Estimating Total Energy Expenditure to Determine Energy Requirements in Free-Living Children With Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease: Can a Structured Approach Help Improve Clinical Care?

Abstract

Malnutrition and obesity are complex burdensome challenges in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) management that can adversely affect growth, disease progression, wellbeing, and response to treatment. Total energy expenditure (TEE) and energy requirements in children are essential for growth outcomes but are poorly defined, leaving clinical practice varied and insecure. The aims of this study were to explore a practical approach to guide prescribed nutritional interventions, using measurements of TEE, physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), and their relationship to kidney function. In a cross-sectional prospective age-matched and sex-matched controlled study, 18 children with CKD (6-17years, mean stage 3) and 20 healthy, age-matched, and gender-matched controls were studied. TEE and PAEE were measured using basal metabolic rate (BMR), activity diaries and doubly labeled water (healthy subjects). Results were related to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The main outcome measure was TEE measured by different methods (factorial, doubly labeled water, and a novel device). Total energy expenditure and PAEE with or without adjustments for age, gender, weight, and height did not differ between the groups and was not related to eGFR. TEE ranged from 1927±91 to 2330±73kcal/d; 95±5 to 109±5% estimated average requirement (EAR), physical activity level (PAL) 1.52±0.01 to 1.71±0.17, and PAEE 24 to 34% EAR. Comparisons between DLW and alternative methods in healthy children did not differ significantly, except for 2 (factorial methods and a fixed PAL; and the novel device). In clinical practice, structured approaches using supportive evidence (weight, height, BMI sds), predictive BMR or TEE values and simple questions on activity, are sufficient for most children with CKD as a starting energy prescription.