Factorial Design Method Research Articles

OPTIMASI FORMULA HAIR TONIC MIKROEMULSI BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7) DENGAN METODE FACTORIAL DESIGN

Loss becomes a problem in the hair that causes baldness. Biotin is a vitamin that nourishes hair and prevents hair loss. Biotin which is formulated in microemulsion tends to be transparent, has low viscosity and high solubility. Formula optimization was carried out to determine the concentration of span 80, tween 80, and PEG 400 in biotin microemulsion hair tonic. The research was conducted on an experimental basis using a factorial design method with 3 factors, namely span 80, tween 80, and PEG 400. The optimum microemulsion formula was determined using Design Expert 13 software using the Factorial Design method. Testing the physical quality of the preparation is carried out at the optimum formula. Optimization of biotin microemulsion hair tonic showed results of span 80 (20%), tween 80 (9.466%) and PEG 400 (5%) with a predicted viscosity of 46.75 cPs and globule size of 2.98 µm. Prediction testing and test results compared to the One Sample T-test showed results that were not significantly different with a significance value of >0.05. The optimum formula has a viscosity value of 47.67 cPs and a globule size of 2.4 µm. The results obtained concluded that the optimal composition composition of the biotin microemulsion formula from the combination of span 80, tween 80 and PEG 400 which produces hair tonic with good effects and physical quality is span 80 20%, tween 80 9.47% and PEG 400 5%.

Investigations of Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Hybrid High-Boron Multi-Component Alloys: Effect of Boron and Carbon Contents by the Factorial Design Method

This paper is devoted to the evaluation of the "three-body-abrasion" wear behaviour of (wt.%) 5W-5Mo-5V-10Cr-2.5Ti-Fe (balance) multi-component (C + B)-added alloys in the as-cast condition. The carbon (0.3 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 1.1 wt.%) and boron (1.5 wt.%, 2.5 wt.%, 3.5 wt.%) contents were selected using a full factorial (32) design method. The alloys had a near-eutectic (at 1.5 wt.% B) or hyper-eutectic (at 2.5-3.5 wt.% B) structure. The structural micro-constituents were (in different combinations): (a) (W, Mo, and V)-rich borocarbide M2(B,C)5 as the coarse primary prismatoids or as the fibres of a "Chinese-script" eutectic, (b) Ti-rich carboboride M(C,B) with a dispersed equiaxed shape, (c) Cr-rich carboboride M7(C,B)3 as the plates of a "rosette"-like eutectic, and (d) Fe-rich boroncementite (M3(C,B)) as the plates of "coarse-net" and ledeburite eutectics. The metallic matrix was ferrite (at 0.3-1.1 wt.% C and 1.5 wt.% B) and "ferrite + pearlite" or martensite (at 0.7-1.1 wt.% C and 2.5-3.5 wt.% B). The bulk hardness varied from 29 HRC (0.3 wt.% C-1.5 wt.% B) to 53.5 HRC (1.1 wt.% C-3.5 wt.% B). The wear test results were mathematically processed and the regression equation of the wear rate as a function of the carbon and boron contents was derived and analysed. At any carbon content, the lowest wear rate was attributed to the alloy with 1.5 wt.% B. Adding 2.5 wt.% B led to an increase in the wear rate because of the appearance of coarse primary borocarbides (M2(B,C)5), which were prone to chipping and spalling-off under abrasion. At a higher boron content (3.5 wt.%), the wear rate decreased due to the increase in the volume fraction of the eutectic carboborides. The optimal chemical composition was found to be 1.1 wt.% C-1.5 wt.% B with a near-eutectic structure with about 35 vol.% of hard inclusions (M2(B,C)5, M(C,B), M3(C,B), and M7(C,B)3) in total. The effect of carbon and boron on the abrasive behaviour of the multi-component cast alloys with respect to the alloys' structure is discussed, and the mechanism of wear for these alloys is proposed.

Evaluation of the effect of sesame lecithin emulsifier generated from sesame oil water degumming process on margarine production

Lecithin or phosphatidylcholine is an important natural emulsifier and is found widely in various food fields in the manufacture of emulsions. However, commercial lecithin comes from soybean oil. This suggests that there is a need to study lecithin production from other vegetable oils, such as sesame oil. This study aimed to determine the production and characteristics of vegetable lecithin from sesame oil through a water degumming process, and then applied it to the production of margarine to determine the effect on physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties. The lecithin produced was used in the manufacture of margarine using a two factorial randomized block design method consisting of 3 levels. The results of this study indicated that the lecithin characteristic of sesame oil has the largest content, namely oleic acid (9-Octadecenoic, C19) of 46.58% and the strongest vibration band is CH2 vibration with stretching mode of symmetry and asymmetry at 2920 and 2850 cm-1 . The L3C3 treatment was the best result with 27% water content, 70% fat content, 98% emulsion stability, 8.25 cm spreadability and organoleptic showed a preference value, namely colour 3.40 (good), taste 2.50 (looking good), smell 2.50 (looking good) and texture 3.40 (good).

Development and characterization of agglomerated abrasives based on agro-industrial by-products

ABSTRACT The present work deals with the valorization of agro-industrial by-products to realize bonded abrasives. Four by-products were studied because of their wide availability and mechanical properties: palm nuts shells (Elaeis guineensis), Coco Nucifera shells, fruit kernels of Canarium schweinfurthii and fruit kernels of Raffia Vinifera. The Oliver and Pharr hardness and Young’s modulus of the raffia cores are obtained by instrumented macro indentation, giving the values 101 MPa and 1.82 GPa, respectively. The development of the abrasive wheels was based on the experimental method of full factorial design at 2 levels. Porosity, hardness, resilience, material removal rate and wear were determined. Leeb 280 HL hardness shoe sole material was used for tribological testing. The optimal formulations have 20% binder content and 1 mm grain size of the four agro-industrial by-products used with a higher material removal rate and a longer life than commercial grinding wheels. These results presage their use in the shoe industry and abrasive disc huskers.

ANN and RSM based predictive model development and EDM process parameters optimization on AISI 304 stainless steel

The current research was conducted in an Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) on AISI 304 stainless steel. The experimental study was carried out using full factorial design methods, with three input parameters chosen for this experiment: pulse time (T), discharge current (C), and gap voltage (V), and the responses being material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR). Artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) models are the two different types of predicting models for MRR and SR that have been established. It has been found that both models have good accuracy, albeit ANN predicted model is more accurate. The maximum percentage of error in the MRR prediction was 6.16 for the ANN model and 10.45 for the RSM model, respectively Also, the maximum percentage of error in the SR prediction was 5.32 and 16.18 for the ANN and RSM models, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to increase the MRR as well as decrease the SR and equivalent optimum machining parameters which is a very important aspect of the present research. For this purpose, a multi objective function for MRR and SR has been developed based on the RSM method and finally, it is optimised. It has been found that 9 A, 200 s, and 45 V, respectively, are the optimal machining parameters for obtaining discharge current (C), pulse on time (T), and gap voltage (V). Future attempts may use more advanced artificial intelligence methods like ANN-GA, ANN-PSO, etc.

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles loaded on magnetite nanoparticles modified kaolinite clay (KC) and their efficiency for As(III) adsorption

Arsenic pollution is one of important environmental issues in the world. In this study, kaolinite clay coated with titanium oxide-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (KC/TiO2-Fe3O4) was synthesized as a new and effective adsorbent by simple precipitation method for influential adsorption of As(III) from the aquatic system. The factorial design method was employed for determining the significance level of the optimized batch experimental parameters. The optimum levels of the parameters in the factorial designing were validated by response surface methodology (RSM) analysis. The isotherm modelling investigations showed that the developed KC/TiO2-Fe3O4 composite had a high monolayer adsorption capacity of 462.0 mg g−1 at optimized conditions, pH 5, sorbent dose (300 mg L−1), initial As(III) concentration (10 mg L−1) and contact time (40 min). Adsorption mechanism based on kinetic evaluations well followed the pseudo-second-order model with higher regression values (>0.99). Adsorption/recovery performance at first, 3rd, 6th and 10th cycles were found to be 92/90 %, 80/77 %, 60/52 % and 20/12 %. All results revealed that the synthesized composite would be promising sorbent for As(III) adsorption from aquatic media due to its beneficial characteristics such as cost-effectiveness, stability, reusable performance and high adsorption capacity.

Investigation of the candesartan cilexetil antihypertensive drug microencapsulation by PLA‐PVP K30 biodegradable polymers: Experimental optimization and release kinetics modelling

AbstractCandesartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat hypertension. However, its poor aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability have limited its therapeutic applications. In order to increase bioavailability and control the release of candesartan condensation, microspheres containing biodegradable polymers (polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP K30] and polylactic acid [PLA]) in different ratios were prepared by the o/o solvent evaporation method using Span 80 as a surfactant. In addition, the impact of encapsulation parameters (i.e., PVP K30 and PLA concentrations) on the encapsulation ratio and release percentage was investigated by the mixed factorial design method. The release kinetics of the microspheres was simulated by combining two methods, the Dragonfly algorithm and a support vector machine (DA‐SVM). The experimental data were in good agreement with the predicted data, with a coefficient of determination close to unity and a mean square error close to zero. Fourier‐transfer infrared spectrometry (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of condensation in all formulations without reporting distortion in the spectra. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful synthesis of microspheres, whose sizes were between 12 and 26 μm. Formulations with a PLA‐drug ratio of 6:1 (N15, N17, and N18) showed the highest encapsulation efficiency (68%, 71%, and 70%, respectively), while formulations that do contain PVP K30, such as N5, N4, and N3, showed a higher release (83%, 84%, and 89%, respectively), indicating that the agent (PVP K30) enhanced the bioavailability and release of candesartan. Overall, N3 showed a higher drug release rate at 12 h and important encapsulation efficiency, making it the optimal formulation obtained in this study.

Effect of Dosages and Temperatures on Simalungun Red Ginger (<I>Zingiber officinale</I> var. Rubrum) Ethanol Extract Dipping on Masculinization of Zebra Fish (<I>Danio rerio</I>) as a Model Fish

Highlight Research Successive administration of Ginger ethanol extract to male individuals was shown to be able to produce a significant increase in sperm count, motility, viability and morphology Ethanol extract of ginger has androgenic activity which is proven to be able to increase the concentration of testosterone in serum, which functions to control the process of spermatogenesis, maintain Sertoli cells and play a role in determining the quality of spermatozoa in male organisms Giving ginger ethanol extract for 30 consecutive days to male individuals showed significant results so that ginger extract was thought to have the potential to improve male characteristics Ginger extract is potentially useful in improving healthy sperm characteristics and management of male infertility especially in those with low sperm counts Abstract Ornamental fish are known to be easily cultivated in aquarium or pond. Many people prefer male (MF) over female fish (FF) due to their aesthetic value and productivity which lead to better pricing. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Simalungun Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) (SRG) on masculinization. This study used dipping method which was carried out using Simalungun Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) (SRG). The temperature treatments used in this study were 28°C and 32°C. For this research, an experimental study with a Completely Randomized Factorial Design (CRFD) method that had two independent variables such as different dosages and temperatures was used. From five dosages (0 mg/L; 5 mg/L; 10 mg/L; 15 mg/L; 20 mg/L) and three temperature treatments (ambient temperature (about 25°C; 28°C; 32°C), it was found that the highest male percentage of primary sexuality (88.33%), secondary sexuality (85%), and highest total testosterone levels (TL) (1.986 ng/L) were at the treatments with the highest dosages and temperature, while for the highest survival rate were at almost in all B treatments (5 mg/L) and b levels (28°C), in which the survival rate was 100%. For all of these results above, the results were significant.

실험계획법을 이용한 마이크로파 차폐용 개폐도어부의 최적설계

In the heating and drying system using microwaves, an optimal design method was presented to effectively shield microwaves leakage between the door and the cylindrical applicator. In order to protect the human body from leaking microwaves, it is necessary to keep the intensity of microwaves below 5 mW/cm². The door part adopts a choke structure and includes a number of design factors, such as, fin shape, slit shape, and a gap between the applicator and the door. The geometry was optimized by design of experiments, applying full factorial design and response surface method in a 4-factor, 2-level design. The results obtained by ANSYS HFSS analysis were applied to the intensity of microwave leakage according to the change of the design factors. The shape of the choke structure was optimized using Minitab, a statistical program. The microwave heating and drying system was manufactured based on optimal design value and the leakage of microwaves between the door and the applicator was measured. We confirmed that the experimental values were consistent with the simulation values.

Experimental and factorial design of the mechanical and physical properties of concrete containing waste rubber powder

The application of waste rubber in the Civil Engineering is considered one of the most effective solutions for managing this waste. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect of rubber substituted in cement on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete using the general full factorial design method, and compare the laboratory results with the results of the JMP pilot test program, and find out if there is a match between the results. The rubber powder is used as a mass substitute in cement at rates of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. The fresh properties were evaluated through workability, air content, and fresh density tests, whereas the hardened properties were assessed using tests of compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. These concretes have the workability from 8 to 14.5 cm, fresh density from 2.20 to 2.38 (g/cm3). The air content ranged from 1.2 to 1.9%. Furthermore, the compressive strength ranged from 22.85 to 43.97 MPa, while the flexural strength ranged from 4.86 to 7.03 MPa. In addition, ultrasonic velocity from 3831.42 to 4098.36 (m/s). Accordingly, it was concluded that the concrete with 2% of rubber represented significantly better compressive strength compared to the ordinary concrete. The numerical modeling is assessed to have an appropriate determined coefficient R2 close to 1 for the workability, fresh density, air content, compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity.

Pengaruh Mental Training dan Konsentrasi Terhadap Ketepatan Pukulan Overhead Smash dalam Permainan Bulu Tangkis

Sports coaching and development is part of efforts to improve the quality of Indonesian people directed at improving physical, mental and spiritual health and aimed at forming personality traits and discipline. Mental training includes thoughts, views and images, which in essence is the empowerment of the function of thinking as a controller of the body's actions and responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the effect of mental practice of goal setting and learning to shift attention to the accuracy of the overhead smash in badminton games, to determine high and low concentrations on the accuracy of the overhead smash and to analyze mental training and concentration on the accuracy of the overhead smash. This study uses a factorial design method because it is used to conduct experiments with two or more independent variables. The research sample is 40 players. The results showed that there were differences in the effect of mental training goal setting and learning to shift attention on the accuracy of the overhead smash in badminton games with an F count of 16,045 > F table of 4,095. There are differences in the effect of low and high concentration on the accuracy of the overhead smash with F count > F table = 9,850.> 5,860. There is an interaction between mental training and concentration on the accuracy of the badminton smash with a description of the value of Fcount > Ftable = 6,580 > 4,095. Learning to shift attention and high concentration exercises, have a better effect on the accuracy of the overhead smash in badminton games.

Fabrication, Optimization and Characterization of Floating Microspheres of Quinapril Hydrochloride using Factorial Design Method

The majority of formulations are available as oral dosage forms. In spite of some pharmaceutical challenges, this route is considered as most suitable way of drug delivery. For that reason it is necessary to optimize dose and dosing frequency to reduce the toxic effects of drug. Therefore, in this study, we have conceptualized the fabrication of floating microspheres of Quinapril Hydrochloride by the solvent evaporation technique with varying ratios of HPMC, Carrageenan, and Poly methyl methacrylate with polyvinyl alcohol that will augment its gastric retention time in conjunction with the sustained pharmacological activity. The formulation process of floating microspheres was optimized for stirring speed (X1) and concentration of polymer ratio (X2) on dependent variables such as percentage entrapment efficiency (Y1), percentage yield (Y2), in vitro buoyancy (Y3), and percentage of drug release (Y4) by using the factorial design. The drug was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry was used for the identification of drug polymer blend interaction. The prepared microspheres were characterized by number of parameters including; scanning electron microscopy, percentage yield, particle size, in vitro buoyancy, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and in vivo floating behavior in albino rabbits. The release profile of microspheres prepared with hydrophilic, pore forming material and ion exchange resin combinations was dependent on the layer of pores developed by the fluid present at the absorption site of stomach and the drug release rate was retarded at site of action i.e. GIT.

Novel concept design of low energy hybrid battery thermal management system using PCM and multistage Tesla valve liquid cooling

To challenge the continuous operation performance of high energy density lithium-ion batteries at different ambient temperatures. A battery thermal management system combining Multi-stage tesla valve liquid cooling and Phase change material (MP) is proposed. After verification of the accuracy of the thermal model based on experimental measurements, numerical studies are performed at the end of 2C rate discharge. In addition, based on general full factorial design method, Kriging approximation model is used to construct complex nonlinear hybrid model between the spacing between batteries, the number of MSTV channels, coolant velocity and the performance of MP (pressure drop, standard deviation of surface temperature, and maximum temperature). At the same time, to avoid falling into local solutions, the adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) global search algorithm is integrated to optimize high-dimensionality multi-objective structural settings. The simulation results show that the designed MP-BTMS is connected with water/ethanol coolant and the inlet velocity is 0.193 m/s, the maximum temperature, standard deviation of surface temperature and pressure drop of the battery pack at 33.12 °C, 1.50 ℃ and 647.8 Pa, respectively. Finally, the optimised MP is used in continuous depth discharge conditions, as well as a range of simulation tests. The superiority of the optimum battery thermal management system in different application scenarios (liquid cooling/heating) is also verified. The cooling performance indicates that the use of MP reduces the total energy consumption required for coolant circulation by 79.9% compared to conventional BTMS. Moreover, it is found that at ambient temperature (Tamb = -10 °C), the use of MP can keep the battery module warm twice as long compared to conventional BTMS. This means that MP can significantly delay the temperature drop during cold stops of EVs, thus reducing the energy required for active battery heating after short-term parking.

Various biomass pyrolysis conditions influence the porosity and pore size distribution of biochar

Biochar is obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass in the absence of oxygen and has great potential as a sorbent or as a carbon sequestration material. Although numerous studies have investigated biochar characteristics, the biochar porosity and sorption properties obtained with different pyrolysis conditions are still largely unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the interrelationships among temperature, material grain size, heating rate, and retention time, as well as the effects of the interactions of these variables on the surface morphology of biochar made from wheat straw. The sorption, porosity, and pore size distribution of biochars prepared at different pyrolytic temperatures were determined. Elemental analysis, BET-N2 surface area analysis, ICP‒OES, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize 19 wheat straw biochars obtained via pyrolysis at different temperatures (500–700 °C), heating rates (20 and 30 °C/min), and residence times (5 and 15 min). Based on a full factorial design method and variance analysis, the optimal conditions for wheat straw pyrolysis and the variables that have a statistically significant effect on biochar quality were determined. A high surface area of 400 m2/g and an average pore size of approximately 2.34 nm were obtained at 700 °C for a grain size of 0.5–1.0 mm at a heating rate of 20 °C/min and a residence time of 5 min.

The Effect of Aplication Zeolit, and Urea, Chicken Manure Fertilizer in Increasing Nitrogen Availability and Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.)

This research was performed to learn the effect of Zeolit, Urea Fertilizer and Chicken Manure Fertilizer in Increasing Nitrogen Availability and Growth of Corn Plant (Zea mays L.). This study used factorial randomized block design (RBD) method with three treatment factors and three replications. The first factor was zeolit with four treatment (0, 5.000, 10.000, dan 15.000 kg/ha), the second factor was urea fertilizer with two treatment (0 and 400 kg/ha), the third factor was chicken manure fertilizer with two treatment (0 and 30.000 kg/ha). The parameters measured were pH H2O, C-Organic, Total N, plant height, number of leaves, canopy dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight. The results showed that aplication of zeolit was able to increase N-total value, number of leaves and canopy dry weight. Aplication of urea fertilizer wasn’t able to increase all of parameters however can increase that’s value. Aplication of manure fertilizer was able to increase C-organic, total N, plant height and plant dry weight. Aplication of zeolit and urea fertilizer was able to increase total N and plant height. Aplication of zeolit and manure fertilizer was able to increase total N and root dry weight. Aplication of urea fertilizer and manure fertilizer was able to increase total N. Aplication of zeolit, urea fertilizer and manure fertilizer was able to increase total N of Ultisol.

Performance assessment of bamboo bond strength in cement–fly ash mortar

The novelty of this study is the combined experimental and statistical approach, which is showcased to predict and optimise bamboo–mortar bond strength, incorporating the effects of various material factors. The design of experiments method was used to quantify the impact of multiple factors affecting the bond strength. Firstly, different experimental pull-out tests were conducted in the laboratory to determine the effect of various factors (water/cement ratio, curing duration, cement/sand ratio, fly ash content and bamboo treatment) on bond strength development. Three failure patterns were observed – bamboo failure, bond failure and mortar failure. Secondly, using a two-level full factorial design method, different statistical models were formulated. These models were developed based on the surface treatment of the bamboo (model M1 (untreated) and model M2 (treated and untreated)). The effects of single factors and their interactions on bond strength development were quantified. The developed models were validated for the prediction of bond strength based on different factors. The developed statistical models were found to predict and simulate the experimental behaviour of bond strength with sufficient accuracy.

Suppression of Stall-Induced Instability and Positive Slope at Low Flow Rates of an Axial Fan With Two-Dimensional Anti-Stall Fin

Abstract An axial fan in the general industry needs to secure stable characteristics in a wide operating range through an antistalling process, concerning its high demands, energy consumption, safety, and lifetime. As a “simple” and “original” method to control the stall of an axial fan, two-dimensional plates so-named anti-stall fin (ASF) were attached inside the casing and toward the shaft. The sensitivity analysis for design variables was conducted through the 2k full factorial design method, and the optimization was performed using the response surface method (RSM). In the case of an axial fan without the ASF, the backflow gradually increased in the spanwise direction toward the hub and the streamwise direction to the inlet passage (upstream), as the flowrate decreased, and the rotating stall was developed through the quickening-growing-setting period. However, an ASF-attached axial fan stably recovered performance degradation in the stalling flow rates and allowed to form a negative slope to 0.5Φd. This study was mainly based on numerical simulations, while the performance before/after application of the ASF was validated through experimental tests.

Water mist system application in solar collector system to increase clean water production

Abstract This research is motivated by the problem of lack of clean water in remote areas such as coastal/sea and riverside/estuary areas. Apart from wells, some people also use river water for bathing and washing toilets. Water's low level of hygiene is almost ignored as long as it can still be used to meet daily needs. To overcome this problem, this research proposes a method to convert feed water or brackish water into clean water. The purpose of this study is to investigate an evaporation method to increase clean water production by adding a water mist system to the solar collector. With the discovery of a method to increase clean water production from the purification of feed water, this research makes a small contribution to improving public health, especially communities around the sea coast. This research was carried out using an experimental method referred to as factorial design method. From the experiment, the ratio of clean water production to the feed water flow rate is 7.9%. The maximum clean water production is 5.78ml/minute or 1.25% of the feed water flow rate when using 4 nozzles in the chamber.

Optimasi Proses Engraving Kayu Mahoni dengan Mata Pahat Conical 3 mm pada Mesin CNC Router G-Weike WK1212 Menggunakan Metode Full Factorial Design dan Optimasi Plot Multi Respon

This research is a follow-up study from previous research related to the optimization of the engravingprocess with the same object, mahogany wood processed with the G-Weike WK1212 CNC Router machineand3mmConicalbitusingTaguchimethod.Inthisresearch,theoptimizationmethodused is FullFactorial Design with multiresponse plots optimization, where the use of this method also refers to theresults ofprevious studies but its implementation is applied to the cutting process with a 3 mm End Millbit using a CNCRoutermachineandwoodmaterial,thesame one. The purpose of this study is 2, thefirstistocomparetheoptimalityvalueoftheimplementationFull Factorial Design method -multiresponse plots optimization with the results of the previous implementation of the Taguchi method.Second,knowingwhethertheoptimalresultsfromtheimplementation of the Full Factorial Designmethodwith multiresponse plots optimization for the engraving process using a 3 mm Conical bit canbethesame as in the cuttingprocess using a 3mm End Mill bit. The results of this study are known thattheoptimallevel settings from Full Factorial Design method with optimization of multi response plotsarespindlespeed7steps,motionspeed5stepsanddepth 44percut0.5mm.

Experimental Design and Optimization of Decolourization of Reactive Black-5 Dye Using Cloud Point Extraction

A two-phase separation method called cloud point extraction (CPE) does not use hazardous or flammable organic solvents. The efficient removal of the dye Reactive Black-5 (RB-5) from an aqueous solution using Triton X-114, a nonionic surfactant, is described in this study. Three-level factorial design and response-surface methods were used to quantify the impact of process variables on the CPE process, such as operating temperature and surfactant concentration. Investigations were conducted into how these process variables affected the ratio between the phase volumes, the concentration of dye in the surfactant-rich phase, and the residual amounts of dye in the diluted phase. As a result, ANOVA was used to create and validate mathematical models. The findings demonstrated that the correlation coefficients (R2) exceeded 0.98. The acquired findings showed that the suggested extraction process is efficient, and the proposed CPE approach removes 98% of the RB-5 dye under optimal conditions.