Atherosclerosis Factors Research Articles

The effects of muscle strengthening training combined with aerobic training versus aerobic training alone on cardiovascular disease risk factors in coronary artery disease: a systematic review

The effects of muscle strengthening training combined with aerobic training versus aerobic training alone on cardiovascular disease risk factors in coronary artery disease: a systematic review

Atherogenic index of plasma as a predictor of coronary artery disease: a cohort study in south of Iran

BackgroundCoronary artery disease (CAD) is an atherosclerotic disease of an inflammatory nature. Previous studies examining the relationship between triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol have highlighted the importance of plasma atherogenic index (AIP) as an important predictor of coronary heart disease. However, due to the lack of adequate information on this topic, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between AIP and coronary heart disease risk.ResultsThis study included 2,226 women and 1,690 men aged 35–70 years who participated in the Bandar Kong Cohort study and met the eligibility criteria. The data was collected using a checklist and questionnaires, which were designed by experienced individuals. After participants completed a registration form and gave informed consent, face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained experts. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire had been verified by the national cohort team prior to its use. The Ethics Committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR.HUMS.REC.1400.171) approved the study. Data from the initial cohort survey using SPSS software version 25, were analyzed to include several factors, including age, sex, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity level, socioeconomic status, AIP, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. The prevalence of coronary heart disease was found to be 7.5% higher in people with a BMI of 25 or higher. Also, Individuals with low physical activity had a higher prevalence. Individuals with CAD had significantly higher mean values for the AIP, age, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (0.46, 57.50, 128.43, and 81.10, respectively) compared to those without CAD. Furthermore, patients with CAD had lower years of education (2649.45 and 3.59) than individuals without CAD (P < 0.05). Importantly, our findings showed that AIP increased the odds ratio of coronary heart disease by 1.86 as an independent risk factor.ConclusionsBased on our investigation, the AIP is a valuable and independent predictive risk factor for coronary artery disease. This index can be utilized effectively due to its accessibility and affordability, making it a promising tool for risk assessment in clinical settings.

Patients With Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Have Less Circulating α-Klotho.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) represents an early functional characteristic of coronary vascular aging. Klotho (α-klotho) is a circulating protein inversely linked to physiological aging. We examined low klotho as a potential marker for vascular aging in patients with CMD and no coronary artery disease. Patients undergoing nonurgent angiogram for chest pain who had no coronary artery disease underwent invasive coronary microvascular and endothelial function testing. CMD was defined by ≤50% increase in coronary blood flow (percentage change in coronary blood flow) in response to intracoronary acetylcholine or coronary flow reserve ≤2. Fresh arterial whole blood was used to analyze circulating endothelial progenitor cells with flow cytometry. Stored arterial plasma was used for klotho analysis by ELISA. Participants with CMD (n=62) were compared with those without CMD (n=36). Those with CMD were age 55±10 years (versus 51±11 years; P=0.07) and 73% women (versus 81%; P=0.38). Traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease were similar between groups. Patients with CMD had less klotho (0.88±1.50 versus 1.75±2.38 ng/mL; P=0.03), and the odds of low klotho in CMD were significant in a logistic regression model after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio [OR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.636-0.996]; P=0.05). Higher klotho was associated with higher numbers of endothelial progenitor cells with vascular regenerative potential (CD34+ and CD34+CD133+KDR+). Among a subgroup of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk <5% (n=58), CMD remained associated with lower klotho (OR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.636-0.996]; P=0.047). Klotho may be a biomarker for CMD and may be a therapeutic target for groups of patients without significant traditional cardiovascular risk.

Plasma Homocysteine Levels as Cardiovascular Disease Risk vis-a-vis Estrogen Levels in Pre and Postmenopausal Women

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate plasma homocysteine level and its relation with serum estrogen in pre and postmenopausal women as a risk factor in coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among premenopausal (n = 50) and postmenopausal women (n = 50) with an estimation of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and serum estradiol (E2). Postmenopausal women based on their angiographic status were sub-grouped into A (with normal coronaries) and B (with CAD). Results: The levels of Hcy, 21.98 (20.89–24.05) μmol/L, increased significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) and that of E2, 3.05 (2.32–3.6) pg/mL, decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) in the postmenopausal group when compared to Hcy, 6.11 (4.94–8.27) μmol/L and E2, 26.37 (25.3–29) pg/mL in premenopausal group. The levels of Hcy were elevated (24.7 ± 3.92 μmol/L) in postmenopausal Group B in comparison with postmenopausal Group A (21.37 ± 3.31 μmol/L), P = 0.002. Logistic regression analysis showed Hcy and body mass index to be independent predictors of CAD. Plasma Hcy showed an area under curve (AUC) of 1.00 with sensitivity and specificity of 100% at cutoff &gt;12.6 μmol/L between pre and postmenopausal groups and AUC of 0.722 with 60% sensitivity and 84% specificity at cutoff &gt;23.7 μmol/L between postmenopausal Groups A and B. Conclusion: We observed low E2 and high Hcy levels in postmenopausal women in comparison with premenopausal women. Among postmenopausal women, those with CAD had higher Hcy levels. Assessing Hcy levels routinely in postmenopausal women will help in better risk prediction of CAD and may also help in conjunction with other risk factors to decide the initiation of hormone replacement therapy.

Awareness of Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Events Among Undergraduate Healthcare Professionals

The word atherosclerosis consists of two parts: atherosis (accumulation of fats accompanied by several macrophages) and sclerosis (fibrosis layer comprising smooth muscle cells. The presence of hyperlipaemia is the major risk issue factor for coronary artery disease. In 2016 advances in atherosclerosis research were focused on the discovery and validation of newly targeted genetics and mechanistic connection to atherothrombotic heart diseases. The Survey on awareness about the risk factors and complications of liver cirrhosis among college students was conducted using a Google form link. We have distributed our survey among 100 college students. Pie charts and Bar diagrams were used to represent output variables. Results showed that the knowledge of cardiovascular 54.00 % said No and 46.00 % said yes. Stroke caused due to lack of blood supply to 44.00 % said heart, 50.00 % said brain, and 6.00 % said I don’t know. These findings conclude that the majority of the population is unaware of the risk factors such as obesity, LDL, and family history, which lead to the development of atherosclerosis, but only a few populations are aware of stress, smoking, coronary heart attack, cholesterol, sleep apnea, HDL, work pressure, physical activity, heart disease, and coronary disease that leads to atherosclerosis.

Managing hypertriglyceridemia for cardiovascular disease prevention: Lessons from the PROMINENT trial.

Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that hypertriglyceridemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, large clinical studies on triglyceride-lowering therapy have yielded inconsistent results. In the current review, we reassess the importance of triglyceride-lowering therapy in preventing CVD based on previous literature and the recently published findings of the PROMINENT trial. This narrative review is based on literature and public documents published up to November 2023. Meta-analyses of trials on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists and triglyceride-lowering therapy, including the PROMINENT trial, have indicated that triglyceride-lowering therapy can reduce CVD events. Mendelian randomization studies have also indicated that triglyceride is indeed a true risk factor for coronary artery disease, leaving no doubt about its relationship to CVD. Meanwhile, the negative results from the PROMINENT trial were likely due to the insufficient triglyceride-lowering effect, slight increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, and the inclusion of mostly high-intensity statin users as target patients. It is unlikely that adverse events counteracted the effectiveness of pemafibrate on outcomes. Additionally, pemafibrate has shown positive effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and peripheral artery disease. Although the PROMINENT trial did not demonstrate the significance of pemafibrate as a triglyceride-lowering therapy in a specific population, it does not necessarily negate the potential benefits of treating hypertriglyceridemia in reducing CVD events. It is necessary to explore appropriate populations that could benefit from this therapy, utilize data from the PROMINENT trial and other databases, and validate findings in real-world settings.

Fibrinogen and Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease has a multifactorial origin. Among these risk markers, fibrinogen is the most prominent. Interest in the role of fibrinogen in the atherogenic process is long-standing. In the 1960s, one of the first studies correlating fibrinogen and coronary artery disease was published. Since then, much evidence has been accumulating establishing elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. As in acute myocardial infarction, fibrinogen is also elevated in cases of cerebrovascular accident and peripheral artery disease. It is noteworthy that fibrinogen levels are elevated in patients with transient ischemic attacks, suggesting that fibrinogen levels should be elevated before necrosis occurs. It is known that plasma fibrinogen is a dimer made up of alpha, beta and gamma chains, whose union is made through disulfide bonds. Measures to reduce plasma fibrinogen include diet, alcohol, physical activity, and drugs. Since fibrinogen is a risk factor for coronary artery disease, measures to reduce its levels should be adopted. In the future, with the evolution of genetic studies, the detection of individuals predisposed to hyperfibrinogenemia may be performed. It is up to pharmaceutical research to continue the investigation of effective and easy-to-use drugs to reduce fibrinogen levels.

The Relationship Between Serum Testosterone Level as an Independent Variable in Men with the Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease &amp; Rehospitalization for Acute Coronary Syndrome

The Relationship Between Serum Testosterone Level as an Independent Variable in Men with the Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease &amp; Rehospitalization for Acute Coronary Syndrome

Increased epicardial adipose tissue thickness as a sign of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ıts relationship with disease activity ındices

Epicardial adipose tissue is a novel cardiometabolic risk factor and indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis. We aimed to evaluate the epicardial adipose tissue thickness in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and its association with disease activity scores. A total of 81 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 70 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) was measured by transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography. Tender and swollen joint counts were recorded at the time of inclusion. The laboratory tests included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, and serum lipid levels. Disease activity was calculated based on Disease Activity Scores for 28 joints (DAS-28) ESR and CRP, the Simple Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was significantly higher in the RA patients compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.001). We found statistically significant correlations of EATT with all disease activity indices (p < 0.001) and CRP (p = 0.002). According to a cut-off value of 6.4 mm determined for epicardial adipose tissue thickness, the RA patients with thickness ≥ 6.4 mm had higher disease activity scores and CRP levels. In the multivariable regression analysis, only SDAI score was found as an independent risk factor for increased EATT (OR, (95%CI), 13.70 (3.88–48.43), p < 0.001). Epicardial adipose tissue thickness measurement by echocardiography is a reliable method for assessing subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients, and a higher disease activity score is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease.

A Comparative Analysis of the Serum Paraoxonase (PON1) Activity and the Concentration of Parameters of Lipid Profile after 3 Months of Statin Therapy

Background: Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) residing on HDL can prevent the oxidation of low densitylipoprotein (LDL), the initiating factor in atherosclerosis. Statins are commonly used to treat dyslipidemia,aknown risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD).The aim of the studyis to evaluate the alterations in theconcentrationof PON1 along with that of other parameters of lipid profile in patients of CAD before and after 3 months of statin therapy.Materials and Methods: The study included 30 new patients who were put on statin therapy following thediagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. The activity of PON1 (units-IU/L) and the concentration of lipid profileparameters (units-mg/dl) were estimated before starting statin therapy and again after three months. Patients with co-morbidities like diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease and other cardiac diseases of infectious aetiology were excluded.Results and Analysis: As expected, both PON1 and HDL have increased after 3 months. There was a statistically significant increase in both PON1 (p&lt;0.05)and HDL (p&lt;0.001) and a decrease (p &lt;0.05, also statistically significant)in LDL after 3 months of statin therapy.Conclusion: This knowledge may be exploited in the follow up CAD patients. The increase in PONI and thesimilar increase in HDL after 3 months of statin therapy may be exploited in the follow-up of cardiac patients.

Study some biochemical parameters in patients with Coronary artery disease with and without Type 2 diabetes

Background: Impaired lipid metabolism are well recognized factors for Coronary artery disease (CAD) which is the major reason of mortality and morbidity all over world. The incident of CAD with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is growing.&#x0D; Aim: The current study aimed to study some biochemical variables (vitamin D3, lipid profile, Insulin, FBG and HbA1C) in patients with diabetes and coronary heart disease and compare them with healthy people.&#x0D; Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted in human beings (apparently healthy and patients). It is statistically considered as [case- control study], the voluntaries were divided as following: 40 apparently healthy persons (40 male) were recruited through advertisement among laboratories and hospital staff in the three medical centers previously mentioned and from friends in Baghdad. 40 voluntaries patients with T2DM were taken, of them (40 male) were recruited from the specialized center for endocrinology and diabetes. 55 voluntaries patients who had CAD (55 male), 55 patients who have had T2DM with CAD (55 male).&#x0D; Results: the results evaluating the BMI of participant revealed that 16.3% had normal BMI, 55.8% were overweight and 27.9% were obese. 65.3% had vitamin D. insufficiency and 16.8% had vitamin D deficiency. The glycemic control evaluation shows that 37.4% had good glycemic control and 16.8% had poor control and 45.8% had excellent control. All participant had insulin resistance in which 31.6% had early resistance. Otherwise, a statistical significant difference in mean level of BMI, vitamin D, insulin level, HOMA-IR, FBS and HbA1c between the 4 groups. For lipid profile, Control group participant had significant lower total cholesterol level in compare to the other groups. Control group participant had significant lower TG level in compare to the other groups. Control group participant had significant higher HDL in compare in CAD group and CAD with DM group. Control group participant had significant lower LDL in compare in CAD group and CAD with DM group.&#x0D; Conclusions: Based on the results of the current study, it was found that there is a strong association between low vitamin D and cardiovascular disease, and it was also found that insulin resistance, which mainly causes type 2 diabetes, has increased health problems in CAD patients. On the other hand, the current study demonstrated that high levels of LDL and cholesterol were closely associated with events and increased risk of CAD.

The effectiveness of green heart application to manage modifiable risk factors of coronary artery disease in Tehran Heart Center: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is diminishing in developed countries. However, in middle- and low-income countries the CVD death rates are growing. CVD is the most common cause of death and disability in Iran and accounts for nearly half of all mortalities in Iranians. Therefore, preventive strategies by risk factor modification are a top priority in the country.Recently, Mobile-Health (mHealth) technology has been the focus of increasing interest in improving the delivery of cardiovascular prevention, targeting a combination of modifiable risk factors.This parallel-group single-blinded randomized controlled trial study has been designed to evaluate the impact of using a mHealth application on risk factors control. Individuals aged between 25 and 75 years who have documented CVD by coronary angiography in Tehran Heart Center and have at least one uncontrolled risk factor from the three including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and current cigarette smoking will be included. We are going to randomize 1544 patients into two study arms as follows: 1- Intervention: usual care + mHealth 2- Control: usual care + paper-based recommendations and educational materials. After 3 and 6 months of follow-up, the status of risk factors will be determined through outpatient visits and face-to-face interviews for both arms. Outcome: Successful risk factor control will be measured after 3 and 6 months.Nowadays, mHealth is becoming increasingly popular, providing a good opportunity for constant monitoring of risk factors and changing health behavior in a target population. Meanwhile, providing evidence for the effectiveness of health intervention delivery using mobile technologies could help health providers encourage their at-risk population to stop smoking, control blood pressure and blood cholesterol, and participate in regular physical activity. While the burden of CVD is growing in developing countries, this type of intervention can be a cost-effective way to reduce it in these countries.

Abstract 2679: Myeloid olfactory receptors in melanoma

Abstract Olfactory receptors are commonly found in the nasal cavity and function to detectodorants. However, very recent studies have determined that innate immune cells,including monocytes and macrophages, express olfactory receptors. OLFR2 (OR6A2 inhumans), was recently linked to atherosclerosis development through interaction with itsligand, octanal. Increased levels of octanal are considered as a risk factor foratherosclerosis. Conversely, octanal levels are associated with lower cancer incidence,suggesting that OLFR2 may play a protective role in cancer. Indeed, data from TheCancer Genome Atlas for liver and brain cancers show that OLFR2 expression isassociated with increased patient survival. Here, we utilized an orthotopic melanomamouse model using B16 cancer cells in C57/BL6 mice that had been transplanted witheither wild type or OLFR2 knockout bone marrow to directly test the role of OLFR2 onimmune cells in regulating tumor growth. We found that hematopoietic deletion of OLFR2exacerbated melanoma tumor growth in these mice; again, supporting the notion thatOLFR2 is anti-tumoral. The OLFR2+ cells present in the tumor were myeloid cells.Monocytes, non-classical monocytes specifically, function to detect cancer cells in tumorseeding sites, and recruit NK cells for tumor cell destruction. OLFR2-deficientmacrophages were found to migrate less to tumor cells in an in vitro assay, suggestingthat OLFR2 is involved in the sensing of newly seeding tumor cells, likely through sensingoctanal. Studies are ongoing to determine the exact functions of OLFR2+ monocytes andmacrophages in the tumor microenvironment. OLFR2 may be one of several olfactoryreceptors that is utilized by myeloid cells as a defense mechanism for detection of newlyseeding or metastatic tumor cells. As olfactory receptors are easily druggable targets,understanding their role in cancer prevention could lead to emerging newimmunotherapies for cancer. Citation Format: Elayne M. Benson, Klaus Ley, Marco Orecchioni, Catherine C. Hedrick. Myeloid olfactory receptors in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2679.

Therapeutic role of yoga in hypertension.

Systemic hypertension is an established risk factor for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular accident and control of blood pressure reduces the risk of a major cardiovascular event. Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options are available to treat hypertension. Yoga, recently received more attention as a treatment modality for various lifestyle disorders, even though practiced in India since ancient times. In this review, we are analyzing the role of yoga in the treatment of systemic hypertension.

Paclitaxel-induced acute myocardial infarction: a case report and literature review

BackgroundPaclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent commonly used for ovarian, lung, breast carcinoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Its common side effects include hypersensitivity reaction, bone marrow suppression, and peripheral neuropathy. However, a rare and life-threatening side effect is paclitaxel-induced myocardial infarction.Case presentationA 71-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heavy smoking history, previous coronary artery disease with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in left anterior descending artery (LAD), and non-small lung cancer presented with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction during infusion of paclitaxel infusion. Coronary angiogram showed de novo three vessel disease with 70% stenosis in ostial to distal left main artery (LM) and 80% in-stent re-stenosis in proximal to mid left anterior descending artery.ConclusionsPhysicians should be keeping this in mind when dealing with patients on paclitaxel, especially if they have previous risk factors for coronary artery disease.

Prognostic value of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony indices derived from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT in coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) is an important prognostic factor in coronary artery disease. A growing body of evidence indicates that LVMD parameters derived from phase analysis of gated myocardial SPECT may allow risk stratification for future cardiac events. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prognostic value of LVMD on gated SPECT in patients with coronary artery disease. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library were searched until August 25, 2022, for studies reporting the prognostic value of LVMD on gated SPECT for outcomes of all-cause death, cardiac death, or major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were meta-analytically pooled using a random-effects model. Nine studies (26,750 patients) were included in a qualitative synthesis. Among the SPECT LVMD parameters used in various studies, high phase standard deviation, phase bandwidth, and phase entropy were widely evaluated and reported to be associated with high rates of all-cause death, cardiac death, or MACE. For five studies (23,973 patients) in the quantitative synthesis, the pooled HR of LVMD for predicting MACE was 2.81 (95% CI 2.03-3.88). Studies using combined phase parameters to define LVMD showed higher HRs than a study using phase entropy (p = 0.0180). LVMD from gated myocardial SPECT is a significant prognostic factor for coronary artery disease. Phase analysis of gated SPECT may be useful for accurate risk stratification and could be applied for clinical decision-making in such patients.

Predictive value of the serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for culprit plaques in patients with acute coronary syndrome

BackgroundHyperuricemia and low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are both risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). The uric acid to HDL-C ratio (UHR) has recently been identified as a new inflammatory and metabolic biomarker. However, the relationship between the UHR and coronary culprit plaques has not been fully investigated in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).MethodsA total of 346 patients with ACS were enrolled in this study. Culprit lesion characteristics were assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Logistic regression and linear correlation analyses were performed to assess the association between the UHR and culprit plaques. The predictive value of the UHR was investigated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsThe percentages of typical culprit plaques, including ruptures, erosions and thrombi, were greater in the high-UHR subgroup than those in the low-UHR subgroup. A positive relationship was also found between the UHR and diameter stenosis (r = 0.160, P = 0.003) and between the UHR and area stenosis (r = 0.145, P = 0.007). The UHR was found to be independently associated with plaque rupture, erosion and thrombus. Furthermore, ROC analysis suggested that the UHR had a better predictive value than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.ConclusionsAn elevated UHR level was independently related to the occurrence rate of culprit plaques. The UHR is a simple and easily acquired parameter for detecting culprit plaques in patients with ACS.

A study on the prevalence and risk factors of coronary artery disease in patients with metabolic syndrome infected and not infected with COVID 19 from El- Oued (Algeria) region

Introduction and Aim: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a pathological process described by atherosclerosis plaque in the epicardial arteries. CAD is a chronic process that begins during adolescence and slowly progresses through life. Several traditional risk factors genetics and environmental, involve in the development of atherosclerosis process. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of CAD and its associated risk factors among the El Oued (Algeria) population. Materials and Methods: An epidemiological study was carried out on 23422 patients who suffered from cardiovascular diseases. The study of risk factors analysis was focused on 300 voluntary individuals, their origins from different El-Oued areas, and the CAD and metabolic syndrome patients selected from public and private health interests. All the information was obtained by a questionnaire. The risk of socio-clinical factors has been estimated by Binary Logistic regression was carried out between CVD and its associated risk factors. P &lt; 0.05 from two-sided statistical tests was regarded as statistically significant. Results: Through the results presented in our study, we found that the clinical factors such as hypertension (OR=154.846, and; P =0.000), the group aged&gt; 60 (OR=154.84, and; P =0.000 and chest pain (OR=42.667, and; P =0.000), present significant risk factors with CAD patients compared to healthy people (control), respectively, in contrast we show that the most dangerous Socioeconomic factors alcohol consumption and stress respectively for (OR=13.500= and; P =0.001), and obesity (OR=4.495= and; P =0.000), but we estimate that sport is important protective factors for the disease with OR=52.6, P 0.500) in the CAD patients compared to metabolic syndrome patients. Conclusion: The increasing prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease among the population has raised concerns for public health, which creates a health threat, especially with inadequate promotion and awareness programs.

Unveiling the Silent Intruder: H. pylori's Hidden Link to Ischemic Heart Disease.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. In addition to the well-known risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, such as age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, and obesity, there has been a growing concern regarding cardiac complications stemming from the Gram-negative bacteria Helicobacter pylori. While H. pylori is most commonly associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric lymphoma, it has also been implicated in extra gastric manifestations, encompassing cardiac, neurologic, ocular, and dermatologic issues. Key virulent factors for coronary artery disease include the vacuolating cytotoxin gene A and the cytotoxin-associated gene A. The most likely pathogenic mechanism of the relationship between H. pylori and coronary artery disease is initiating a chronic inflammatory process associated with infection and the modifications of classic risk factors. These alterations lead to the creation of prothrombotic and procoagulant environments. Here, we review the cardiac manifestations of H. pylori and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.

Serum immunoglobulin M is associated with the severity of coronary artery disease in adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the severity of coronary artery disease in Chinese patients who underwent coronary angiography. A total of 2,045 patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) from March 2017 to March 2020 at Beijing Hospital were included in this study. Serum IgM concentration and biochemical indicators were measured before coronary angiography (CAG). The triquartile IgM levels at baseline in the population were analysed. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyse the association between IgM and traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD patients were divided into subgroups by affected area, number of affected vessels, and Gensini score to analyse the relationship between IgM and CAD severity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between IgM and CAD severity. Serum IgM levels were significantly lower in the CAD group (63.5 mg/dL) than in the non-coronary artery disease (NCAD) group (72.3 mg/dL) (P < 0.001). Serum IgM levels were significantly associated with sex. Serum IgM levels were positively correlated with traditional CAD risk factors such as TG, TC and LDL-C (P < 0.05), and negatively associated with the number of obstructed vessels, the number of affected areas, and Gensini scores. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, stroke, and statin use history, a high IgM level was independently negatively associated with the severity of CAD expressed by the Gensini score. We determined that serum IgM was independently negatively associated with the severity of CAD diagnosed by angiography in Chinese adults.