Factorial Method Research Articles

Experimental Vibration Investigation of Roller Element Bearing with Combined Faults using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract The empirical and mathematical approach is presented in the present paper for multiple distributed and localized flaws analyses in the shaft-rotor-bearing arrangement. These flaws in the combination of inner raceway, outer raceway, and roller are measured for the analysis. To comprehend their relevance and how they affect the vibration response for the shaft-rotor-bearing mechanism, speed, load, and flaws were regarded to be the crucial process factors in this investigation. The Full Factorial method was considered for experimentation, and the experiment was done with the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. The outcomes of the vibration response trials are quantified as Root Mean Square (RMS) values for interpretation. To determine the relationship between the effects of changing process parameters onto the response of vibrations, response surface methodology (RSM) is applied. DOE is used to examine the shaft-rotor-bearing test arrangement, which is employed for exploration. In the present research, it is established how combined parametric effect analysis predicts faults in the shaft-rotor-bearing system and how it affects DOE and RSM.

The Best Learning Methods to Improve Student's Discus Throw Abilities in SMP Negeri 24 Makassar

This study aimed to determine the difference between learning methods (A) which consist of the overall method (A1), the partial method (A2), and the combination method (A3), in increasing students' discus throw abilities (Y). This study used a 3 x 2 factorial experimental method, with the study's target population being 134 male students of SMP Negeri 24 Makassar. The sampling used was a purposive sampling technique by selecting 27% of the highest score data, and 27% of the lowest score referred to the Verducci theory. Hypothesis test results: (1) the overall method value was higher than the partial method value (A1 x A2) with a p-value of 0.002 (h1 accepted); (2) The overall method value was higher than the combination method value (A1 x A3) with a p-value of 0.02 (H1 accepted); and (3) The partial method value was higher than the combination method value (A2 x A3), with p-value 0.006 (h1 accepted). Thus it could be concluded that the overall learning method was better than the partial or combination method.

Parameter Optimization of Genetic Algorithm Utilizing Taguchi Design for Gliding Trajectory Optimization of Missile

The present study aims to establish a genetic algorithm (GA) method to optimize gliding trajectory of a missile. The trajectory is optimized by discretizing the angle of attack (AOA) and solving optimal control problem to achieve maximum gliding range. GA is employed to resolve the optimal control problem to achieve optimized AOA. A Taguchi’s design of experiments was proposed contrary to full factorial method to ascertain the GA parameters. The experiments have been designed as per Taguchi’s design of experiments using L27 orthogonal array. Systematic reasoning ability of Taguchi method is exploited to obtain better selection, crossover and mutation operations and consequently, enhance the performance of GA for gliding trajectory optimization. The effects of GA parameters on gliding trajectory optimization are studied and analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out to evaluate significance factors on the results. Crossover function and population size are observed as highly impacting parameter in missile trajectory optimization accompanied by selection method, crossover fraction, mutation rate and number of generations. Artificial neural network (ANN) method was also applied to predict the significance of GA parameters. The results show that the gliding range is maximized after GA parameter tuning. Simulation results also portrayed that with optimal AOA, gliding distance of missile is improved compared to earlier one. The numerical simulation shows the efficiency of proposed procedure via various test scenarios.

A Unified Formal Framework for Factorial and Probabilistic Topic Modelling

Topic modelling has become a highly popular technique for extracting knowledge from texts. It encompasses various method families, including Factorial methods, Probabilistic methods, and Natural Language Processing methods. This paper introduces a unified conceptual framework for Factorial and Probabilistic methods by identifying shared elements and representing them using a homogeneous notation. The paper presents 12 different methods within this framework, enabling easy comparative analysis to assess the flexibility and how realistic the assumptions of each approach are. This establishes the initial stage of a broader analysis aimed at relating all method families to this common framework, comprehensively understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and establishing general application guidelines. Also, an experimental setup reinforces the convenience of having harmonized notational schema. The paper concludes with a discussion on the presented methods and outlines future research directions.

Growth Response of Palm Seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) to Applying NPK Fertilizer (15-15-15) and Dolomite on Acid Soil in Pre-Nursery

This research aims to determine the response of oil palm seedling growth in pre-nursery on acid soil to NPK fertilizer doses (15-15-15) and dolomite doses. The research was carried out at Educational and Research Garden of Stiper Agricultural Institute located in Maguwoharjo Village, Depok District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia from January to April 2023. This research used a factorial pattern experimental method which was prepared using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors. The first factor was the dosage of NPK (15-15-15) fertilizer which consists of 0 g ( control) ; 2.5 g; 3 g and 3.5 g. Meanwhile, the second factor was the dose of dolomite fertilizer which consists of 0 g (control); 5 g; 10 g and 15 g. Each treatment was carried out in 5 repetitions. The number of seeds needed for this experiment is 4 x 4 x 5 = 80 seeds. The results showed that there was no signiticant interaction between the dosage of NPK fertilizer (15-15-15) and dolomite on all parameters. The dose of NPK fertilizer has an influence on the dry weight of the roots and the best at a dose of 3.5 g. Dolomite application has an influence on root fresh weight and leaf area with the best dose of 10 g/oil palm seedling in pre-nursery on acid soil.

Relationship between the Polymer Blend Using Chitosan, Polyethylene Glycol, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, and Antimicrobial Activities against Staphylococcus aureus.

The findings from Pareto charts, main effect plots, and interaction plots demonstrate the importance of polymer concentration. Increasing concentration improves the inhibition percentage and decreases the MIC50. However, the primary factor that influences these changes is chitosan (CS). Additionally, the interaction between CS and PVP, along with other polymers, plays a crucial role in achieving better antimicrobial effects. These results enhance our understanding of the antimicrobial properties of the studied polymers and offer valuable insights for developing effective antimicrobial formulations. The MIC50 value of M1-M16 was at a polymer percentage of 12.5%. At 12.5% polymer percentage, with the limits of [PVA], [PEG], and [PVP] being 0.002-0.004 g/mL and [CS] being 0.001-0.002 g/mL, using the 2-level full factorial method, the inhibition percentage is equal to 174.1 - 27,812 PVA - 18,561 PVP - 25,960 PEG - 38,752 CS + 9,263,047 PVA*PVP + 10,430,763 PVA*PEG + 15,397,157 PVA*CS + 7,088,313 PVP*PEG + 7,841,221 PVP*CS + 14,228,046 PEG*CS - 3,367,292,860 PVA*PVP*PEG - 5,671,998,721 PVA*PVP*CS - 6,619,041,275 PVA*PEG*CS - 3,917,095,529 PVP*PEG*CS + 2,273,661,969,470 PVA*PVP*PEG*CS. Theoretically, the most economical concentrations of PVA, PVP, PEG, and CS are 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, and 0.001 mg/mL at a concentration of 12.5% to reach an inhibition percentage of 99.162%, which coincides with the MBC value.

Climatic limitations on grassland photosynthesis over the Tibetan Plateau shifted from temperature to water

Plant photosynthesis plays an essential role in regulating the global carbon cycle. Therefore, it is essential to understand the limitations imposed by climate on plant photosynthesis to comprehend the impacts of climate change on land carbon dynamics. In this study, taking gross primary productivity as a direct representation of photosynthesis, we employed a light use efficiency model (i.e., the revised EC-LUE) and factorial analysis method to quantify the spatiotemporal variation of temperature- and water-limitations on plant photosynthesis over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) grasslands during growing season (May to October) in 1983–2018. Results revealed a clear spatiotemporal pattern of the temperature- and water-limitations: temperature is the primary climatic limiting factor in the eastern TP, while water is the primary climatic limiting factor in the western TP; the water- and temperature-limitations prevail in summer and spring/autumn, respectively. The water- and temperature-limitations intensified and alleviated, respectively, during 1983 through 2018. There also was a widespread shift from temperature-limitation to water-limitation in the TP, particularly in midsummer (August). Our findings demonstrated the shifting relative importance of climatic limitations on plant photosynthesis under changing climate, which is crucial for predicting future terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics.

Improving learning outcomes: The effectiveness of e-book reading literacy based in learning management psychology

The research aims to improve learning outcomes of Management Psychology Courses use E-book teaching material reading literacy based for the student of the Education Administration Study Program, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia. The research used 2 x 2 factorial design experimental methods with ANOVA. The research obtained the highest score 96.6 for experimental class, and 93.3 for control class. The students learning outcomes in the experimental class have an average 81.93 and average 71.75 for control class. The result of t-test for both of class, tcount was 5.11 and ttable was 1.66. It implied there was a significant difference about students learning outcomes. The learning outcomes of student that used E-book teaching material was higher than students that used printed teaching materials. The students who have high reading literacy and used E-book teaching material, the student learning outcomes was higher than the student who have high reading literacy but used printed materials. And the students who have low reading literacy and used E-book teaching material, the learning outcomes was higher than the students who have low reading literacy but used printed teaching material.

Molybdenum powder coating on steel substrate to study three body wear resistance

Steel rollers are most commonly used in conveyor system across different industries like mining and construction. In the conveyor rollers used in mining industry, the steel specimen of the roller is in continuous contact with another metal of the same or different material rolling and sliding on that surface. In this motion of the roller, the third body i.e., the sand, grits and dust of various sizes may be entrapped in the interface of the roller material. The third body induced causes the wear due to its abrading action. To reduce this abrading action, a layer of molybdenum coating is developed on the steel substrate to improve its wear resistance by using the plasma spray technique, a thermal spray method. The experimental procedures were performed according to standard ASTM G65 method. The results were compared and tabulated in full factorial method. The SEM and EDAX results were obtained. The average specific wear rate [Ks] of the coated specimen is reduced by 30% when compared with the uncoated specimen.

Analisis Beda Rata-Rata Pengaruh Fraksi Volume Komposit Pada Pengujian Impact Berpenguat Serat Resam Dan Serat Pinang

Technological developments and advances in the industrial sector have led to the increasing use of metals. This condition causes the availability of metal raw materials to decrease. Overcoming this, the use of composites in the industrial world is a solution. Many composite reinforcing materials use natural fiber materials are often used because they have advantages in strength and stiffness that are higher than other engineering materials. In this study using a factorial experimental method that looks at the effect of the composite ratio (volume fraction) with the use of 2 natural fiber mixtures, namely resam fiber and areca nut on impact strength. This study aims to determine the average difference in each treatment carried out in the impact test. The volume fraction treatment variants used in this study are 25%; 30%; 35% resam fiber and 10% areca nut fiber with a long soaking time of 2% NaOH mixed fiber for 2 hours with the α value used is 5%. It was found that in treatment 1: 2 the average value is different while in the treatment of 2: 3 and 1: 3 the average value of the variables is not different.

Pengaruh Ukuran Butir Pasir Terhadap Kuat Tekan Cellular Lightweight Concrete

Lightweight bricks are concrete bricks that have a lighter specific gravity than concrete bricks in general. Lightweight concrete according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-3449-2002 is concrete that has light aggregate or a mixture of light coarse aggregate and natural sand as a substitute for light fine aggregate provided that it does not exceed the maximum concrete weight of 1850 kg/m3 The size of the sand grain matters against the compressive strength of lightweight bricks. The method used in this study is using the Full Factorial method. The results of the compressive strength test showed that the average value of the largest sample was 60.90 MPa and the average value of the smallest sample was 6.70 MPa. As for the results of the density test, the largest average value was 6,135.36 kg/cm3. The results of the density test obtained the smallest average value of 2.968 kg/cm3

DESIGN FACTORIAL ANALYSIS: IDENTIFYING THE INTERACTIONS WORKPLACE MINDFULNESS AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS IN CONTROLLING AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT

This research is motivated by changes in organizational culture, high work pressure, shifts in individual values, and attention to the workplace which are common causes of decreased affective commitment. By paying attention to these factors and implementing appropriate steps, organizations can increase employee affective commitment. This study uses a quantitative perspective with the factorial method for problem solving, taking into account the interaction of each factor in the variables used. Research participants used FKIP Pasundan University graduates who worked for at least two years unless they were self-employed. The results showed that affective commitment can occur due to the interaction between workplace mindfulness and individual factors, this reflects the level of satisfaction, loyalty, and emotional attachment that employees feel towards their organization. Circumstances where employees are satisfied with their work and the organization provides sufficient attention will create stronger emotional bonds and higher commitment to the organization.

Influence of green manure (Leucaena leucocephala) dosages on eggplant (Solanum melongena) growth and yield across diverse soil types

Eggplant cultivation displays versatility across various soil types. However, nutrient depletion, a result of excessive chemical fertilizer utilization, presents a growing concern. The integration of green manure into agricultural practices, catering to diverse soil types, can remediate this nutrient loss. The purpose of this study was to investigate eggplant growth and yield responses to differing green manure quantities across varying soil types. Employing a factorial experimental method, this research was structured in a completely randomized design (CRD). Two independent variables were evaluated: green manure dosage, with three levels (30 g/plant (D1), 60 g/plant (D2), 90 g/plant (D3)), and soil type, also classified into three categories: Latosol (T1), Grumusol (T2), and Regosol (T3). Data interpretation was conducted using analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey test, each executed at α = 5% significance level. Outcomes indicated a notable interaction between green manure dosage and soil type concerning the leaf area and root fresh weight parameters. The optimal combination emerged as a 30 g/plant green manure dosage applied to Regosol soil type. Notably, individual treatments exerted divergent effects on eggplant growth parameters, though no significant impact on eggplant yield parameters was observed. This research underscores the interplay between green manure usage and soil type in cultivating eggplants, adding value to sustainable agricultural practices.

Investigation of Performance Properties of Dyed and Raised Twill Woven PES/VIS Fabrics by Full Factorial and Taguchi Experiment Design Methods

In this study, full factorial experimental design and Taguchi experimental design for the optimization of selected fabric quality parameters were examined comparatively with an experimental study. The aim of the study is to show that Taguchi Experimental Design can be used instead of Full Factorial Experimental Design, which is a classical experiment plan in textile engineering studies. In the experimental study developed in outerwear woven fabric dyeing-finishing enterprises; The woven fabric in three different twill forms, having the same blend, was dyed at three different rates and produced in three different raising conditions. The fabrics were woven 100 m in factory conditions and dyed and raised under the same conditions. The selected twill texture is 3/1, 2/1, 2/2, dyeing ratio, 1%, 3%, 5% and raising status-no raising, single passage raising, two passage raising (shearing process is included in all raising). Selected woven fabric performance tests were applied to the fabrics. In the study, 27 fabric samples were used for the Full Factorial Experiment Design and 9 fabric samples were used according to the Taguchi Experiment Design. The results of the performance tests obtained according to both experimental designs were compared. As a result, it has been shown with this study that 9 samples according to the Taguchi method can be used instead of 27 samples according to the full factorial experimental design for optimum results. Experimental design based on Taguchi Method can be used effectively with less experiments in experimental studies where production is very difficult and costly in the field of textile engineering.

The Influence of Project-Based Learning on Entrepreneurial Crafts Learning Outcomes through Learning Independence

Background: The development of learning independence is very necessary in the success of the learning process. Students who have high learning independence tend to learn better, are able to monitor, evaluate, and manage their study schedules effectively. More than that, students can estimate the time in working on the project. Aim: This study aims to examine the effect of the implementation of the project-based learning model on the learning outcomes of entrepreneurial crafts in terms of the learning independence of class X students. Method: This research is an experimental research with a factorial design method. The research data was obtained through a student learning independence questionnaire and also a student comprehension test. This study involved 32 students who were taken using a random sampling technique. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 26, by conducting descriptive statistical tests, prerequisite tests namely normality and homogeneity tests, and then tested research hypothesis using two-way Anova. Findings: Project-based learning models are more effective than direct learning models in improving learning outcomes. Project-based learning models provide positive interactions with students' independent learning. Learning outcomes of students with high learning independence shows a significant difference between the Project-based learning and direct learning model. The learning outcomes of students with low learning independence show a significant difference between the learning model of Project-based learning and direct learning model.

Optimization of Silver Nanoparticle Biosynthesis with Papaya (Carica Papaya L) Seed Ethanol Extract and its Evaluation on Antibacterial Effects

The utilization of papaya plants (Carica papaya L) heretofore is focusing on their aril/mesocarp, leaves, and flowers, while the seeds are still neglected. Thus, this recent study attempts to make use of papaya seeds as a green-synthesis bioreductor of silver nanoparticles. It aims at finding out the characteristics of silver nanoparticles of ethanol extract of papaya seeds (AgNPs-EEPS), investigating the optimization as well as the characteristics of the AgNPs-EEPS anti-acne cream formula, and examining the antibacterial activity of Propionibacterium acnes on the AgNPs-EEPS anti-acne cream. The software design expert with factorial design method was applied to optimize the AgNPs-EEPS biosynthesis and cream formula. The analysis of the formation of AgNPs-EEPS characteristics, employing various levels of temperature and extract concentration, and applying UV- VIS spectrophotometry, resulted in a wavelength of 415 nm. Meanwhile, the implementation of particle size distribution testing, using PSD on the optimum concentration by 6% with temperature 65°C, generated a wavelength of 54 nm, pI 0.820, and zeta potential -7,7 mV. The optimization of the AgNPs-EEPS cream formula obtained optimum results at a stearic acid level 7 and cetyl alcohol 6. The characteristics of the cream produced a cream that was physically stable and met the requirements of good topical preparation. The anti-acne cream from silver nanoparticles ethanol extract of papaya seeds has the antibacterial activity of Propionibacterium acnes which belongs to the moderate category.

Estimating Total Energy Expenditure to Determine Energy Requirements in Free-Living Children With Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease: Can a Structured Approach Help Improve Clinical Care?

Malnutrition and obesity are complex burdensome challenges in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) management that can adversely affect growth, disease progression, wellbeing, and response to treatment. Total energy expenditure (TEE) and energy requirements in children are essential for growth outcomes but are poorly defined, leaving clinical practice varied and insecure. The aims of this study were to explore a practical approach to guide prescribed nutritional interventions, using measurements of TEE, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), and their relationship to kidney function. In a cross-sectional prospective age-matched and sex-matched controlled study, 18 children with CKD (6-17years, mean stage 3) and 20 healthy, age-matched, and gender-matched controls were studied. TEE and PAEE were measured using basal metabolic rate (BMR), activity diaries and doubly labeled water (healthy subjects). Results were related to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The main outcome measure was TEE measured by different methods (factorial, doubly labeled water, and a novel device). Total energy expenditure and PAEE with or without adjustments for age, gender, weight, and height did not differ between the groups and was not related to eGFR. TEE ranged from 1927±91 to 2330±73kcal/d; 95±5 to 109±5% estimated average requirement (EAR), physical activity level (PAL) 1.52±0.01 to 1.71±0.17, and PAEE 24 to 34% EAR. Comparisons between DLW and alternative methods in healthy children did not differ significantly, except for 2 (factorial methods and a fixed PAL; and the novel device). In clinical practice, structured approaches using supportive evidence (weight, height, BMI sds), predictive BMR or TEE values and simple questions on activity, are sufficient for most children with CKD as a starting energy prescription.

TASTE MASKED CLOPERASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND RUPATADINE ORAL DISPERSIBLE TABLETS: FORMULATION DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHARMACOKINETICS STUDY ON WISTAR RATS

Objective: The main objective of our study was formulating oral dispersible tablets (ODTs) of taste masked cloperastine HCl and rupatadine fumarate by using the lyophilization technique that also enhanced the dissolution of poor solubility of these active substances. Methods: Taking 3 super disintegrants as variables using the Minitab® 18 factorial design method, 27 formulae of ODTs were obtained. The powdered mixtures before direct compression were characterized using Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and angle of repose. The best-powdered formulae were elected to be prepared as ODTs by direct compression to undergo characterization tests such as wetting time, in vitro disintegration test, and in vivo taste masking. According to the Quality by Design QbD approach; the best formula of ODTs prepared by direct compression was elected to be optimized by the lyophilization technique. Incorporating Eudragit E PO®has a major role in the taste masking of lyophilized ODTs. A comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic study of market products of two active substances was carried out for the conventional ODTs, lyophilized tablets, and market products using wistar rats by oral administration of (0.75 mg/ml) for each active substance. Results: The bitter taste was apparently masked in the lyophilized ODTs assessed by in vivo taste masking. The highest Cmax of cloperastine HCl was found at 17.25 mcg/ml in the group of Lyophilized ODTs. Furthermore; the highest Cmax of rupatadine was found at 78.88 mcg/ml in the same group. Conclusion: Lyophilized tablets owned the best bioavailability for both active substances with the highest Cmax compared to market products and ODTs prepared by direct compression.

Growth Responses of Clove Seedlings (Sizigium aromaticum L) to Natural Auxin and Household Waste Media

Indonesia is the number 1 clove producing country in the world, in amount of 140,812 tons (The Ministry of Indonesian Agriculture, 2022). Cloves are commonly used as a flavor enhancer for food and drinks. Its warm and spicy sensation is quite popular among people, especially those who live in cold areas. In addition, cloves are also useful for aromatic mixture of cigarettes. In addition, cloves are also good for the health of the body because they are known contain phosphorus, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc, sodium and vitamins. This study aims were to determine the optimum concentration of organic auxin and the effect of using household waste media on the growth of clove plant seedlings. This study used a factorial experimental method which was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors. The first factor was the dose of household waste consisting of L0 = no household waste (control/ only with 2.5 g NPK fertilizer); L1 = household waste 10%; L2 = household waste 20% and L3 = household waste 30%. The second factor was the type of organic auxins, which consist of A0 = without organic auxin; A1 = red onion organic auxin; A2 = tomato organic auxin; A3 = auxin organic mung bean sprouts. Each treatment was repeated 4 times, resulting in 64 experimental units. The results showed that there was no interaction between the dose of household waste and natural auxins on the growth of clove seedling. Household waste can replace NPK fertilizer starting from a dose of 10 g/plant. Kinds of natural auxin did not affect the growth of clove seedlings. The seedling cultivation is enough profitable.

Effect of Grain Size Distribution of Soil on Immobilization of Cadmium and Nickel in Contaminated Soil Using Nano Zerovalent Iron: A Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology Approach

Urban soils get contaminated due to the unscientific disposal of industrial effluents and solid waste, contaminating the soil with heavy metals. Contaminated soils need to be remediated to avoid the ingestion of toxic heavy metals. The immobilization of heavy metals is one of the methods to remediate contaminated soils. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the effect of grain size distribution (GSD) of soil on the efficiency of immobilization of toxic heavy metals in soil when nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) is used to immobilize the metals. Preliminary studies conducted with the 23 factorial design method confirmed that GSD is a significant factor along with the level of contamination and nZVI dosage in the immobilization of heavy metals in soil. Experiments were conducted with cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni), the toxic heavy metals, and three soils with different finer particles than 75 µm. Immobilization efficiency was obtained by comparing the leachability of contaminated and treated soil samples using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. Reduction in available fraction and variation in the speciation of heavy metals was observed through the sequential extraction procedure. The response surface methodology was adopted for analysis with three levels of GSD, contamination, and nZVI dosage. For Cd, a reduced cubic model was the best fit with a coefficient of determination (R-square) of 0.93, and for Ni, a quadratic model was the best fit with an R-square of 0.92. Both these models were validated experimentally. The efficiency variation followed an optimum curve concerning GSD, contamination level, and the nZVI dosage. For multimetal contamination, the immobilization efficiency gradually decreased from 10% finer to 90% finer soil, both in the case of Cd and Ni. It was observed that for both single metal and multimetal contamination, the interaction between soil and the nZVI plays a vital role in immobilization along with the factors considered.