Multifactor Analysis Of Variance Research Articles

THE The Use of Music Background in Teaching Reading Comprehension for Negative and Positive Students’ Perception

Reading is a kind of activity to transfer the information and to comprehend the writer’s ideas by the learner through the written or the printed words. Learning achievement is not only determined by the one factor such as teaching method, but also it is affected by some learning factors. Besides, learning is affected by psychological factor such as classroom atmosphere.This study used experimental research. It was aimed to comparing the effectiveness of Beta Wave music, acoustic music, no music, as music background when learning English. This study was experimental research by using factorial design, it was 3x2 factorial design and use technique of multi factor analysis of variance (ANNOVA) which helped to understand the effect of two or more independent variables upon a single dependent variable, the independent variables are beta wave music, acoustic music, and no music, and the dependent variable is the students’ achievement in reading comprehension of tenth graders of SMAN 4 Kota Cirebon. For moderating variables are positive and negative students’ perception toward music background.Mostly, students with positive perception were affected by music background whether acoustic and beta wave music as well as none-music background in learning reading comprehension.While students with negative perception were positively affected even a few students were negatively affected by beta music background when they learn reading comprehension. Because, they thought that the music were annoying, then the students felt uncomfortable. But it was different with students with negative perception in experiment A that used acoustic music background. They were positively affected by acoustic music background.The use of acoustic melodic music was effective in developing students’ reading comprehension both of students with positive and negative perception toward. While the use of beta wave music background was effective in developing students’ reading comprehension for students with positive perception but it was not effective for students with negative perception.

Association between postoperative cough and thyroidectomy: a prospective study

BackgroundThis study sought to determine whether thyroidectomy is associated with self-reported cough through a prospective analysis.MethodsPatients undergoing unilateral thyroidectomy were prospectively enrolled. The control group was selected to avoid the effect of general anaesthesia. The experimental group consisted of 300 patients (202 females and 98 males) who underwent thyroidectomy, with a mean age of 48.6 years, and the control group consisted of 103 patients (53 females and 50 males) who underwent other head and neck operations, with a mean age of 50.3 years. All patients were required to complete the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) preoperatively and 2 weeks postoperatively.ResultsThe postoperative mean total LCQ scores in the experimental and control groups were 17.9 ± 5.0 and 19.8 ± 4.2, respectively; the difference was significant (p = 0.014). Adverse event analysis showed that patients in the experimental group scored significantly worse on items for chest or stomach pains, phlegm, feeling in control of coughing, sleep disturbances, coughing bouts, frustration, and feeling fed up with coughing. In the analysis of the three LCQ domains, a significant difference was noted in the physical domain between the two groups (p < 0.001). In the one-way analysis of variance, the factors of sex and anaesthesia time were associated with the postoperative LCQ score; in further multifactor analysis of variance, only the factor of sex was significantly related to the postoperative LCQ score.ConclusionThyroidectomy may be associated with postoperative cough, and a higher number of female patients complained of cough and related symptoms.

How do the optical properties of the bulk fill posterior composites change after 2 years of simulated toothbrushing?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the alteration of the optical properties of bulk Fill resin-based composites after 2 years of simulated toothbrushing. Three high-viscosity bulk fill resin composites and one conventional sculptable resin composite (control) were analyzed. Five specimens of each resin composite were prepared, and roughness, color, translucency and gloss were evaluated initially and after one and two years of simulated toothbrushing. The specimens were submitted to electric simulated toothbrushing (14600 strokes/100g) using a commercially available toothbrush with soft fibers and toothpaste slurry in a proportion of 1:2 by weight. The brushing scheme was of 40 cycles per day (2 cycles per second / 280 cycles in a week). The optical properties and the roughness data were analyzed by a multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a Tukey post hoc test. The baseline and final values of Ra and Sa were submitted to linear regression analyses, all of which were performed at a significance level of p=0.05. Gloss and roughness presented statistical differences between the resin-time interactions in all composite resins. The gloss (72.5%) and roughness (89.4%) worsened significantly after brushing, but the authors didn’t find statistically significant differences when evaluating translucency and color. Based in the results, it could be concluded that the simulated brushing degraded the brightness and roughness of the used high-viscosity bulk fill composites.

Functional decline in facial expression generation in older women: A cross-sectional study using three-dimensional morphometry.

Elderly people show a decline in the ability to decode facial expressions, but also experience age-related facial structure changes that may render their facial expressions harder to decode. However, to date there is no empirical evidence to support the latter mechanism. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of age on facial morphology at rest and during smiling, in younger (n = 100; age range, 18–32 years) and older (n = 30; age range, 55–65 years) Japanese women. Three-dimensional images of each subject’s face at rest and during smiling were obtained and wire mesh fitting was performed on each image to quantify the facial surface morphology. The mean node coordinates in each facial posture were compared between the groups using t-tests. Further, the node coordinates of the fitted mesh were entered into a principal component analysis (PCA) and a multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine the direct interactions of aging and facial postures on the 3D facial morphology. The results indicated that there were significant age-related 3D facial changes in facial expression generation and the transition from resting to smiling produced a smaller amount of soft tissue movement in the older group than in the younger group. Further, 185 surface configuration variables were extracted and the variables were used to create four discriminant functions: the age-group discrimination for each facial expression, and the facial expression discrimination for each age group. For facial expression discrimination, the older group showed 80% accuracy with 2 of 66 significant variables, whereas the younger group showed 99% accuracy with 15 of 144 significant variables. These results indicate that in both facial expressions, the facial morphology was distinctly different in the younger and older subjects, and that in the older group, the facial morphology during smiling could not be as easily discriminated from the morphology at rest as in the younger group. These results may help to explain one aspect of the communication dysfunction observed in older people.

Legacy and emerging pollutants in marine bivalves from the Galician coast (NW Spain)

The presence of pollutants in estuary and oceanic systems is a global problem and a serious concern to human and environmental health. Usually, environmental monitoring studies consider classical persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, the lists of POPs keep continuously growing and new POPs and other emerging pollutants should be considered in new monitoring programs. So, this study aimed to investigate the distribution and profile of classical POPs (polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), new POPs and emerging pollutants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), novel halogenated flame retardants (NFRs) and UV filters) in bivalve mollusc samples (both raft-cultivated and wild mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis; cockle, Cerestoderma edule; and clam, Ruditapes descussatus) collected in nine Galician Rias during the period February 2012 to February 2013. A predominance of PAHs (6.8–317 ng/g dry weight (dw)) followed by PCBs (0.47–261 ng/g dw), UV filters (1.4–157 ng/g dw), PFCs (0.53–62 ng/g dw), OCPs (0.07–29 ng/g dw), PBDEs (0.31–6.6 ng/g dw) and NFRs (0.07–3.2 ng/g dw) was found in the studied bivalves, being the UV filter octocrylene the compound found at the highest concentration (141 ng/g dw in a cockle sample), while the PAHs chrysene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the compounds with the highest average concentration (20 and 14 ng/g dw, respectively). Inter-species, temporal and geographical variations on pollutants concentration were assessed by multifactorial analysis of variance. Statistically significant differences among the type of mollusc were observed for levels of organochlorinated and organobrominated pollutants considered (PCBs, OCPs and PBDEs), which were detected at higher concentrations in wild mussel. On the other hand, the main PFCs and UV filters showed a higher detection frequency in cockle samples. Location played significant role for PAHs, PCBs and the main PBDEs, being the most polluted rias those more industrialized and populated, i.e. A Coruña, Ferrol and/or Vigo. Finally, sampling timepoint was also a significant factor for most of the families considered but with different profiles. Thus, PAHs and PCBs showed higher concentrations in both February 2012 and 2013 and lower in August 2012, while the main PBDEs were measured at higher concentrations in November 2012 and lower in February 2012; and the main NFRs, PFCs and UV filters were present at lower levels in February 2013.

Physicochemical qualities of stored fresh cut EVIARC sweet jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) pulp as influenced by deseeding, packaging method and storage condition

Processing method plays a significant role in the physicochemical property of food products. This study evaluated the effects of deseeding, packaging method, and storage condition on the physicochemical properties of fresh-cut jackfruit during the 8-day storage period. A 2x2x2 factorial experiment was used in the study with a total of 8 treatments. All of the treatments were subjected to physicochemical analysis following standard protocols. Data were subjected to single factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multi-factorial ANOVA for the interaction of dependent variables. Jackfruit pulps which were deseeded have shown significant decrease in the physicochemical attributes of the product which is an indicator for product quality. Deseeded products had much faster deterioration compared to treatments with intact seeds. Treatments stored in chilling (4-6oC) condition exhibited lesser variation in TA, TSS, pH, browning and firmness during the storage period compared to those stored at ambient temperature. Chilled treatments packed in vacuum had slower deterioration compared to treatments which were conventionally packed.

Haptoglobin and C-Reactive Protein-Non-specific Markers for Nursery Conditions in Swine.

A quality concept for production in the pork market includes granting a good health status of pigs from birth to slaughter. This concept is a precondition for animal welfare as well as reducing antibiotic usage in farm animals. The demand for fighting bacterial antimicrobial resistance in humans, animals, and in the environment is one driving force for the development of innovative technical solutions to improve husbandry. Maintenance of a good health status in pigs depends on early detection of a disturbance in homeostasis in critical phases of life. This can be measured by non-specific biomarkers as acute phase proteins. In this project, husbandry conditions and health status in nursery pigs were monitored in an autumn and winter nursery period from weaning to the end of nursery in two compartments with 180 pigs each. It was investigated whether a slight modification in indoor climate achieved by a new ammonia sensory technology coupled with the electronic control unit of the forced ventilation system ensuring ammonia levels lower than 5 ± 3 ppm in one compartment led to a better health status in piglets in comparison to the control compartment. In the examined nursery periods in different seasons, ammonia concentrations in the experimental compartment were significantly lower than in the control compartment, thus proving the functionality and efficacy of the technical system. Production parameters as feed conversion rate and average daily weight gain were slightly improved in the experimental compartment without implementing other measures. Multifactorial analysis of variance resulted in a significant influence of season, daily quarter, and compartment on ammonia concentration. The challenge to preserve a high health status of piglets also during suboptimal outside climate in the transitional season was reflected by an increase in the acute-phase proteins haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in autumn compared to winter. The seasonal influence on concentrations of CRP and Hp superimposed potential influences of the climate modification. New technological concepts to reduce noxious gases and dust in the animal environment as well as emissions, which in parallel guarantee optimal temperatures also during extreme weather conditions, can be evaluated by clinical data in combination with biomarkers.

The impact of gender and introductory communication course type on public speaking performance

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to find out whether the previously identified gender gap in public speaking anxiety and self-perceived communication competence was also evident in student speaking performances. This study also examined whether students developed equally strong presentations in public speaking versus hybrid introductory communication courses. Recordings of 164 explanatory speech performances were graded, and results were analyzed using a 2 × 2 factorial multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed no difference between males and females in performance. Both course formats resulted in speech performances that were proficient to mastery level, with marginally stronger performances in the public speaking course.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION TO TEACH WRITING VIEWED FROM STUDENTS’ CREATIVITY

Student Teams Acievement Division (STAD) is one of the simplest of all cooperative learning methods, where team works in learning English provides students with the team opportunity to express and to communicate with each other. One of the ways to make them express and communicate with each other is by dividing the class into several team works or groups. This experimental study sought to find out the effectiveness of STAD to teach writing viewed from students’ creativity in the tenth grade of SMAN 1 JATIWARAS Tasikmalaya in the academic year of 2017/2018. Recruitment strategy was through cluster random sampling resulting 2 classes which consist of 28 students of each class contributed to the study. Data collection technique encompassed creativity test and writing test. The data were analyzed thoroughly by using 2x2 Multifactor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD Test. The result revealed that: (1) Student Teams Acievement Division (STAD) is more effective than Direct Method to teach writing; (2) students having high creativity have better writing skill than those having low creativity. (3) there is an interaction between teaching methods and students’ creativity.&#x0D; Keywords: STAD, Direct Method, writing skill, students’ creativity.

Experimental Study on Drilling MDF with Tools Coated with TiAlN and ZrN.

There is increasing use of wood-based composites in industry not only because of the shortage of solid wood, but above all for their better properties such as: strength, aesthetic appearance, etc., compared to wood. Medium density fiberboard (MDF) is a wood-based composite that is widely used in the furniture industry. The goal of the research conducted was to determine the effect of the type of coating on the drill cutting blades on the value of thrust force (Ft), cutting torque (Mc), cutting tool temperature (T) and surface roughness of the hole in drilling MDF panels. In the tests, three types of carbide drills (HW) were used: not coated, TiAlN coated and ZrN coated. The measurement of both the thrust force and the cutting torque was carried out using an industrial piezoelectric sensor. The temperature of the cutting tool in the drilling process was measured using an industrial temperature measurement system using a K-type thermocouple. It was found that the value of the maximum temperature of the tool in the drilling process depends not only on the cutting speed and feed rate, but also on the type of coating of the cutting tool. The value of both the cutting torque and the thrust force is significantly influenced by the value of the feed rate and the type of drill coating. The effect of varying plate density on the surface roughness of the hole and the variation of the value of the thrust force is also discussed. The results of the investigations were statistically analyzed using a multi-factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Multiscale Fine-Grained Heart Rate Variability Analysis for Recognizing the Severity of Hypertension.

Hypertension is a common and chronic disease and causes severe damage to patients' health. Blood pressure of a human being is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an impact of the autonomic nervous system and an indicator of the balance of the cardiac sympathetic nerve and vagus nerve. HRV is a good method to recognize the severity of hypertension due to the specificity for prediction. In this paper, we proposed a novel fine-grained HRV analysis method to enhance the precision of recognition. In order to analyze the HRV of the patient, we segment the overnight electrocardiogram (ECG) into various scales. 18 HRV multidimensional features in the time, frequency, and nonlinear domain are extracted, and then the temporal pyramid pooling method is designed to reduce feature dimensions. Multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) is applied to filter the related features and establish the hypertension recognizing model with relevant features to efficiently recognize the patients' severity. In this paper, 139 hypertension patients' real clinical ECG data are applied, and the overall precision is 95.1%. The experimental results validate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed recognition method in the work.

Assessment of emerging risk level by occupational exposure to hand-arm vibrations: Approach under uncertainty conditions

Anticipating risk situations in the workplace is a necessary strategy in the current changing economic and technological environment. The identification, analysis, evaluation and characterization of new and emerging risks (NER) can be an effective focus to ensure safe and healthy workplace environment.Exposure to hand-arm vibrations (HAV) is an important factor in manufacturing environments, as is the assessment of its emerging risk level (ERL) in the workplace. In this sense, this study presents an approach based on the principles of risk matrices (certainty conditions), expert systems and diffuses logic that incorporates uncertainty conditions into the evaluation of variables of interest for the assessment of ERL by occupational exposure to HAV in industrial processes.This approach has been analyzed under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. The influence of variables of interest under certainty conditions have been analyzed using a multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA). The values of such variables of interest and the calculation of ERL under uncertainty conditions have been obtained using an expert fuzzy model. The behavior of these variables has been analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in simulated and practical cases with real data.The results obtained offer an approach for use in industrial environments that should be studied in different real cases for its subsequent generalization.

Circadian periodicity and effect of gender, age, diet and smoking on circulating plasma lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes in healthy Indians of different age groups

ABSTRACT This study aims at assessing circadian rhythm characteristics of oxidants and antioxidants, testing for any effect of gender, age, diet and smoking status. Blood samples from clinically healthy Indians (103 males and 59 females, 7–75 years of age) were collected at 6-hour intervals for 24 hours for determination of MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx and GR. Data were analyzed by the single and population-mean cosinor to estimate circadian rhythm characteristics. The latter were further analyzed by multi-factor analysis of variance. A marked circadian rhythm was documented for all variables. Its parameters were found to undergo marked changes as a function of age. Males differed from females in terms of the rhythm-adjusted mean (MESOR) of CAT and GPx and of the 24-hour amplitude of GR. The MESOR of GPx differed between vegetarians and omnivores. Smoking status affected the MESOR of MDA and CAT and the 24-hour amplitude of CAT. As oxidative stress is being reported for most diseases, the mapping of circadian rhythms in oxidant and antioxidant enzymes in health may help refine reference values, thereby allowing the early detection of pathophysiological conditions, prompting the early institution of treatment. Abbreviations CAT: Catalase; FRAP: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power; GPx: Glutathione Peroxidase; GR: Glutathione Reductase; GSH: Glutathione; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MESOR: Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythm; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; SCN: Suprachiasmatic Nuclei; SOD: Superoxide Dismutase; TBARs: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; XPA: Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group A (DNA Damage Recognition And Repair Factor)

Efficacy of diurnal BG-Sentinel traps to capture nocturnal adult Armigeres subalbatus mosquitoes and impact of altitudinal variations in forests

Objective: To establish an efficacious and efficient surveillance method of Armigeres (Ar.) subalbatus, a known filarial vector, surviving in forest habitats to estimate realistic population density and assess the impact of altitudinal variations on the efficacy of the trap. Methods: In the study, 12 locations in areas with an altitudinal range from 82 m to 920 m were selected in three reserve forests for night sampling of adult Ar. subalbatus mosquito using standard chemical lure based BG-Sentinel traps and CDC-light traps in pairs. Effects of locations and time were estimated on the efficacy of traps as mosquito density using multifactor analysis of variance for significant differences. Impact of altitudinal variations on the efficacy of traps was assessed using multiple regression with slope comparison. Results: BG-Sentinel trap collected significantly more adult Ar. subalbatus, 4.43 folds in Gorumara NP, 5.19 folds in Neora Valley NP and 12.10 folds in Mahananda WLS than the CDC-light trap irrespective to locations. BG-Sentinel traps were tolerant of altitudinal variations (80 m -170 m) and showed no significant relationship between density and altitudes in contrast to CDC-light traps which showed a significant negative impact on capturing efficacy with increase in altitudes (P Conclusions: The study suggests that BG-Sentinel traps can be used effectively and efficiently to collect more Ar. subalbatus mosquitoes during night time in comparison to CDC-light trap under complex climatic conditions of forest and variable altitudes.

Severe imported malaria in a Serbian referral center

Background/Aim. The World Health Organization estimates that 3.2 billion people are at a risk of being infected with malaria. Thus, the adequate diagnostic protocols for malaria, especially those aimed at determining disease severity, are paramount both in endemic and non-endemic setting. The aim of this study was to identify the demographic, parositological, clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with severe malaria in a non-endemic settings. Methods. We analyzed 22 patients with severe malaria and compared their clinical and laboratory findings with those of the patients with non-severe malaria in a search of predictors of disease severity. All patients were treated at the Infectious and Tropical Diseases University Hospital, Clinical Centre of Serbia in Belgrade, Serbia from 2000 to 2010. Results. The average age of patients with with severe malaria was 44.86 ? 12.33 years and men predominated (95.45%). The patients with severe malaria were infected Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) significantly more frequently compared with those with non-severe disease (p =0.047). Jaundice was the most commonly observed feature of severe malaria, followed by anemia and renal failure. The multifactor analysis of variance showed that thrombocytopenia (p = 0.05) and high serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (p = 0.02) were significantly associated with the disease severity. Conclusion. A high index of suspicion for malaria should be maintained when evaluating febrile patients returning from the malaria endemic regions. The elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and thrombocytopenia are associated with severe malaria in non-endemic settings.

Facilitating the transition from bright to dim environments

High on the list of desired capabilities for warfighters noted at the 2008 Fort Benning “Lab Day” was the development of combat protective eyewear with lenses that would instantly change the amount of light they transmit, based on incident lighting conditions. We reviewed the investigation regarding the effect of four different protective spectacle lens designs [clear, standard sunglass, step filter (SF), and electro-optical (EO)] on a soldier’s ability to rapidly transition from bright to dim environments. The dependent measures were selected to specifically permit the findings to be evaluated in both clinical and operational terms. A multifactorial analysis of variance revealed global statistically significant interactive effects regarding the viewing lenses, subject marksmanship, and subject visual acuity. The subjective preference ratings indicated a clear preference for the SF and the EO eyewear over no eyewear, the Authorized Protective Eyewear List (APEL) clear eyewear, and the APEL sun eyewear. Operational performance results while wearing either of these two optical devices (the SF eyewear and the electronic eyewear) are equally effective. Consequently, the fielding of either transition strategy provides equal acceptance and utility by the soldiers using this transitional gear.

What do Portuguese Travellers Know About Malaria? Pre-Travel Medicine Appointment Evaluation

The knowledge of transmission, prevention and symptoms of malaria is essential for travellers' safety. In real life, what do Portuguese travellers know about malaria before a Travel Medicine consultation? How can we, through this consultation, improve their knowledge? Before an appointment with a specialist in Travel Medicine, 80 adult travellers filled a questionnaire that included demographic aspects, characteristics of the trip and knowledge about malaria. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multifactorial variance analysis. The travellers' ages fell in the range 20 - 80 years, 51% were male and 74% of the travellers had a university degree level of education. For 74% of the travellers, this was the first Travel Medicine consultation. Half of the travellers planed trips lasting no more than 14 days, mainly for tourism. The average percentage of correct answers about malaria given by a traveller was 63%. Travellers who had previously attended a Travel Medicine appointment exhibit a statistically significant difference in knowledge comparing to those who attend Travel Medicine appointment for the first time, and this was more evident in the sample composed of travellers without higher education. The clinical manifestations and prevention had the lowest number of correct answers among the travellers. These travellers appear to have good knowledge about malaria but some misconceptions prevail. The Travel Medicine consultation seems important to raise awareness in the population about malaria, particularly for travellers without higher education. The prevention and the recognition of malaria symptoms must be prioritized during Travel Medicine consultations and the information given adapted to the traveller's characteristics.

Key physical wood properties in termite foraging decisions.

As eusocial and wood-dwelling insects, termites have been shown to use vibrations to assess their food, to eavesdrop on competitors and predators and to warn nest-mates. Bioassay choice experiments used to determine food preferences in animals often consider single factors only but foraging decisions can be influenced by multiple factors such as the quantity and quality of the food and the wood as a medium for communication. A statistical analysis framework is developed here to design a single bioassay experiment to study multifactorial foraging choice ( Pinus radiata) in the basal Australian termite species Coptotermes ( C.) acinaciformis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). By employing a correlation analysis, 17 measured physical properties of 1417 Pinus radiata veneer discs were reduced to five key material properties: density, moisture absorption, early wood content, first resonance frequency and damping. By applying a fuzzy c-means clustering technique, these veneer discs were optimally paired for treatment and control trials to study food preference by termites based on these five key material properties. A multifactorial analysis of variance was compared to a permutation analysis of the results indicating for the first time that C. acinaciformis takes into account multiple factors when making foraging decisions. C. acinaciformis prefer denser wood with large early wood content, preferably humid and highly damped. Results presented here have practical implications for food choice experiments and for studies concerned with communication in termites as well as their ecology and coevolution with trees as their major food source.

The Picture Word Inductive Model: Its Effectiveness to Teach Writing Viewed from Students' Interest

Picture Word Inductive Model is an inquiry-oriented strategy for teaching writing that uses picture containing familiar objects to fully lead students into inquiring about words, adding words to their writing, and ultimately developing the title, sentences, and paragraphs about their picture. This experimental study aimed to find out the effectiveness of PWIM to teach writing viewed from students’ interest in the eighth grade of MTs. ASWAJA Pontianak. Sampling technique was through cluster random sampling resulting 2 classes which consist of 26 students of each class contributed to the study. Technique of data collection encompassed writing test and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using 2x2 Multifactor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD Test. The result revealed that: (1) Picture Word Inductive Model(PWIM) is more effective than Controlled-Writing Strategy (CWS) to teach writing; (2) students having high interest have better writing skill than those having low interest. (3) there is an interaction between teaching strategies and the level of interest on students’ writing skill.

Factors contributing to glenoid baseplate micromotion in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a biomechanical study

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is typically performed in patients with cuff tear arthropathy. A common type of RSA baseplate has a central peg and 4 peripheral screws inserting into the glenoid surface. Baseplate failure is a significant postoperative complication that reduces prosthetic longevity and usually requires revision surgery. This study evaluated the contribution of mechanical factors on initial baseplate fixation. This study simulated glenoid baseplate loading in a RSA. A half-fractional factorial design was used to test 5 factors: bone density (160 or 400 kg/m3), screw length (18 or 36 mm), number of screws (2 or 4), screw angle (neutral or diverging), and central peg length (13.5 or 23.5 mm). Trials were cyclically loaded at a 60° angle with 500 N for 1000 cycles. Micromotion at 4 peripheral screw positions was analyzed using a multifactorial analysis of variance (P < .05). We found an increase in micromotion with 3 scenarios: (1) lower bone density at all screw positions; (2) shorter central peg length at the inferior, superior and anterior screws; and (3) shorter screw length at the inferior and anterior screws. There were interactions between bone density and screw length at the inferior and anterior screws and between bone density and central peg length at the inferior, superior, and anterior screws. Greater bone density, a longer central peg, and longer screws provide improved initial glenoid fixation in an RSA, whereas the number of screws, and the angle of screw insertion do not. These findings may help minimize baseplate failure and revision operations.