Factorial Design Method Research Articles

Aplikasi Varietas Dan Dosis Pupuk Npk Terhadap Produksi Jagung( Zea Mays L. )

The objectives of this research is Application of variety and NPK fertilizer dosage on the yield of corn (Zea mays L). The method of the research use factorial design based on the Randomized Block Design with two factors of treatment. The first factor was variety : (V1) Pioner, (V2) NK 33, (V3) Pertiwi and second factor was NPK fertilizer dosage : (P0) without fertilizer, (P1) NPK fertilizer dosage 50 g/plot, (P2) NPK fertilizer dosage 100 g/plot, (P3) NPK fertilizer dosage 150 g/plot and each kombination of treatment three times replicated.The result of the research : (1) There was interaction between variety and NPK fertilizer dosage on the parameters of the weight of dry cob per plant . (2) The highest yield was treatment (V3) Pertiwi and (P3) NPK fertilizer dosage 150 g/plotfor all parameters. (3) The highest yield was treatment combination V3 P3 (variety pioner and NPK fertilizer dosage 150 g/plot) providing the best harvest.

Mechanical properties evaluation of nonwoven industrial cotton waste produced by needle punching method

This paper describes the fabrication method and mechanical characterization of nonwoven fabrics from industrial fabric wastes by different machine variables. Cotton waste fibres underwent the mechanical recycling methods, needle punching process and worked into a continuous web of nonwoven fabrics. The measurement method of full factorial design of experiment was implemented in this study as a systematic and efficient way to distinguish between the interaction of more than one factor which are the fibre feeder speed and the number of stacking layers, respectively. Three different fibre feeder speed of 1.8 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.8 m/s and three levels of stacking layer (4, 5 and 6 layers) were examined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant factors that influenced the mechanical properties of the web nonwoven fabrics. The mechanical properties of nonwoven web were measured by bursting strength test and puncture resistance test. The results displayed that the difference in fibre feeder speed and number of stacking layer significantly affect the puncture resistance performance. S26L web resisted the highest load during puncture resistance test which is 70.5 N while S14L resisted the lowest load of 25.5 N. Whereas, bursting strength performance was only affected by the fibre feeder speed. Lower fibre feeder speed produced stronger nonwoven fabric. Hence, the faster the fibre feeder speed and the higher number of stacking layer give good puncture resistance properties of nonwoven fabrics while the bursting properties of nonwoven fabrics shows the opposites results.

Termikusan tesztelt generátor állórészek hengerességének vizsgálata

A tanulmány a generátor állórészek belső alakhibájának vizsgálatával foglalkozik, melyet magas és alacsony hőmérsékleten való tesztelési eljárás idéz elő. Ez a fajta meghibásodás befolyásolhatja a generátorok megfelelő működését, mivel a generátor egy másik alkatrészének, a rotornak a forgása során rezgések léphetnek fel. Kijelenthető, hogy ennek a hibának a hatása csökkenti a generátor teljesítményét. A publikáció célja annak vizsgálata, hogy a különböző tesztelési paraméterek úgy, mint hőmérséklet, tesztelési idő, az állórész el van-e látva rezgéscsillapító gyűrűvel vagy sem, milyen hatással bírnak. A kísérlet megtervezéséhez és végrehajtásához a teljes faktoriális kísérlettervezés módszerét alkalmaztuk. Az egyes elemek hengerességének mérése Taylor Hobson Talyrond 365 gyártmányú köralak- és helyzethiba-mérőberendezésen valósult meg. A mért adatokból speciális viszonyszámokat alkottam, annak érdekében, hogy meghatározzam azt a paramétertartományt, mely a legnagyobb mértékű deformációt okozza.

DNA Methylation Profiles Suggest Intergenerational Transfer of Maternal Effects.

The view of maternal effects (nongenetic maternal environmental influence on offspring phenotype) has changed from one of distracting complications in evolutionary genetics to an important evolutionary mechanism for improving offspring fitness. Recent studies have shown that maternal effects act as an adaptive mechanism to prepare offspring for stressful environments. Although research into the magnitude of maternal effects is abundant, the molecular mechanisms of maternal influences on offspring phenotypic variation are not fully understood. Despite recent work identifying DNA methylation as a potential mechanism of nongenetic inheritance, currently proposed links between DNA methylation and parental effects are indirect and primarily involve genomic imprinting. We combined a factorial breeding design and gene-targeted sequencing methods to assess inheritance of methylation during early life stages at 14 genes involved in growth, development, metabolism, stress response, and immune function of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We found little evidence for additive or nonadditive genetic effects acting on methylation levels during early development; however, we detected significant maternal effects. Consistent with conventional maternal effect data, maternal effects on methylation declined through development and were replaced with nonadditive effects when offspring began exogenous feeding. We mapped methylation at individual CpG sites across the selected candidate genes to test for variation in site-specific methylation profiles and found significant maternal effects at selected CpG sites that also declined with development stage. While intergenerational inheritance of methylated DNA is controversial, we show that CpG-specific methylation may function as an underlying molecular mechanism for maternal effects, with important implications for offspring fitness.

Influence of wall atomizer to condensation rate in flashing purification

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of wall atomizer usage in flashing purification. The water jet bursts out of the nozzle and hit the wall atomizer, splits into particles and evaporates until it finally condenses. The effectiveness of water particle evaporation influences the condensate volume. In this paper, improvements were more focused on how to generate water particles by applying a wall atomizer in a flashing chamber. The more water particles were created, the better the evaporation and condensation rate. Flashing purification experiments were conducted by following the factorial design method. From the first experiment design, an optimum condensate volume was obtained at a specified folding width of wall atomizer and feedwater pressure; meanwhile, vacuum pressure and feedwater temperature were kept constant. Three different folding widths of 5mm, 8mm and 12mm were tested in this experiment. The second experiments were continued by varying feedwater temperature at an optimum atomizer folding width to obtain more condensate volume. Wall atomizer usage in flashing purification has been proved to increase condensation rate or condensate volume. The highest condensate volume of 150.2ml was obtained from 8mm atomizer folding width with a variable combination of 2.0 bar-g feedwater pressure, a vacuum pressure of −53 cmHg and feedwater temperature of 70 °C. This result was in line with the theory that states that the presence of a wall atomizer increases water particles. There was even an atomizer folding width that provided an optimum condensate volume. The use of an atomizer folding width of less and more than 8mm produced lower condensate volume. At 5mm atomizer folding width, condensate volumes were 24.6ml and 22.0ml, whereas 12mm atomizer folding width produced 48.9ml and 50.3ml.

Durability properties of concrete containing amorphous silicate tuff as a type of natural cementitious material

Due to the increasing growth of building technology, the production of new durable concrete using sustainable material is one of the most important aspects of this industry. With regard to the destructive environmental aspects of cement production, many efforts have been made to partially replace cement with pozzolanic materials that have less destructive effects and can improve the performance of the produced concrete. In this study, an amorphous silicate tuff (AST) has been introduced as a natural pozzolan and its chemical and physical properties have been assessed, as well as, the compressive strength and durability of the produced concrete. Using the full factorial design method, the total number of 24 concrete mix samples was designed by replacing 0–40% Portland cement with AST and water to binder ratios between 0.45 and 0.6. Compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability, rapid chloride migration, and bulk electrical conductivity tests were carried out at various ages (384 experiments). The results show that the best-improved properties of concrete were achieved for samples with 5% AST replacement. In addition, there are relatively good correlations among the results of mechanical and durability tests.

Prediction of processing time and energy consumption and optimization of machining parameters in gear hobbing

This paper studied the characteristics of time and energy consumption of gear hobbing in batch production of small modulus gear. A method of integrating design of experiment, response surface method and multi-objective salp swarm algorithm (DOE/RSM/MMSA) is proposed for the complex optimization of machining parameters (namely hob rotation speed, cutting feed and depth of cut) in gear hobbing process. This paper uses three-level factorial design method to design gear hobbing experiments, and carries out mathematical and statistical analysis on the experimental results. It is found that cutting feed is the most significant machining parameter followed by hob rotation speed and depth of cut to reduce processing time and energy consumption. The prediction model of processing time and energy consumption in gear hobbing process is obtained through response surface methodology. The relative error rates of the predicted value and the actual value of the processing time and energy consumption are 0.11% and 0.09% respectively, indicating the validity of the model. Multi-objective salp swarm algorithm is used to optimize the machining parameters to minimizing processing time and energy consumption. Finally, through the comparison with the existing research results, it is concluded that the optimized machining parameters have better processing effect to achieve minimized processing time and energy consumption, which shows the effectiveness and rationality of the method proposed, and provides references for the decision-making of machining parameters in workshop.

Biodiesel production from waste cotton-seed cooking oil using microwave-assisted transesterification: Optimization and kinetic modeling

The current research focuses on process optimization and kinetic study of microwave-assisted transesterification process using KOH and CaO catalyst from waste cotton-seed cooking oil (WCCO). In order to enhance the biodiesel yield, process parameters: methanol to oil ratio (A), catalyst loading (B) and reaction time (C) were optimized by applying response surface methodology based on full factorial design method. It was found that for KOH catalyzed condition, the optimum values for A, B and C are 7:1, 0.65 (w/w) % and 9.6 min, respectively and the model predicted yield is 96.44%. For CaO catalyzed condition, the optimum values for A, B and C are 9.6:1, 1.33 (w/w) % and 9.7 min, respectively and the predicted yield is 89.94%. Experiments were performed using the optimized parameters and the mean biodiesel yield determined for KOH and CaO catalyzed conditions are 96.55 ± 0.23% and 90.41 ± 0.02%, respectively which shows good agreement with model predictions. Analysis of perturbation plots showed that catalyst loading is the most sensitive variable. Considering pseudo-first-order kinetic, the activation energies were obtained and found to be 13.05 kJ mol-1 and 28.93 kJ mol-1 respectively for KOH and CaO catalyzed conditions. The activation energy observed for microwave-assisted method are significantly lower compared to that of conventional method. The scale-up study (with 10 fold batch-size) and energy analysis have been done for KOH and CaO catalyzed conditions whereas reusability was performed with CaO catalyst. It was observed that up to four cycles the biodiesel yield achieved was more than 90%. In microwave-assisted process, efficency factor found to be higher as compared to conventional method. The produced biodiesel properties fulfill fuel specifications designated as per ASTM D6751 standard. The outcome of microwave-assisted transesterification study enhances biodiesel yield and significantly decreases the reaction time, thus making it energy-efficient technique.

Wear Behavior of Ti-Al2O3 Biocomposites in 9 g/L NaCl Solution

Ti-based biocomposites reinforced with Al2O3 particles were processed by powder metallurgy. Wear behavior was investigated by reciprocating wear tests in 9 g/L NaCl solution. The effect of Al2O3 volume fraction, normal load, frequency and sliding time was studied using 24 full factorial design method. Statistical analysis showed that normal load and frequency, together with the interaction between the reinforcement volume fraction and normal load, was statistically significant on the wear volume loss. The fragmentation of the reinforcement particles during sliding was considered as the key factor in the wear resistance of Ti-Al2O3 composites.

Modeling and optimization of operating parameters using RSM for mechanical behaviour of dual phase steels

In this study, the influence of operating parameters on the mechanical properties of Dual Phase (DP) steels was investigated, using response surface methodology (RSM) to develop a prediction model. In developing the model, temperature and holding time were considered as the model variables. To establish this fact, an experiment based on statistical four-level two factorial design method was carried out. Based on the statistical analysis, surface hardness (SH) shows a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9607 while Ultimate Tensile strength (UTS) gave R2 = 0.9297, this suggests that the proposed quadratic model is suitable for use. The optimum operating parameters were predicted using the user-defined design (UDD) under RSM and the result was confirmed through experiments, which predict at a temperature (T) of 800 °C and holding time (HT) of 60 min, hardness value was given as 157.798 HV and UTS as 553.648 Mpa. This result indicates that RSM is a suitable method to optimize the process variables for mechanical properties of DP steels.

OPTIMIZATION OF PCL-PEG-PCL TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER MICELLES AS HYDROPHOBIC DRUG CARRIER WITH A 22 FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN

Objective: This study aims to optimize PCL-PEG-PCL (PCEC) triblock copolymer micelles as a hydrophobic drug carrier, simvastatin (SV).
 Methods: PCEC triblock copolymer was prepared by the ring-opening polymerization method (ROP) with different ɛCL/PEG ratio (2 and 5). SV was incorporated into the PCEC triblock copolymer micelles with a concentration of 2.5 and 10 % w/w by the solvent evaporation method (film formation). The influence of the ɛCL/PEG ratio and concentration of SV effect on the responses particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PI) and entrapment efficiency (EE) was assessed using 22 full factorial design method. The test results were analyzed using Design-Expert software to obtain the optimum formula.
 Result: The selection of the optimum formula is based on the desirability value, the formula with the largest desirability value is chosen as the optimum formula. The results showed the optimum formula chosen had a desirability value of 0.860 consisting of a ɛCL/PEG ratio of 5 and SV concentration of 10 % w/w, with the PS, PI dan EE value was 322.1±3.51 nm, 0.471±0.09 and 87.08±1.17 %, respectively.
 Conclusion: The 22 full factorial design has been proven to be used as an optimization method to determine the optimum formula of SV-loaded PCEC triblock copolymer micelles with a good result of the PS, PI and EE responses.

Development of empirical models to predict cooling performance of a thermoelectric radiant panel

Performance simulations of thermoelectric radiant panels (TERPs) provide valuable information for the use of TERPs as alternatives to conventional hydraulic radiant panels, which require refrigerants based on the vapor compression cycle. Several existing models are appropriate for the design of the TERP; however, there are limitations to the building simulation with respect to the evaluation of the annual energy performance because existing models for TERP are based on the numerical method, therefore it is very complex to integrate with the building model. To overcome these limitations, simplified empirical models should be developed based on experimental data and then verified.This study aims to develop two simplified prediction models for the cooling capacity and energy consumption of TERPs. Using the 2k factorial experiment design method, a total of 16 experiment sets were designed according to the four main operation parameters: room temperature, outdoor air temperature, face velocity of air in duct, and combined heat transfer coefficient between room and panel surface. The developed models were designed in dimensionless forms to ensure broad applicability. The developed models yielded good R2 values exceeding 0.99 and were validated under additional operation conditions. Finally, the guidance of using the developed models and the performance tables of the TERPs was confirmed with respect to the use of TERPs in the construction of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JERAMI DAN JARAK TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L)

The objectives of this research is the effect of straw and range on the yield of rice (Oryza sativa L).
 The method of the research use factorial design based on the Randomized Block Design with two factors of treatment. The first factor was straw (without straw (P0), fermented straw (P1) dan straw burned (P2)) and second factor was range (spacing of 25 x 20 cm (J1), spacing of 25 x 25 cm (J2) and spacing of 25 x 30 cm (J3)) and each kombination of treatment three times replicated so that it is obtained 9 trial combinations and 27 trial plots.
 The result of the research : (1) There was not interaction between straw and range on the yield of rice (Oryza nivara). (2) The highest yield was treatment P1(fermented straw) for all parameters except plant height in 14 hst, penicle length per clump and weight of 1000 grains of dry grains milled. (3) The highest yield was treatment J3 (spacing of 25 x 30 cm) for all parameters except weight of grain per plot dan weight of 1000 grains of dry grains milled.
 
 Key word : straw, range and interaction.

Size and morphology controlled synthesis of the silver (П) oxide particles

In this study, the experimental parameters for synthesis of silver (П) oxide (AgO) particles were controlled to achieve various particle sizes with different morphology. The AgO particles were synthesised by alkaline oxidation in the presence of potassium persulfate (K2S2O8). Characterisation of AgO particles was performed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. The analysis of FE-SEM images with Digimizer image analysis software indicated that the AgO particles were in micro and nanosize ranged from 50 to 150 nm in thickness and 0.58 to 1 µm in length. Also, pebble, slice, and flake morphologies were observed by controlling the experimental conditions. The general factorial design method was applied to investigate the effect of variable factors suchas the concentration of AgNO3 (CAg+), the concentration of K2S2O8 (CS2O8 2−), and the mole ratio of AgNO3 to K2S2O8 (RAg+/S2O8 2−), whereas the particle size was the response to be analysed. Based on the results of the analysis of variance, the model was significant. Investigations indicated that the interaction between CAg+ and RAg+/S2O8 2− has a significant effect on the AgO particle size. Validation of the results showed that residual and desirability values are 2.2% and 0.935, respectively.

Research on Erosion-Corrosion Rate of 304 Stainless Steel in Acidic Slurry via Experimental Design Method.

A full three-factor two-level factorial experimental design method was carried out to investigate the effects of a single factor and their combining actions on weight loss of 304 stainless steels (304 SS). Quantitative analysis was performed to calculate the contribution values of temperature, rotation speed, sulfuric acid concentration, and synergistic actions. In particular, an 8 × 8 matrix was designed for the first time to define variation direction of erosion wear rate by qualitative analysis. The results show that slurry temperature has the most significant influence followed by sulfuric acid concentration. Rotation speed has the smallest effect. The synergies of the parameters all accelerate the weight loss rate, but they exhibit different intensity. This research provides useful guidelines for estimating the effects of environmental factors and material design in practical engineering application.

Prediction and Optimization of Production Quantities in Innoson Manufacturing Extraction Plastic Product

In this research, it focused on the prediction and optimization of the production quantity in Innoson Plastic Manufacturing Company, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. The research method used is the application of factorial design methods to model, to evaluate the best optimal solutions for the production quantity of extrusion plastic pipes in the aforementioned company. The analysis shows that the parameters used to model the production quantity are significant and the model produced is also significant with its coefficient of determination to be 0.9968 and the adjusted R-Squared is 0.9823. Adequate Precision measures the signal to noise ratio. A ratio greater than 4 is desirable. The ratio of 29.271 indicates an adequate signal. This model can be used to navigate the design space. The Model F-value of 68.99 implies the model is significant. There is only a 1.44% chance that an F-value this large could occur due to noise. Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. The 3D surface plot shows the effect of the variables in production system. It describes the variations of the input and output parameters in production of plastic extrusion products. The factorial design method applied shows the optimal solution which revealed that the best quantity of the product that is necessary to produce in any given month is 14414.112 units of a 25mm diameter plastic pipes with the optimal desirability of 100%. The tool also shows that the pigment is almost not important in the optimization of the product production quantity due to its insignificant quantity. However, the results further revealed that the industry should be conscious of highly influence input variable during production.

Co-processing behavior of Gölbaşı lignite and poplar sawdust by factorial experimental design method

In this work, the liquefaction of coal and biomass with direct liquefaction strategy was explored. The point of liquefaction is both to utilize a greater amount of the current coal and biomass assets all the more productively and to create an alternative liquid fuel to oil. Along these lines, the procedure parameters must be resolved to expand the liquefaction efficiency. In addition, it is proposed to do the liquefaction efficiency, particularly in the reactant conditions, to expand the measure of oil. Process parameters were controlled by utilizing Factorial Experimental Design technique in the liquefaction procedures. The solid/liquid ratio was changed as 1/2-1/4, the catalyst concentration was 2–6%, the temperature was 375–400 °C and the duration was 30–90 min. Starting nitrogen pressure was set at 30 bar, stirring speed was 400 rpm, coal/biomass proportion was settled at 1/1. Tetralin as a solvent and MoO3 as catalyst were utilized. Toward the finish of the liquefaction procedure, the total conversions were computed in view of the acquired non-reactive solid (char). As indicated by the outcomes obtained, the most total conversion (81.9%) was acquired at a solid/liquid proportion of 1/2, a catalyst concentration of 2%, a reaction time of 90 min and a reaction temperature of 400 °C. In light of total conversions and elective liquid fuel (oil) in the given conditions, the solid/liquid ratio should be taken as 1/2, the catalyst concentration is 2%, the reaction time is 30–90 min and the reaction temperature is 400 °C. The lowest reaction time found, in this study, is the innovative solution for reducing co-liquefaction cost preferred.

Investigating the co-effect of twist and hot drawing processes on the bio-based yarns properties

Biodegradable fibres made from branched polymer grade were spun, hot drawn and twisted. To model the process parameters’ effect, samples had been characterised and analysed under a fractional factorial design method as functions of the process parameters using statistical methods. Drawing ratio, drawing temperature and the number of drawing stages had a positive effect on thermal shrinkage, tenacity and modulus and had a negative effect on elongation at break. The drawing stage had a negative effect on abrasion positively affected by the drawing ratio. With a one-stage drawing process, the tension was very high, and then the spin finish played an important role in the filament slippage on the last roller after the applied spin finish. Twist values did not have a significant effect on thermal shrinkage value itself; twist affected negatively on modulus and positively on abrasion of drawn biodegradable yarn. Results and statistical analysis indicated combinations of factor levels which controlled the production processes of environmentally friendly biodegradable textiles to suit different purposes.

Optimization of fermentation factors to enhance rice straw degradation ability using a microbial consortium LZF-12

Biological pretreatment has broad application prospects in agricultural waste treatment because of its economic, environmental protection and energy saving characteristics. In this study, a microbial consortium LZF-12 was applied as a biological pretreatment to degrade rice straw. Batch experiments were performed to hydrolysis conditions by using the method of Box-Behnken factorial design (BBD). The results showed that the model multiple correlation coefficient R2 was 0.9816, and the effects of three factors on the degradation of rice straw of LZF-12 as descending order were the initial rice content, chicken manure content, and initial pH. The interaction between straw concentration, chicken manure concentration, and initial pH had significant effects on the degradation of a microbial consortium. Under the optimum conditions of 0.86% rice straw, 0.5% chicken manure and the initial pH of 7.0, the degradation rate of rice straw reached 72.4%. There is only small difference of 0.55% between the experimental value and predicted value from BBD model. Therefore, it is feasible for the established model due to the consistent results between the prediction and experimental value. The microbial consortium LZF-12 has high cellulase enzyme activities and degradation ability over a wide range of temperature and pH, indicating it has a good development potential and application prospects in waste biodegradation and biomass energy production. Keywords: microbial consortium, biological pretreatment, biodegradation, rice straw, optimization DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191203.4638 Citation: Zheng G X, Zhou C Y, Yin T, Lu Z X, Ai S. Optimization of fermentation factors to enhance rice straw degradation ability using a microbial consortium LZF-12. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(3): 168–173.

Experimental Characterization of Surface Roughness Using Magnetorheological Abrasive Flow Finishing Process on AISI D3 Steel

The main objective of the present work is to develop a novel finishing process to polish the die steel materials with the use of magnetorheological fluid and also to investigate the effects of the input process parameters such as concentration of CIPs and abrasive particles (Al2O3), magnetizing current, speed of rotating tool, feed rate, working gap and hardness of workpiece on the response of surface roughness (Ra). In view of this, a novel MR fluid-based finishing setup is developed to characterize the process performance. Based on the method of full factorial design with two levels, 64 experiments are conducted on CNC vertical machining center with the customized setup. The results of the response are formulated by applying the ANOVA, and a mathematical model is established using linear regression to predict the response Ra. Capacity of the newly developed process is proven to achieve the surface finish on the hardness of 65 HRC D3 materials from 0.156 to 0.081 µm with the duration of polishing 10 min. The result of the experiments reveals that the major contributions of the parameters to improve the surface finish are working gap, magnetized current, and the hardness of the work piece, and followed by the rotating speed of tool, the ratio of CIP to abrasive, and feed rate of the work piece. The average percentage deviation between the predicted and observed surface roughness values is 3.56 within the band of 5% error. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is applied to characterize the integrity of the surface and testifies the efficacy of the developed MR fluid process to obtain a nano-level surface finish on the die steel material.