Factorial Completely Randomized Design Research Articles

Influence of Date of Planting on Total Sugars and Titratable Acidity of Strawberry Varieties in Vertical Farming

The research using vertical towers was carried out at Centre of Excellence (COE) for vegetables and flowers, Jeedimetla, Medchal Malkajgiri district of Telangana during Rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) evaluating four varieties V1- Nabila (Short day), V2- Flaminia (Short day), V3- Murano (Everbearing), V4-Vivara (Everbearing) and four planting dates D1- planting on October 15th D2-Planting on October 30th, D3- planting on November 15th, D4- planting on November 30th. The vertical tower was divided into three tiers, namely the top tier, middle tier and lower tier and the observations were taken accordingly. The results revealed that, the top tier of the vertical tower has exhibited higher percentage of total sugars and lower percentage of titratable acidity than subsequent tiers of the vertical tower among all the varieties, dates of planting and interactions. Among varieties, Shortday varieties V1 (Nabila) and V2 (Flaminia) has revealed highest percentage of total sugars and lowest percentage of titratable acidity than everbearing varieties V3 (Murano) and V4 (Vivara) in all the tiers of the vertical tower. Among planting dates, D2 (Planting on October 30th) has registered with highest percentage of Total sugars and lowest percentage of titratable acidity in all the tiers of the vertical tower. The interaction of V1 (Nabila) and V2 (Flaminia) with D2 (planting on October 30th) indicated highest percentage of total sugars and the lowest percentage of titratable acidity in all the tiers of the vertical tower.

Evaluation of Growing Media and Chemical Treatment on the Seedling Growth of High Chill Peach

The present study entitled “Evaluation of Growing Media and Dormancy Breaking Chemical on the Seedling Growth of High Chill Peach” was conducted at Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Horticulture Research Centre, G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the year 2022-23. The experiments were carried out in Factorial Complete Randomized Design (FCRD) with 3 replications per treatment. Under seedling growth studies, the total numbers of treatment were 16 with 2 factors comprising of four growing media (soil: sand: FYM, soil: sand: vermicompost, soil: sand: cocopeat and soil: FYM: vermicompost: cocopeat) and four chemical treatments (control, GA3 @ 500 ppm, kinetin @ 50 ppm and thiourea @ 5000 ppm). In the experiment the maximum seedling length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight was recorded in soil: FYM: vermicompost: cocopeat, GA3 @ 500 ppm and interaction M4C3 (soil: FYM: vermicompost: cocopeat + GA3 @ 500ppm) while the minimum values were recorded in soil: sand: cocopeat, control and M3C1. Result from this study discovered that GA3 @ 500 ppm along with the growing media soil: FYM: vermicompost: cocopeat recorded the maximum seedling length, diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight which can be recommended for raising the rootstocks for the production of quality planting material of peach for seedling rootstock.

Physiological and enzyme dynamics of tomato under drought stress

Climate change leads to an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, which have a negative impact on agriculture by altering plant growth and lowering water availability, placing food production systems at risk of sustainability. In order to improve drought resistance and ensure food security in the face of growing water shortages, this research was conducted to determine the physiological and enzymatic responses of tomato plants to drought stress. This study was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, involving 3 hybrids, viz., H1: EC169966 × LE118, H2: EC177824 × LE118 and H3: Arka Ashish × LE 27, along with their parents, P1: EC177824, P2: LE27, P3: EC169966, P4: LE118 and P5: Arka Ashish, under 50 % and 100 % field capacity conditions in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with 3 replications. Results indicated a significant change in physiological and enzymactic activities. Here, the parent P2 and hybrid H2 showed superior tolerance, with higher relative water content, proline, leaf water potential, membrane and chlorophyll stability index. Added to that, the response of enzyme activities including peroxidase, nitrate reductase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase was found to be increase notably in drought-tolerant hybrids and parents, which correlated strongly with physiological markers of drought resistance. These modifications highlight the capacity of some genotypes to preserve photosynthetic efficiency and cellular integrity in water-limited environments. The results highlight the significance of choosing and developing drought-tolerant cultivars in order to maintain agricultural production in areas vulnerable to drought and address issues related to global food security.

Enumeration of Genetic Variability Parameters and Association among Early Seedling Growth Parameters under Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) induced Osmotic Stress in rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (l.) Moench)

Aims: The research aims to explore the variability within diverse rabi sorghum germplasms and identify the relationships among different early seedling growth traits. This will provide valuable insights for future breeding programs, aiding in the development of resilient sorghum varieties that can contribute to improved food security and agricultural sustainability. Study Design: The study was conducted by employing factorial complete randomized design (FCRD) with two replications. Where, two factors was considered, genotype as first factor and PEG concentration as second. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2023 at University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad, Karnataka. Methodology: A total of 156 germplasm lines of rabi sorghum were assessed in vitro for early seedling growth characteristics, including germination percentage, shoot length, root length, seedling dry weight, and seedling vigor indices I and II, under both control and osmotic stress conditions induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Osmotic stress was induced by dissolving PEG 6000 in distilled water to achieve the desired concentration. The germplasm lines were then subjected to germination and early growth under these conditions using the paper towel method. The genetic variability parameters for each trait were quantified to examine the degree of variability in the material used, and correlation analysis was performed to understand the relationships among the traits studied. Results: The variance analysis showed highly significant differences among genotypes, treatments, and the genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions. Genetic variability parameters revealed considerable variability across all traits studied, which tended to increase with higher stress levels. Moderate to high GCV and PCV was observed for all the traits studied. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong, significant positive relationship among all seedling parameters, except between root length and shoot length, as well as between shoot length and germination percentage under control conditions. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the effect of osmotic stress on the early vigor and growth of sorghum seedlings. The findings reveal significant variability in seedling traits, suggesting that selection can be employed for genetic enhancement of these traits. Correlation analysis identified specific traits or combinations of traits that should be considered when selecting genotypes tolerant to osmotic stress conditions. These findings offer great potential to guide and improve selection and breeding programs focused on enhancing drought tolerant sorghum varieties.

Response of host Indian Musa germplasm against artificially induced root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus coffeae)

Under greenhouse condition, the host response of fifty-nine banana genotypes (Musa spp.) from the Eumusa section to the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae) was assessed. In a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with five replications, healthy banana suckers of the diploid and triploid accessions were planted in cement pots. Uninoculated controls were included in the experiment as comparison to study the sensitivity of the genotypes. Two varieties (Pisang Lilin and Nendran) with known reaction to lesion nematode were also included as reference clones because of their resistance and susceptibility to P. coffeae. Banana accessions maintained in the pots were inoculated with infective juveniles of root-lesion nematode, P. coffeae at 45 days after planting at the rate of 400 nematodes/pot. Ninety days after inoculation, the plants were harvested to observe the response of the different banana genotypes to P. coffeae. Data were recorded on plant growth (plant height, girth at the base, number of standing leaves, number of roots and weight of the root system), root damage assessment (percentage of infected roots and percentage necrosis) and nematode reproduction. When inoculated with nematodes, the reduction in plant growth attributes was relatively higher in genotypes that were susceptible. The reduction in growth characters viz., plants height, number of roots and root fresh weight were maximum in the diploid genotypes Manguthamng (26.80, 27.2, 33.0 %) and Manohar (25.70, 29.2, 35.2 %) and in the triploid genotypes Kaali, Rajthali, Digjowa, Saapkal, Cheenichampa, Dasaman, Borchampa, Jahaji, Manjahaji, Barjahaji and Sabri when inoculated with Pratylenchus coffeae. Even after nematode inoculation, root investigations showed that resistant and tolerant genotypes had greater numbers of roots as well as high fresh and dry weight of roots. Root and soil population of nematodes assessed at 90 days after inoculation indicated very high population buildup of Pratylenchus coffeae (>28) in diploids Manguthamng and Nendrapadathi and in triploids Jahaji, Manjahaji, Saapkal, Borchampa, Therahaw-1163 and 1164, Ankur-I and Bersain. The rate was the lowest (<9) in the diploid genotypes Kanai Bansi, Kechulepa, M.balbisiana, Athiakol, Bhimkol and Aittakola and in the triploids Karthobiumtham and Ankur-II. The results of the experiment showed that the diploids Musa balbisiana (BB), Aittakola (BB), Bhimkol (BB), Kechulepa (BB), Kanai Bansi (AA) and Athiakol (BB) and the triploid genotypes Kachkel (ABB), Karthobiumtham (ABB) and Ankur-II (ABB) were resistant to Pratylenchus coffeae.

Effects of Trichoderma Fermented Biourine Dosage on the Growth of Two Shallot Varieties

This study aims to determine the effect of Trichoderma harzianum fermented biourine dosage on the growth of two shallot (Allium ascolonicum L.) varieties. The research employed an experimental method with a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of two factors: biourine dosage and shallot variety. The biourine dosage levels were: q0 = Without biourine application, q1 = 5 ml/plant, q2 = 15 ml/plant, q3 = 25 ml/plant, and q4 = 35 ml/plant. The shallot varieties tested were v1 = Keta Monca and v2 = Bali Karet. In total, 10 treatment combinations of biourine dosage and variety were evaluated. The results showed that the most effective biourine dosage for promoting shallot growth was 35 ml (q4). This dosage significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, fresh stover, dry stover, fresh tuber weight, and dry tuber weight. The Keta Monca variety outperformed in terms of number of tillers, fresh tuber weight, and dry tuber weight, while the Bali Karet variety exhibited greater plant height, number of leaves, fresh stover, and dry stover. Significant interactions between biourine dosage and variety were observed in parameters such as plant height at 3 and 4 weeks after planting (WAP), number of leaves at 1, 4, and 5 WAP, number of tillers at 6 and 7 WAP, fresh tuber weight, and dry tuber weight.

Standardization of Various Chemical Seed Priming on Seed Quality Parameters in Black Gram (Vigna mungo)

Black gram is an important pulse crop in India. It is a major source of dietary protein for the poor people and provides nutritional security. It is mostly grown by the small and marginal farmers under resource constraints situation particularly in rainfed and rice fallow conditions. Seed priming is one such effective technology to achieve high growth, vigor, better stand establishment. The current study aimed to study the standardization of various chemical on crop growth in black gram. A laboratory experiment was conducted in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with three replications using various concentrations (1%, 2%, 3% and 4 %) as first factor and different durations (4 and 6 h) of priming as second factor and different chemicals such as ZnSO4, MnCl2, MgSO4, CaCl2, KCl and KNO3 as third factor. Seeds were primed with different chemicals in different concentrations and in different duration evaluated for its quality parameters to find out suitable seed priming technique. Among all treatments seed priming with ZnSO4 1% for 6 hours recorded higher germination (98%), longest root length (22.17 cm), shoot length (19.15 cm), higher seedling dry matter production (0.93 g seedlings-10), fresh weight (8.93 g seedlings-10) and vigor index (4004) than control under laboratory experiment. The results indicate that use of ZnSO4 1% for 6 hours enhances the seed performance regarding seed quality characters.

Juvenile Hormone Mimics as Biochemical Enhancers for Silk Production in Bombyx mori L.: Evidence from Plant Extracts

Aim: To study the Effect of juvenile hormone mimics on the biochemical parameters of silkworm. Study Design: Factorial Complete Random Design. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam during 2021-2022. Methodology: Topical application of 20% and 30% acetone extracts of Juvenile hormone mimics at different interval of larval duration viz. IV and V instar of silkworm as single treatment (on first day of V instar) and double treatment (twice – first day of IV and V instar). Silkworm breed used Double Hybrid (FC1XFC2). Results: Double administration at 20% and 30% concentration for Pinus and Tapioca treated larvae—increases, it is observed that the amount of expression of biochemical traits increases. Significantly higher silk gland protein content of (119.85 mg/g) was recorded in double dose @ 30% Pinus with highest fat body protein of 51.00 mg/g and least was recorded in untreated control. Serimore recorded highest aspartate aminotransferase activity (264.24 µg/ml) followed by Pinus (269.93 µg/ml) whereas 563.22 µg/ml and 558.31 µg/ml alanine aminotransferase activity recorded when treated with pinus and serimore respectively. Conclusion: Among the phutojuvenoids, pinus was best followed by tapioca and then custard apple. Among tapioca series, tapioca plant showed best result followed by tapioca leaf and tapioca branch. In case of custard apple series, custard apple plant was better followed by custard apple branch and least by custard apple leaf. Pine was found to be on par with commercially available JHA serimore.

Effect of Leaf and Seed Powder Based Edible Coating with Beeswax and Clove Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Guava (Psidium guajava) cv. Allahabad Safeda

The guava is thought to be India's most significant commercial fruit crop. Due to their high respiration rate, vulnerability to different pathogens, and mechanical damage that can quickly deteriorate the quality and concised its shelf life. Nonetheless, the purpose of the experiment was to investigate how guava's edible coatings affected its postharvest quality and shelf life. Guava fruits were treated by seven treatments of different concentrations of beeswax, guava leaf powder, neem leaf powder, tamarind seed powder, and clove oil with different combinations were used as edible coating were studied in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. All seven treatments were used to examine the impact of edible coating materials on the physical and chemical properties. Under ambient conditions, the variations in physiological and chemical parameters were seen. The findings of present study showed maximum fruit weight (120.29 g), highest vitamin C (163.19 mg/100g), maximum acidity (0.49%) and antioxidant activity (35.43%) obtained from T4 [Neem leaves powder (2%) + Beeswax (1%)+ clove oil (1%)] compared with untreated fruits. The result suggested that the applications of [Neem leaves powder (2%) + Beeswax (1%) + clove oil (1%)] as an edible coating material in guava fruit is more effective than other treatments to improve the shelf life of Guava.

Pengaruh Aplikasi Solid Decanter dan Biochar terhadap Kadar Hara dalam Air Lindi Tanah Pascatambang Batu Bara

Open pit coal mining activities affect the decline in soil quality characterized by damage of soil structure, loss of nutrients and decreased biodiversity. Organic matter is one of the soil reformers that has been felt its benefits in improving soil properties both physical, chemical, and bi ological properties. This study aims to determine the effect of solid and biochar administration on post coal mining soil on water storage capacity and giraffe power on nutrients in percolation water administration. This research was carried out at the Laboratory of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, Mulawarman Samarinda University, East Kalimantan following the rules of Factorial Complete Random Design with two factors, namely solid percentage and biochar with percolation water treatment during the one month incubation period. The results showed the application of S2B2 (solid 20% + biochar 25%) was able to have an influence on water giraffe power with a three day incubation period end value of 92.2 ml, fifteen days of 89.3 ml and thirty days of 85.6 ml. The application of biochar 5% and 25% in post coal mine soils of fifteen days and thirty days incubation period shows the ability to absorb calcium nutrient levels in leachate water. The combined application of S2B2 (solid 20% + biochar 25%) showed a good ability to absorb calcium and magnesium nutrient levels in leachate water that decreased during the incubation period.

RESPON PRODUKSI TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) TERHADAP BOKASHI KOTORAN SAPI DAN PUPUK ROCK FOSFAT PADA MEDIA GAMBUT

The development of shallot cultivation in Riau needs to be done by optimizing peatlands. However, problems such as low pH and low nutrient availability need to be addressed. The use of cow manure bokashi can increase the availability of soil nutrients and the addition of P fertilizer from rock phosphate is expected to increase the availability of P in peat soil. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cow manure bokashi and rock phosphate fertilizer in increasing the production of shallot plants in peat media. This research was carried out at the UIR Experimental Garden, Pekanbaru, from September to December 2022. The materials used in this study were Brebes shallot seedlings, cow manure bokashi, rock phosphate, urea, KCl. The tools used in the research included hoes, tape measure, cutter knife, analytical scales, camera and stationery. The research method used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor was the dose of cow manure bokashi with 4 treatment levels: without cow manure bokashi, 40, 80 and 120 g/polybag Bokashi cow manure. The second factor was the dose of rock phosphate fertilizer with 4 treatment levels: 0, 0.8 g/polybag, 1.6, 2.4 g/polybag. Each experimental unit was repeated 3 times. Observational data were analyzed statistically and further tested for HSD the 5% level. Application of cow manure bokashi with rock phosphate can increase shallot production. Application of cow manure bokashi 80 g/polybag with rock phosphate dose of 2.4 g/polybag increased the wet and dry shallot bulb weight.

Improving Nutritional Profile and Consumer Acceptance of Siomay Stuffing Through Integration of Mackerel Meat (Rastrelliger SP.) and Yellow Potato Flour (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

Siomay, a popular Indonesian snack traditionally made with high-fat chicken or beef fillings, can be made healthier by using mackerel fish instead. This modification, combined with the addition of potato starch, aims to improve the nutritional profile of siomay while maintaining its appeal to consumers, as mackerel is both tasty and nutritious. This study aims to improve the nutritional profile and consumer acceptance of siomay filling through the integration of mackerel meat and potato starch. Data were analyzed using a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors (mackerel meat and potato starch) mixed in different proportions in the siomay filling dough. Parameters tested included nutritional composition (protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, and mineral), physicochemical properties (texture, color, and aroma), and consumer acceptance test using a hedonic scale. The results showed that the most preferred treatment was K2D2 (14g mackerel meat and 20g potato starch), which was 5.6±1.5. The nutritional content of the siomay filling preferred by the panelists increased (water 29.07 g, protein 12.89 g, fat 3.65 g, ash 3.41 g, sugar 1.35 mg, vitamin B1 0.26 mg). However, the carbohydrate content decreased to 50.98 g, compared to the content of siomay filling without the addition of yellow potato starch (56, 74 g). This study shows that mackerel flour and potato starch can potentially be used to improve the nutritional profile and consumer acceptance of siomay filling.

The Thickness Changes of Anatomical Ornamental Monocotyledon Plant Leaves Affected by the Interactions between Plant Types and Light Intensity

The different levels of light intensity affect the anatomical thickness of monocotyledon ornamental plant leaves. The aim of this research was to determine the anatomical thickness of several monocotyledon ornamental plant leaves under different light intensities. The research used a factorial complete randomized design with two main factors, namely plant type and different light intensity, repeated three times. The first factor was the plant type, which consisted of six plant species of monocotyledon ornamental plants which were Chlorophytum laxum, Dracaena reflexa, Rhoeo discolor, Aglaonema commutatum, Cordyline fruticosa and Hymenocallis littoralis. The second factor was light intensity, which consisted of high light intensity (open areas) and low light intensity (shaded areas). The observation was carried out on preserved leaf anatomy made using the paraffin method with modification. The observation variables were the total thickness of the leaf, upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll (for undifferentiated mesophyll), and palisade and sponge (for differentiated mesophyll). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the LSD test if the treatment was significant. Correlation tests were carried out between total leaf thickness and each leaf anatomical part under conditions of high and low light intensity. The results showed that the interaction between plant types and light intensity influenced the total thickness of the leaves, upper and lower epidermis, and palisade. The plant types independently influenced the mesophyll and sponges, while the light intensity independently influenced only the mesophyll but not the sponge thickness. Hymenocallis littoralis was the only plant that showed thicker under low light intensity, with an increase in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis. The palisade mainly influenced leaf thickness changes in the differentiated mesophyll.

Ekstraksi berbantu gelombang ultrasonik dan fotodegradasi senyawa antosianin pada tangkai parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume)

Parijoto is an endemic plant widely found on the slopes of Mount Muria, Kudus Regency, Central Java. The local community often consumes parijoto fresh fruit and processes parijoto fruit such as syrup, dodol, candy, and tea. So far, the Parijoto stalk, which weighs 18.19% of the total weight of the parijoto stalk and fruit, has not been widely used, but it has great potential as a source of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin compounds have low stability to temperature and light. For this reason, extraction with a relatively low temperature and faster than conventional methods is required, one of which is Ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Ultrasonic waves produce cavitation bubbles, facilitating solvent penetration so that cell bioactive components can be extracted more effectively. This study aimed to determine the effect of ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction time of parijoto stalk anthocyanin and examine the effect of various light exposure intensities and exposure times (photodegradation) on Parijoto stalk anthocyanin extract. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of parijoto stalk anthocyanins used a completely randomized design (CRD) with extraction time (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes) and three treatment repetitions. In photodegradation using a factorial complete randomized design with the treatment of light exposure intensity (2037 lux, 4259 lux, 6482 lux, and 9259 lux) and exposure time (6, 12, 18, and 24 hours). The results showed that the longer the extraction, up to 20 minutes, the total anthocyanin levels, redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) increased while lightness (L*) decreased. The higher the light intensity of the fluorescent lamp and the longer the light exposure, the lower the total anthocyanin content with a lower half-life. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction have proven to be quite effective for the anthocyanin extraction but need to attention with time and light exposure intensity.

The implications of various seed priming treatments on seed yield in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum)

The experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2021 and winter (rabi) season of 2022 at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu to identify suitable seed priming technique, soaking duration and priming agents for halo, osmo, and bio-priming in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). To increase crop yield and sustainability in present-day agriculture, seed priming continues to be essential by utilizing scientific knowledge and technical breakthroughs. The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with three replications. The fresh seeds of proso millet cv. CO4 were imposed for halo, osmo, and bio priming treatments, viz. Agent for halo-priming: Control, hydropriming, KH2PO4 (1 and 2%), ZnSO4 (1 and 2%), and CaCl2 (1 and 2%); Agent for osmo-priming: Control, hydropriming, NaCl (1 and 2%), Mannitol (1 and 2%), and PEG (-10 and -15 Bar); Agent for bio-priming: Control, hydropriming, Azospirillum (15 and 20%), P. fluorescens (LF) (10 and 15%), Prosophis LE (5 and 10%), and soaked in equal volumes for 6 and 8 h. The results revealed that for halo priming, seeds soaked in 2% KH2PO4 for 8 h; for osmo priming seeds soaked in 2% mannitol for 8 h and for bio-priming seeds soaked in 15% P. fluorescens (LF) for 8 h outperformed other treatments. Field experiments were also conducted to determine the productivity of seed primed proso millet. The results showed that the crop performance was superior in seeds primed with 2% KH2PO4 for 8 h during kharif season than rabi.

Exploring the Effective Management Strategy to Sustain Cowpea Production under High Temperature Stress

Background: Abiotic stress negatively impacts the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants leading to loss of yield and quality. The substantial increase in population and global surface temperature extends to global food insecurity hence it is important to maintain a sustainable yield of crops. Cowpea being a protein-rich legume and a nodule-forming crop facilitates not only meeting food insecurity but also creates a sustainable environment. The objective of this study was to explore the suitable management practice for cowpea to attain sustainable yield under the elevated temperature of +2°C from ambient. Methods: An experiment in cowpea variety Co 7 was carried out in Temperature Gradient Tunnel (TGT) located at Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The research trial was carried out during the year 2021 and 2022 with Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD). In this study, we have investigated the effect of different treatments on growth, yield, quality and available nutrients in soil. Result: The application of vermicompost with foliar spray of 3% Panchagavya at 30, 45 and 60 DAS stimulated the plant height, number of leaves and leaf area index (LAI). The increase in availability of soil nutrients exhibited higher dry matter production, pod length (10.46 cm), number of seeds per pod (7.56), test weight (12.56 g), seed yield (13.25 g plant-1) and seed protein (21.82%). These results suggest that vermicompost application with 3% foliar spray of Panchagavya has a positive effect on improving the high-temperature tolerance of cowpea plants.

Evaluation of Sensory Attributes of Soft Candy Using Taro Leaf Extract as Influenced by Variations of Gelatin and Glucose Syrup

Although taro is widely grown in Indonesia, it is one of the underutilized crops which is a good source of nutrition. one part of taro that is rarely utilized is the leaves. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of glucose syrup and gelatin concentrations on the organoleptic properties (preference for color, taste, and texture) of soft candy made from taro leaf extract. The method used in this research is experimental which is arranged in a Completely Randomized Factorial Design (CRD) with two factors, which are The concentrations of are (25%, 35%, 45%) and the concentrations of gelatin are (20%, 25%, 30%). Each treatment being repeated three times. The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variance), and Duncan’s test was conducted if significant differences were obtained. The results shows that soft candy with 35% glucose syrup and 25% gelatin had the highest preference for color. The formulation with 35% glucose syrup and 30% gelatin was most preferred for aroma. The formulation with 45% glucose syrup and 30% gelatin received the highest scores for texture (3.90±0.308) and flavor (3.95±0.63). This research demonstrates that optimizing glucose syrup and gelatin concentrations in soft candies made from underutilized taro leaf extract can significantly enhance specific sensory attributes like texture and flavor. This study can contribute in providing valuable insights for future product development and highlighting the potential of taro leaves as a valuable food ingredient.

Effect of Packaging and Storage on Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Biochemistry

A lab experiment was conducted from April 2021-Sep 2022 at NSP, Seed unit, UAS, Dharwad. The seed biochemical parameters such as α-amylase activity and catalase activity were evaluated at bimonthly intervals, and the experimental design followed was a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with 3 replications and 2 factors, namely storage conditions such as ambient and cold storage and storage containers (cloth bag, high-density polythene bag (HDPE), polythene bag (700 gauge), aluminum laminated bag, vacuum-packed bag), the results revealed that the treatment with vacuum-packed bag stored in cold storage gave good results at the end of 18 months of storage period i.e., α-amylase activity (2.00 µ.mol/min/mg) and catalase activity (1.35 mmol/min/g) respectively compared to other treatments stored in ambient and cold storage conditions with different packaging materials.

Soaking Salt Solution Increases Moisture Content, Ash Content, Starch Content, Decreases Solubility and Swelling Power Of Banggai Yam Flour

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effect of salt solution (NaCl) soaking on yam, focusing on food safety, organoleptic quality, and changes in chemical composition during the soaking process. Methodology: The method used was a factorial Complete Random Design with the following treatments: P0 = no treatment; P1 = soaking in 10 g/liter salt solution; P2 = soaking in 30 g/liter salt solution; P3 = soaking in 50 g/liter salt solution. Each treatment was repeated three times, resulting in 12 observation units. Results: The results indicated that higher salt solution concentrations led to increased water, ash, and starch content, while the solubility and swelling power of yam flour decreased. Findings: The study found that salt soaking positively affects the preservation and quality of yam by inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms and slowing down tuber rot. The increased concentration of salt solution was directly proportional to the increase in water, ash, and starch content. Novelty: This research provides new insights into the effects of salt soaking on yam, particularly on its chemical composition and potential benefits for food preservation. Originality: The study offers a detailed analysis of how different concentrations of salt solutions affect the quality and chemical properties of yam, contributing to the understanding of its implications for food safety and health. Conclusions: Soaking yams in higher concentrations of salt solution enhances their preservation by increasing water, ash, and starch content, while reducing solubility and swelling power. Paper Type: Empirical Research Paper Keywords: Flour; Salt; Soaking; Yam Banggai

Resistance of Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 Encapsulated in Microcrystalline Cellulose from Palm Leaf Waste to Acidic Conditions Across Various Temperatures and Storage Durations"

Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 is a probiotic bacterium with limited tolerance to acidic environments, bile fluids, and high temperatures, necessitating physical protection via microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) encapsulation derived from palm leaf waste. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of encapsulated probiotic bacteria under acidic conditions at various temperatures and storage durations to identify the optimal storage temperature. A factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with two factors was employed: storage temperature (room temperature, 4°C, and -18°C) and storage time (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days). The results indicated that storage time and the interaction between storage time and temperature significantly affected the total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count. However, temperature alone and its interaction with storage time did not significantly impact the percentage reduction in the number of encapsulated Lactobacillus fermentum InaCC B1295 at pH 2. Overall, encapsulated bacteria stored at various temperatures demonstrated comparable bacterial resistance..