Emotional Factors Research Articles

Deep learning detects subtle facial expressions in a multilevel society primate.

Facial expressions in nonhuman primates are complex processes involving psychological, emotional, and physiological factors, and may use subtle signals to communicate significant information. However, uncertainty surrounds the functional significance of subtle facial expressions in animals. Using artificial intelligence (AI), this study found that nonhuman primates exhibit subtle facial expressions that are undetectable by human observers. We focused on the golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), a primate species with a multilevel society. We collected 3427 front-facing images of monkeys from 275 video clips captured in both wild and laboratory settings. Three deep learning models, EfficientNet, RepMLP, and Tokens-To-Token ViT, were utilized for AI recognition. To compare the accuracy of human performance, two groups were recruited: one with prior animal observation experience and one without any such experience. The results showed human observers to correctly detect facial expressions (32.1% for inexperienced humans and 45.0% for experienced humans on average with a chance level of 33%). In contrast, the AI deep learning models achieved significantly higher accuracy rates. The best-performing model achieved an accuracy of 94.5%. Our results provide evidence that golden snub-nosed monkeys exhibit subtle facial expressions. The results further our understanding of animal facial expressions and also how such modes of communication may contribute to the origin of complex primate social systems.

다문화 일반아동 및 언어발달지연아동의 정서행동적 특성과 언어능력 간 관계

This study examined the effects of emotional behavioral strengths (pro-social behavior), which are positive factors that can influence the effective communication of multicultural children, and difficulties (emotional symptoms, hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems) on language ability. Correlation analysis, regression analysis were conducted based on the data collected for multicultural children aged 4 to 7. As a result, there was a positive correlation between receptive language and pro-social behavior in the typically developing children, but the relationship between emotional behavioral factors and language was not significant in the children with language delayed group. It was confirmed that the pro-social behavior had a significant effect on the language ability of the group experiencing normal language development in multicultural children.

Elementary learning styles and application of the Dunn and Dunn learning style inventory model

This study explored the diverse learning styles of elementary pupils in an elementary school in the Philippines. It examined the application of the Dunn and Dunn Learning Style Inventory Model (DDL-SIM) to enhance educational outcomes. Recognizing the unique learning preferences of learners, the research aimed to bridge the gap in learning styles by implementing tailored teaching methods and strategies. Utilizing an explanatory mixed-methods research design, the study engaged all pupils using the complete enumeration sampling technique to ascertain their learning styles across five domains: environmental, emotional, sociological, physiological, and psychological. The survey questionnaire for the quantitative phase and the semi-structured interview guide questionnaire for the qualitative phase were employed, which were subjected to validity and reliability tests by the expert panel of evaluators. The study's data analyses utilized descriptive statistics, Spearman Rho correlation, and thematic analysis. As per the DDL-SIM, quantitative findings revealed significant emotional and physiological preferences, with significant relationships between demographic profiles and their learning styles. Qualitative insights underscored a holistic approach to learning as the generated major theme, emphasizing the interconnectedness of minor themes such as emotional intelligence, social dynamics, physical health, and environmental factors in the learning experiences. The study suggested that educators create tailored learning plans and gender-sensitive approaches and include emotional and physiological aspects in teaching. In support of varied learning styles, it promoted the DDL-SIM of educator’s professional development and parent and community participation. Hence, the DDL-SIM recognizes and addresses each learner's unique preferences, promoting a more inclusive and successful learning environment.

Gender Stereotypes as Related to Language Learning Engagement: Mediating Roles of Motivational Beliefs and Emotional Factors

AbstractMost people view language learning as a feminine domain and take it for granted that females have better performance in foreign language learning. Despite researchers’ efforts in uncovering the phenomenon of gender stereotypes in language learning, it remains unclear: (1) whether there were differences in language learning stereotypes and their correlates across genders; (2) whether gender stereotypes impinge on Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ engagement through the mediating role of motivational beliefs and emotional factors. This study examined the gender differences in and the relationships among gender stereotypes, motivational beliefs (i.e., task values and competence beliefs), emotional factors (i.e., enjoyment and anxiety), and language learning engagement with 473 university EFL learners in China. Results of multivariate analyses of variance failed to see differences in gender stereotypes between females and males, both viewing foreign language learning as a feminine domain. Females exhibited significantly higher levels of motivational beliefs and enjoyment in learning English. Using structural equation modeling, we found that gender stereotypes indirectly predicted learners’ engagement via motivational beliefs and emotional factors. Future directions and pedagogical implications are discussed.

Research On Foreign Language Anxiety in Japanese Acquisition

Foreign language anxiety is a common emotional factor in foreign language learning and is not conducive to learners' development. Since anxiety is specific to certain target languages, current research mainly focuses on English learners, and few studies take Asia languages, such as Chinese or Japanese as the target language. Based on these, this study reviews the current research on Japanese language learning anxiety from the perspective of linguistic classification and summarizes the teaching methods to reduce foreign language anxiety. It is proposed that teachers and learners should be encouraged to rethink their perceptions of mistakes. In addition, the order of knowledge acquisition of Japanese grammar should be respected, and the potential interest of learners in Japanese culture should be utilized. In addition, the establishment of a lighthearted and inclusive learning environment, the judicious use of group activities, and the appropriate administration of examinations and assessments can also be effective in alleviating anxiety.

Literature Review: Analysis of the Relationship between Employer Branding, Employee Engagement, and Employee Retention

Employer branding is a crucial concept for companies in creating a comfortable and attractive work environment for employees. This research aims to emphasize the importance of employer branding in retaining employees and increasing their engagement. The method used in this study is the Systematic Literature Review (SLR), which examines various sources from databases such as Scopus, Emerald, and Google Scholar. The search criteria include journals that are openly accessed and written in English and Indonesian. The results of the study show that employer branding has a significant influence on employee retention. When companies build a positive image as a workplace, employees tend to feel more engaged and loyal. In addition, emotional factors such as employee engagement have also been shown to have a strong impact. Employees who feel emotionally engaged with the company tend to be more productive and motivated. Thus, companies that focus on employer branding are not only able to retain employees, but also create a more passionate and dedicated team. This makes employer branding a strategy that should not be ignored by companies in facing human resource challenges in the modern era.

Shopaholism – aetiology, characteristics, models and concepts of cognitive-behavioural therapy

The article addresses the issue of shopaholism as a disorder, examining its existing definitions and functioning diagnostic criteria within the context of its exclusion from official disease classifications, despite its increasing prevalence and negative impact on the lives of individuals. The study highlights that, although not formally recognised as a disease entity, shopaholism is discussed in scientific literature under various terms, such as compulsive buying, impulsive buying, or shopping addiction, and can be considered a form of behavioural addiction. The article emphasises the complex aetiology of shopaholism, suggesting that it results from a combination of biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors. The authors also demonstrate from a cognitive-behavioural perspective how core beliefs, values, and self-esteem may contribute to the development and persistence of the disorder. In addition, the article discusses therapeutic approaches including pharmacotherapy and, above all, cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy, which is emerging as a key approach in the treatment of shopaholism, with efficacy proven by numerous studies. This therapy aims at cognitive restructuring to modify negative thoughts, improve impulse control, and foster healthier coping strategies to deal with negative emotions. The article explores the complexity of shopping addiction, drawing on both historical and contemporary cognitive models to conceptualise individual cases and develop effective therapeutic plans. It also highlights proven techniques and methods. By adopting a cognitive-behavioural perspective, mental health professionals can provide patients with a targeted and personalised treatment. From the perspective of treatment, the key challenge is not abstinence but working with beliefs and values, as well as cognitive and behavioural techniques.

The Impact of Emotional Factors on L2 Learners Enjoyment and Anxiety in Foreign Languages

In light of the expansion of globalization and the intensification of cross-cultural communication, there is an increasing necessity to learn a second language (L2). However, many L2 learners face emotional challenges throughout the learning process, which affect their learning experience and outcomes. This paper explores the emotional experiences of Chinese learners of English as a L2 and their impact on learning outcomes. Theoretical frameworks from positive psychology and educational psychology are then employed to investigate the roles of foreign language enjoyment and foreign language anxiety, as well as the moderating effects of classroom environment and social support. The results show that foreign language enjoyment has a positive effect on learning outcomes, whereas foreign language anxiety has a detrimental effect. In the case of semantic-prefix incongruence, high-level learners exhibited stronger interference effects, which indicates the complexity of affective information processing. Therefore, the paper not only deepens the comprehension of emotional factors in foreign language learning, but also provides valuable insights into foreign language teaching practices, which indicates that teachers should prioritize students affective experiences, optimize classroom environments, and offer positive social support to promote their affective engagement and learning outcomes. Future research should further explore the differences in students affective experiences in different cultural contexts to achieve more comprehensive and personalized foreign language teaching goals.

Unveiling the drivers of sustainable housing choices among millennials in emerging markets

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the complex interplay between technology, personal norms and emotional factors in shaping the sustainable housing choices of millennials in emerging economies. It integrates the model of goal-directed behavior, technology acceptance model and norm activation model, incorporating both self-interest and prosocial motivations. Key adaptations involve replacing perceived behavioral control with financial self-efficacy and substituting hedonic motivation for anticipated positive emotions. Moreover, it introduces location as a practical anchor. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive research design was used in this study. Data were gathered from a sample of 610 millennial residential real estate investors across Indian smart cities. A multistage stratified sampling technique was used to ensure a representative sample. For data analysis, partial least squares structural equation modeling was used. The analysis focused on hypothesis testing to examine the relationships between the constructs of interest. Bootstrap t-values and effect sizes were used to assess the significance and magnitude of these relationships, respectively. Findings One of the key findings of this study was the establishment of significant positive relationships between awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility and personal norms with behavioral intentions. This underscored the importance of personal ethical considerations in shaping intentions. Perceived usefulness and ease of use were found to significantly influence attitudes positively, highlighting the relevance of these factors in forming favorable attitudes toward behaviors. Attitude, subjective norms, financial self-efficacy and location played significant positive roles. However, negative anticipated emotions decreased desire. This illustrated the complex role emotions play in motivational processes. The study also revealed that subjective norms did not significantly contribute to shaping personal norms. This indicated a potential decoupling of societal expectations from personal ethical obligations in the decision-making process. Practical implications This study offers actionable insights for both policymakers and real estate developers. For policymakers, the findings highlight the need to craft initiatives that go beyond mere awareness, instead fostering a deep sense of personal responsibility and environmental stewardship among potential homebuyers. For real estate developers, the emphasis on financial self-efficacy and location suggests a strategy shift toward designing sustainable homes that not only meet environmental standards but also align with buyers’ financial confidence and geographic preferences. Together, these strategies can drive a more widespread adoption of sustainable housing, making sustainability a tangible and appealing choice for millennials. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this empirical research study was one of the first studies that contributed to the literature by integrating the model of goal-directed behavior, technology acceptance model and norm activation model. This study thus offered a nuanced understanding of the interplay between normative influences, usability perceptions, ethical considerations and emotions in the context of behavioral intentions.

Understanding and Treating Nightmares: A Comprehensive Review of Psychosocial Strategies for Adults and Children.

Nightmares are distressing dreams that evoke strong negative emotions, such as fear or anxiety, often leading to waking from sleep and subsequent sleep disruption. They are prevalent across various age groups, with significant psychological and physiological health implications. This review explores the nature of nightmares, distinguishing them from other sleep disturbances like night terrors and sleep paralysis. It examines the prevalence of nightmares in children and adults, highlighting their impact on mental health and daily functioning. The review also emphasizes the importance of addressing nightmares through effective treatment strategies. While pharmacological options are available, psychosocial interventions offer promising non-pharmacological solutions. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT), and mindfulness-based therapies are discussed as key approaches for managing nightmares. These strategies focus on altering maladaptive thought patterns and emotional responses, reducing nightmares' frequency and intensity, and improving overall sleep quality. Psychosocial interventions provide a comprehensive approach to treating nightmares by addressing the underlying cognitive and emotional factors, benefitting individuals across different age groups. This review aims to highlight the efficacy of these strategies and their role in enhancing the quality of life for those affected by persistent nightmares.

Relationship between the intraindividual interplay of negative and positive exam-related emotions and the behavioral-emotional dimensions of academic procrastination

Although achievement situations trigger multiple emotions and learners experience both negative and positive emotions simultaneously, procrastination research typically examines isolated relationships between specific emotions and procrastination. The potential interplay of negative and positive emotions regarding procrastination is often overlooked, although this perspective can shed light on their dynamic relationships. Moreover, past studies primarily address the behavioral aspect of procrastination (delay) while overlooking its emotional facet (subjective discomfort), albeit this differentiation could enhance understanding of procrastination and its correlates. The present study explores the understudied interplay of the two most frequently experienced negative (anxiety) and positive (hope) exam-related emotions regarding students’ procrastination tendencies with differentiated behavioral and emotional dimensions. The study analyzes cross-sectional data from two independent studies (Nstudy1 = 266, Nstudy2 = 468) conducted in Germany among university students. Latent profile analyses (LPA) reveal three similar profiles across both studies—High Anxiety–Low Hope, Low Anxiety–High Hope and Moderate Anxiety–Moderate Hope— and two study-specific profiles namely, Low Anxiety–Moderate Hope (Study 1) and High Anxiety–Moderate Hope (Study 2). Females compared to males are more likely to belong to the anxiety-dominated profiles. Overall, students in anxiety-dominated profiles report higher scores whereas students in hope-dominated profiles report lower scores on both behavioral and emotional dimensions of academic procrastination. This study advances an integrated approach that incorporates the combined effects of both negative and positive emotions concerning procrastination. Findings further inform research efforts towards identifying risk and protective emotional factors to develop tailored intervention against academic procrastination.

Examining consumers' perceptions of relationship value with retailers: a multi-method approach

PurposeThis study employs a multi-method approach to investigate how perceived relationship marketing investment affects perceived relationship value and consumer gratitude, influencing consumer involvement, word-of-mouth intentions, and long-term relationships across three retail consumer types.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyses a model involving 542 consumers, employing structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify distinctive factor configurations across public, semi-public, and private retail organizations.FindingsA retailer’s investment in relationship marketing significantly enhances relationship value and consumer gratitude, leading to increased engagement and word-of-mouth intentions. Perceived benevolence moderates the effect of relationship marketing on gratitude. However, gratitude alone does not ensure long-term relationships. Using fsQCA, we identify four distinct consumer configurations, providing nuanced insights.Research limitations/implicationsRetail organizations broaden relationship marketing strategies to boost perceived value and elicit consumer gratitude, influencing consumer performance outcomes.Practical implicationsRetail organizations should broaden relationship marketing strategies to boost perceived value and elicit consumer gratitude, influencing consumer performance outcomes.Social implicationsManagers should develop strategies that lead to consumer gratitude toward the firm, such as journey mapping can help visualize retail delivery. Grateful consumers may contribute to firms’ profitability by influencing current and potential consumers in their social networks and communicating their expertise through review/feedback for improvement. Therefore, various strategies are needed to stimulate positive comments from grateful consumers about the firm’s excellent performance.Originality/valueThis study builds on Lawler’s affect theory, highlighting how relationship value and consumer gratitude profoundly influence exchange process outcomes. It introduces new psychological mechanisms to explain the impact of perceived relationship marketing investment on performance outcomes. Integrating these elements provides a comprehensive understanding of retailer–consumer dynamics, revealing how emotional and psychological factors shape marketing strategies and business performance. This contribution enriches theoretical frameworks and offers practical insights for enhancing relationship marketing practices.

Self-efficacy and personal innovation in the intention to use of facial recognition systems by tourists: a mediation model moderated by trust and anticipated emotions

ABSTRACT Facial recognition systems are crucial for personalising and enhancing user experiences in tourism. These technologies reliably verify identities and improve security and efficiency in areas such as airports and hotels. However, there is a lack of research on the psychological and emotional factors shaping the use of these technologies. This study proposes a novel conceptual model that examines how self-efficacy and personal innovation influence the intention to use facial recognition systems, through a model mediated by trust and moderated by anticipated emotions, to better understand the psychological and emotional dynamics underlying the use of emerging biometric technologies in the context of tourism. We issued a survey to 1027 frequent tourists and analysed their data using PLS-SEM. The results highlight the importance of users’ self-efficacy, trust and emotions in their predisposition to use facial recognition systems. Furthermore, this study considers the potential practical implications for developers and administrators of tourist destinations.

Generation Z Impulse Buying Analysis on Shopee in Special Region of Jakarta

The rise of e-commerce has made online shopping increasingly convenient, leading consumers to often make purchases driven by emotional factors rather than careful planning. This behavior is characterized as impulsive buying, where decisions are made spontaneously. Understanding the various categories of impulsive buying is essential for companies, as it enables them to tailor marketing strategies effectively. This study focuses on assessing the impulsive buying tendencies of Generation Z consumers in Jakarta's Special Capital Region while identifying their specific impulsive buying type categories. The research evaluates dimensions such as Pure Impulse Buying, Reminder Impulse Buying, Suggestion Impulse Buying, and Planned Impulse Buying, alongside Cognitive and Affective Aspects. Data was collected through an online questionnaire distributed via Google Forms, targeting 126 Generation Z Shopee users in Jakarta. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing descriptive analysis, simple tabulation, and mean score calculations. Findings reveal that Generation Z's impulsive buying level on Shopee is rated as "Agree" and "High." Most respondents fall into the Suggestion Impulse Buying and Planned Impulse Buying categories, with their impulsive purchasing behavior significantly influenced by Affective Aspects. These insights are valuable for Shopee, as they highlight opportunities for developing targeted marketing strategies that can stimulate impulsive buying behavior and ultimately boost sales within this demographic. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for businesses aiming to enhance their engagement with young consumers in the competitive online marketplace.

Metacognitive strategies, writing self-efficacy and writing anxiety in different learning modes: A two-wave longitudinal model

Writing difficulties stemming from cognitive and emotional factors contribute to heightened levels of writing anxiety. Studies have highlighted the pivotal roles of metacognitive strategies and writing self-efficacy in predicting writing anxiety, particularly in cross-sectional analyses. However, how these constructs interact with writing anxiety in longitudinal studies remains relatively understudied. Therefore, it is essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of metacognitive strategies and self-efficacy to effectively mitigate writing anxiety for English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. We administered three questionnaires on metacognitive strategies use, writing self-efficacy, and writing anxiety to 301 participants across online and offline learning modes. We employed a two-wave longitudinal model to explore the possible temporal correlations. The findings indicated negative reciprocal correlations between the metacognitive strategies use in writing context and writing anxiety. Writing self-efficacy positively predicted metacognitive strategies use and negatively predicted writing anxiety. Writing self-efficacy did not act as a moderator in the relationship between metacognitive strategies use and writing anxiety, implying that the impact of metacognitive strategies use on anxiety levels remains consistent regardless of learners' self-efficacy. The current study offers valuable insights to EFL educators on integrating metacognitive strategies and self-efficacy to mitigate learners' writing anxiety.

Neural Sensing: Toward a New Approach to Understanding Emotional Responses to Place

ABSTRACTAs GIS progressively permeates our everyday lives, it becomes increasingly significant to incorporate emotional factors into the design and use of GIS technologies. While existing methods such as self‐report and AI‐enhanced techniques prevail in collecting emotional factors, they often miss real‐time emotional nuances and synchronization with geographically referenced and other accompanying data. To bridge this gap, we introduce “Neural Sensing,” a novel approach that combines Electroencephalogram (EEG) with GIS technologies to quantitatively measure emotional responses to places. This approach offers a unique lens to understand human dynamics in a hybrid physical–virtual realm, especially by delving into our mental worlds. To demonstrate the utility of Neural Sensing, we have designed a pilot empirical study to analyze emotional reactions to geographical environments. This approach broadens the domain of GIS methodologies from remote sensing and social sensing to a neural sensing approach. Through this study, we underscore the importance of the mental dimension of the hybrid physical–virtual world and encourage GIScientists to emphasize human experiences and feelings in GIS analyses.

Unpacking negative public attitudes towards European union integration: insights from a qualitative study in Slovakia

ABSTRACT In the past decade, the European Union (EU) has faced multiple crises that have weakened support for the concept of an ‘ever closer union,’ particularly among the Visegrad Group’s political elite. Euroscepticism has become a prominent feature of national politics and now extends beyond party lines to individual perspectives. This study explores negative perceptions of European integration in Slovakia, a Visegrad Group member, using focus group methodology. Conducted from 2016 to 2019, it involved 30 focus group sessions. The findings reveal that declining support for EU membership is driven by self-interested motives, emotional factors, and populist rhetoric. While the region has seen macroeconomic progress, many Slovakians feel the personal benefits from EU funds are lacking, exacerbated by perceptions of corruption. Additionally, the EU’s unified labor market is viewed as disruptive, straining family ties and daily life, particularly in disadvantaged areas.

Emotional factors and self-efficacy in the psychological well-being of trainee teachers.

The relationship among emotional intelligence, stress, and self-efficacy is a crucial factor in shaping psychological well-being. It has a significant impact on important areas such as health, academic and professional performance, and overall quality of life. Using a hierarchical approach, this study aimed to identify, the specific predictors of psychological well-being, including emotional intelligence, stress, resilience, burnout, and self-efficacy, among higher education students pursuing a bachelor's degree in education. We also examined gender differences among these predictors. This study involved 338 higher education students pursuing a primary education teaching degree. The results obtained using the hierarchical regression analysis technique, indicated that the resilience measure, the burnout measure, and the factor of the teacher self-efficacy measure related to self-efficacy in coping with challenges and effectiveness in dealing with change in the educational context, significantly contributed to explaining psychological well-being in the total sample. Furthermore, the predictors of psychological well-being differed between male and female samples. Finally, these findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications for improving the training process of future teachers.

Measuring corruption: whose perceptions should we rely on? Evidence from Iceland"

The extent of corruption in Iceland is highly contested. International corruption measures indicate a relatively small amount of corruption while domestic public opinion suggest a serious corruption problem. Thus, uncertainty prevails about the actual extent of corruption and whose perceptions to rely on. This problem is relevant for corruption research in general. Perceptions are increasingly used as proxies for the actual levels of corruption in comparative research. But we still do not know enough about the accuracy of these proxies or the criteria they must meet in order to give dependable results. In fact, radical differences exist concerning evaluations of perceptions between those who believe in unbiased learning and those believing perceptual bias to be widespread. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to attempt to gauge which factors may influence how perceptions of corruption are shaped and why differences in corruption perceptions between different groups may be so pronounced. We present findings from original survey data from three parallel surveys – among the "public", experts, and "municipal practitioners" – conducted in Iceland in 2014. Expectations based on the perceptual bias approach are tested, indicating that perceptions may be affected by (1) information factors, (2) direct experience of corruption and (3) emotive factors. The validity of perception measures should be considered with this in mind. Domestic experts are likely to be well informed and avoid perceptual bias to a greater extent than other groups. Our examination of the Icelandic case suggests that the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) tends to underestimate corruption problems in "mature welfare states", such as Iceland, whilst the general public tends to overestimate it.

A Cognitive Map of Sexual Violence Victims’ Decision-Making: Understanding the Preference for Social Media over Formal Legal Avenues—Insights from Media Consultants

This study delves into the complex decision-making processes of sexual violence survivors regarding public disclosure of their experiences. By constructing a cognitive map from interviews with ten media consultants, this research highlights that survivors often prefer seeking justice through social media rather than legal channels. This study was conducted in Israel, and it underscores the importance survivors place on the disclosure process itself, valuing voice and respect over the outcome. This research, part of a larger project that includes interviews with victims, focuses on the choice between social media and institutional channels, analyzing cognitive processes through the lens of media consultants. While the constructed cognitive map provides a clear framework for understanding the decisions made by survivors of sexual violence, it simplifies complex emotional and psychological factors. Future research may enhance this map by incorporating a deeper analysis of survivors’ internal conflicts and the interplay between emotional coping mechanisms and external pressures to disclose their experiences. From background conversations with survivors, it was understood that two main factors influence their decision: the process versus the outcome and whether to turn to social media or institutional channels. This nuanced approach provides valuable insights into the specific choices made by survivors when determining where to disclose their assaults. By designing this cognitive map, this study helps understand the needs and priorities of the survivors, such as the importance of voice, respect, and the nature of the disclosure process, and aims to aid future research and decision makers in better understanding and supporting the decision-making processes of sexual violence survivor.