methodical and practical recommendations will contribute to increasing the validity of the region's strategy in various situations by identifying internal processes that hinder movement towards the achievement of development goals and threats outside the region, ascertaining one's own capabilities and resources that provide a competitive advantage, and favorable characteristics of the external environment