Factorial Completely Randomized Design Research Articles

Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) Pada Beberapa Jenis Pupuk Kotoran Hewan dan Gandasil D

This study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor was planting media (M) which consisted of three categories, namely: topsoil (M0), mixed soil and goat manure with a ratio of 2:1 (M1), soil and chicken manure with a ratio 2:1 (M2). The second factor was foliar fertilizer (P), which consisted of no foliar fertilizer (P0) and application of gandasil D fertilizer (P1). The results showed that the M0 treatment had a significant effect on the weight of the pods and the fresh weight of the plant, but did not have a significant effect on the plant height, the number of branches and the flowering time. The application of gandasil D has no significant effect on all observed variables. The combination of media type and gandasil D had a significant effect on plant height at 3 WAP in the M2P1 treatment, the number of pods in the M2P1 treatment, the weight of the pods planted in the M0P1, M0P0 treatments, and the fresh pod weight in the M0P0, M2P1, M1P0 treatments, but had no significant effect on plant height, number of branches and flowering time. In the observed variables of pod weight and fresh pod weight, the application of animal manure gave a good response to the availability of nutrients that can be absorbed by plants.

Use of Various Types of Chitosan as Edible Coating to Maintain Physical Quality of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicon L.) During Storage at Two Different Temperatures

Increasing tomato production requires special handling to increase longer shelf life by applying chitosan and modifying storage temperatures. Chitosan is a chitin derivative whose function is similar to wax compounds so that it is able to inhibit metabolic activity. Storage temperature of 10°C can extend shelf life and maintain the physical quality of tomatoes. This study aims to determine the effect of chitosan administration, the effect of storage temperature, and the effect of the combination of chitosan and storage temperature on the physical quality of tomatoes. This study used a Factorial Complete Randomized Design, the first factor was tomatoes without chitosan coating (K0), and tomatoes with chitosan coating (K1) = shrimp shell, (K2) = crab shell, (K3) = fish scales using the same concentration of 6%. The second factor is storage temperature (T1) = room temperature (26-32°C) and (T2) = temperature 10°C. The changes observed are shrinkage in weight, color, texture, aroma, taste based on organoleptic test (hedonic test). Data analysis using ANOVA at 5% level and BNJ follow-up test at 5% level. The results showed that the use of crab chitosan (K2) had an effect on weight loss (0.42%). Storage temperature of 10°C (T2) affects weight loss (5.04%). The best treatment combination for weight loss (0.07%) and color (7.40) was crab chitosan and temperature of 10°C (K2T2), while the best treatment combination for texture (7.56), aroma (7.08), and taste (7.16) was fish scales and temperature of 10°C (K3T2). In general, the best treatment is chitosan fish scales and a temperature of 10°C (K3T2).

Simultaneous application of salicylic acid and silicon in aerial parts of Scrophularia striata L. in response to drought stress

Plants respond to water shortage by regulating biochemical pathways which result in the biosynthesis of osmotic compounds. Active metabolites and compatible osmolytes control the inhibition of oxygen free radicals and dehydration. The physiological response of scrophularia striata to drought stress, a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) experiment was conducted in three replication. Drought stress was induced at two levels (100% and 50% field capacity), and salicylic acid (SA) and silicon (Si) and Ecotype were also used at two levels of (0 and 100 PPM), (0 and 1 g/L) and (Ilam and Abdanan) respectively. Data analysis results indicated that the H2O2 content, Malondialdehyde (MDA), glycine betaine (GB) and the activity of the enzyme glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) of aerial parts increased during the entire stress exposure period. Although the SA + Si + stress + ecotype interaction increased the content of soluble carbohydrate s and the GR activity in aerial parts of Ilam and Abdanan ecotypes, this interaction led to a decrease in MDA, H2O2 in Ilam ecotypes. The interaction between the stress + SA + Si + ecotype led to an increase in the phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) activity in the Abdanan ecotype, but no important difference was observed. As compared to the control treatment, the content of Polyphenol increased, The interaction between ecotype + stress + Si caused to increased the of proline content in the Abadanan ecotype. The results showed that the increase in antioxidant defense and compatible osmolytes due to the use of SA and Si can improve the drought tolerance in S.striata.

Effect of salt stress on morpho-physiological and anatomical attributes of Salix clones

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess and quantify the impact of salt stress on key morpho-physiological traits that influence biomass production in Salix clones. In February 2021, a pot experiment was conducted using stem cuttings of five selected Salix clones. The experiment followed a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. The clones were subjected to different levels of NaCl treatments (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mM) during the active growth period. The observations on growth and physiological characteristics of clones were recorded at an interval of two months after initiation of salinity treatments i.e., May, July and October. However, the biomass parameters were recorded at the end of experiment. All the growth and biomass traits showed significant reduction with increase in salinity treatments. Among physiological traits significant reduction were observed in total chlorophyll, carotenoids and relative water content, while salinity stress raised the content of proline, total soluble sugar, total soluble protein and Na+/K+ ratio in all the clones. The enzymatic activities of POD and SOD increased in all the clones when subjected to higher levels of salinity stress. On the basis of overall mean performance, clone UHF-03 showed optimum growth and biomass accumulation at 80 mM and was found to be the most tolerant to salinity stress. SEM and EDS mapping confirmed anatomical changes and Na accumulations in the roots and leaves of Salix in response to salinity stress.

Efektivitas Beauvaria bassiana dan Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap Pengendalian Hama Thrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Tripidae) pada Tanaman Cabai Besar (Capsicum annuum L.)

The productivity of chili plants can be reduced due to the disturbance of various Plant Pest Organisms (OPT), one of which is insect pests from the Order Thysanoptera, family Thripidae or better known as Thrips sp. Thrips pests attack plants by sucking the liquid on the leaf surface, especially the young leaves. Symptoms that appear are silvery spots then change color to copper brown, the leaves curl or wrinkle and eventually the plant dies. Control measures that can be used to control or suppress Thrips sp. pest populations. other than using insecticides, namely by utilizing Biological Control Agents (APH) such as the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. The fungus B. bassiana infects host insects through physical contact by attaching conidia to the integument. M. anisopliae infection begins with the attachment of M. anisopliae spores to the cuticle of the insect and then the spores of M. anisopliae germinate and penetrate into the insect's body. This study used a field experiment method arranged in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors and 4 replications. The first factor was the type of entomopathogenic fungus which consisted of two levels, A1 = Beauveria bassiana, A2 = Metarhizium anisopliae. The second factor was the density of conidia which consisted of 4 types: K1 = 105/ml, K2 = 106/ml, K3 = 107/ml, K4 = 108/ml. The observed data is quantitative data, then it will be analyzed statistically using ANOVA analysis of variance, if there is a significant difference then a follow-up test will be carried out using the DMRT. The effect of factor A1 (B. bassiana) is better than the effect of factor A2 (M. anisopliae) on the mortality of Thrips sp. and the best effect of factor K is on K4 (spore density 108/ml). So it is recommended to use the A1K4 treatment because it is effective on the mortality of Thrips sp. and the effect of factor K4 (spore density of 108/ml) was better than the effect of factors K1 (spore density of 105/ml), K2 (spore density of 106/ml), and K3 (spore density of 107/ml) on the intensity of attack of Thrips sp. So it is recommended to use the K4 treatment because it is effective against the intensity of attacks of Thrips sp.

Improvement of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Chlorophyll Content by Using Growing Medium and Organic Liquid

A pot experiment was conducted during rainy season (July month) of 2019 at nursery unit of Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, Ummedganj, Kota to evaluate the impact of growing media and cow urine on seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Arka Surya. The experiments were laid out in a factorial complete randomized design with two factors consisting 11 growing media and 2 level of cow urine (with or without). Among different treatments combination used the medium Soil + Sand + Vermiculite + Cocopeat + Perlite (1:1:1:1:1) with cow urine found significantly superior over other treatments and control with respect to lowest days required for first germination (6.17 days) and higher germination percentage (90.24 %). It has given better seedling height (15.48 cm), number of leaves per seedling (9.83) and leaf area (51.85 cm2) at 75 days after sowing. The maximum length of longest tap root (14.20 cm), diameter of tap root (4.12 mm) and root/shoot ratio (0.87) were also found significantly superior in the same treatment as compared to rest of the treatments. Further, it was also found superior with relation to highest chlorophyll (2.50 mg/100g). Therefore, it is recommended this growing medium combination along with cow urine should be used for better germination and growth of papaya seed by orchardist.

Toleransi varietas jagung (Zea mays) terhadap cekaman kekeringan pada fase perkecambahan dan vegetatif menggunakan tingkat konsentrasi PEG 6000

Corn (Zea mays L) is the second strategic commodity after rice. Limitations and uncertainties in water supply due to global warming are factors causing drought stress on agricultural land. One strategy to develop maize on dry land is to develop drought-tolerant varieties. This study aimed to determine the effect of PEG 6000 with different concentrations of four maize varieties on the drought stress tolerance of maize during the germination and vegetative phases. This research was from August to November 2020 at BPTP Banten and the Soil and Agro-climate Laboratory, Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University. This study used a Completely Randomized Factorial Design (CRD) which consisted of two factors and three replications. The first factor is the corn variety which has four levels, namely A1 (Nasa-29), A2 (JH-27), A3 (JH 45), and A4 (Lamuru). The second factor is the concentration of PEG 6000 which consists of 5 levels, namely B1 (Control), B2 (5%), B3 (10%), B4 (15%), and B5 (20%). The results showed that each concentration of PEG 6000 produced varying results. Increasing concentrations of PEG 6000 decreased yields on vigor index, germination, root length, plumula length, seedling dry weight, and drought stress sensitivity index.

The Effect of Faba Growing Media and Cow Manure on the Growth and Yield of Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea L.)

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of FABA growing media and cow manure on the growth and yield of mustard greens (Brassica Juncea L.). This research was carried out on the land of the Bengkulu Muhammadiyah University. The design used was a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with 1 factor, namely factor A1 = 4:1 (Faba 100 %), A2 = 3:1 (Faba 75 % + Manure 25%) A3 = 2:2 (Faba 50 % + Manure 50 %), A4 = 1:3 (Faba 25 % + Manure 75 %), A5 = 0:4 (Manure 100 %). Based on the tested level of one of these factors, 20 treatment combinations were obtained. Each experimental treatment contained 5 plants so that there were 100 plants to be observed in this study. The results of this study showed that there was an interaction between the treatment of Faba growing media and cow manure on plant height, leaf width, leaf length, number of leaves and dry weight of mustard plants. The best results were in the treatment interactions between A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, the best growth was in the A3 and A4 treatments. Because, in the 100% and 75% Faba treatment, plant growth was not good and there were several plants with yellowing leaves. This indicates that the use of Faba planting media must be balanced with organic matter so that plant growth is maximized.

The Effect Of ZPT Types and Concentration on The Growth Of Kebiul Plant Cuttings (Caesalpinia bonduc L.)

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of ZPT types and concentrations on the growth of cuttings of Kebiul plants (Caesalpinia bonduc L). The design used is a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely the first factor is the type of Growth Regulatory Substance Giberelin, Auxin and Cytokinins, while the second is concentration control, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l, and 45mg/l. Based on the tested levels of the two factors, 12 treatment combinations were obtained. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times and 36 experimental units. The results of this study indicate that the interaction has no significant effect between the types of synthetic ZPT treatments and concentrations on all parameters and observations. The results of the study were analyzed using Analysis of Variety and if they had a significant effect, further tests were carried out using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level. Treatment of synthetic ZPT types significantly affected the length of shoots 9.12 WAP and the number of shoots 9 WAP, very significantly affected the number of shoots 3.12 MST, the number of leaves 9.12 WAP, root length and number of roots. Treatment Concentration had a significant effect on the number of shoots 9 MST, and the percentage of living cuttings, however it had a very significant effect on shoot length 3, 6, 9 MST, number of shoots 6, 12 MST, number of leaves 3, 6, 9 12 MST, root length and number of roots on Kebiul plant cuttings.

Application of Microgranule from IAA Producing-Endophytic Bacterial as Biofetilizer on Rubber Plants (Hevea brasiliences Muell. Arg.)

Rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg) is the main commodity of plantations, some of whose products are exported and some to meet domestic needs as raw materials for industrial purposes. Purpose on research diversity and crateristics of endophytic bacteria producing hormone IAA from rubber plants. Then the effectiveness treatment of microgranules addition and immersion of endophite bacterial suspension and rubber seed soaking suspension to spur the growth of rubber plants. This research was conducted using the factorial CRD (Completely Randomized Design) method consisting of 16 treatments with 2 replications. The first factor was immersion of endophite bacterial suspension consisting of R0 = 0 hours; R1 = 12 hours; R2 = 24 hours and R3 = 36 hours and the second factor was the addition of microgranules consisting of J0 = 0 gr; J1 = 10 gr; J2 = 15 gr; J3 = 20 gr. The results of this study showed that the results on the isolation of endophite bacteria from the tea plant from the roots and stems of the tea plant yielded 3 isolates from plant roots and 2 isolates from plant stems. For IAA levels, the five isolates were positive. The use of endophytic bacteria as an alternative biofertilizer has a significant effect on the parameters observed

Study of Streptomyces spp. to control purple blotch disease caused by Alternaria porri in shallot plant

Alternaria porri is a fungal pathogen that causes purple blotch on shallots, this fungus can cause crop yield loss of 3 – 57%. A. porri was obtained from the Sumber Brantas onion farm and then isolated by planting infected tissue. Streptomyces spp. is a filamentous bacterium that is abundant in the soil and can be used as a biological agent, decomposer and plant growth promote. Streptomyces spp. was obtained one isolate from shallot land location in Pare, Kediri, East Java (BMP: Bawang Merah Pare) and three isolates from Sidera, Palu, Central Sulawesi (BMS: Bawang Merah Sidera) (BMS1, BMS2, BMS3). The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of Streptomyces spp. to control A porri consist of in vitro and In vivo antagonist test. Antagonist test was carried out by dual culture method and the Streptomyces spp. which can inhibit the development of A porri would be used antagonist test in vivo. The study was designed using a Factorial Complete Randomized Design with two factors, candidate isolates of biological control agents and concentrations of Streptomyces spp. be diluted into 5%, 10%, and 15%, it will applied on shallot plant Bauji variety. The results of the In vitro test shown the highest inhibition zone from BMP 17.75% while BMS1 13.75%, BMS2 8,75%, and 8.50%. in vivo test shown lowest disease severity value in BMP 15% concentration was 1.13% while diseases severity of BMS1 was 1.27%, and BMS2 was 1.80%. Therefore, Streptomyces spp. has potency as an alternative pesticide for sustainable agriculture.

Increasing the Growth of Coelogyne rochussenii Orchid Plantlets by administering various concentrations of KH2PO4 and Pyridoxine

Coelogyne is a native Indonesian orchid with relatively large flower sizes and attractive colors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving concentrations of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KH2PO4) and Pyridoxine in Murashige And Skoog media on the growth of the Coelogyne Rochussenii De Vriese orchid subculture. The research was conducted at the UPT Tissue Culture Laboratory of Seeds of Food Crops, Horticulture, and Plantation, Riau Province, Jalan Kaharudin Nasution, Kelurahan Simpang Tiga, Kecamatan Bukit Raya, Kota Pekanbaru. The research was conducted for four months, from September to December 2022. The design used in this study was a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 2 treatment levels, KH2PO4 and Pyridoxine, with three replications, KH2PO4:160 mgl, 170 mg/l), 180 mg/l), 190 mg/l, and Pyridoxine: 0 ppm 0.0 5 ppm, 0.10 ppm, 0.15 ppm. The results of the study by administering various concentrations of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KH2PO4) and Pyridoxine did not significantly affect all parameters observed in Murashige and Skoog media on the growth of the Coelogyne Rochussenii De Vriese orchid subculture.

The Effect Of Groundwater Level And Organic Mulch Application On The Chemical Properties Of Peat Soil


 Peat as agricultural land has various obstacles, one of the problems is the decrease in groundwater level. This can have an impact on the availability of nutrients in the soil. Therefore, water management is an absolute necessity for agricultural activities on peatlands. Another effort that can be made to increase the fertility of peatlands as agricultural land is to use organic mulch. This study aims to analyze the effect of peat water level and application of organic mulch on the chemical properties of peat soil planted with corn. This research was conducted in Air Terbit Village, Riau Province and the Soil Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, from February to July 2021. This research used a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) method consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was the various heights of the groundwater level which consisted of 3 levels (30 cm, 40 cm and 50 cm), while the second factor was various types of organic mulch (without mulch, mulch of empty oil palm bunches, mulch of rice straw and mulch of corn stover). The results showed that the GWL 30 cm treatment and rice straw mulch increased the pH, Ca and Mg values ​​better than the other treatments, the N element also increased at GWL 30 cm. In general, the two treatment factors also increased the values ​​of P, CEC and Na in some experimental units. C-organic and K values ​​decreased after the treatment compared to the criteria of the soil before treatment.

Respon Pertumbuhan Pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.) terhadap Pemberian POC Limbah Baglog Jamur dan Kulit Semangka

Pakcoy (Brassica chinensis L.) is a vegetable from the Brassicaceae family. Pakcoy is a short-lived plant. Pakcoy contains fat, protein, Fe, Ca, P, Vitamins A, B, C, E, and K, with that pakcoy is very good for health and has prospects for high economic value. The first factor affecting the decline in pakcoy production is soil fertility. The continuous use of land with chemical fertilizers results in a decrease in biological, chemical and physical soil fertility, one of the efforts to overcome this problem is to improve cultivation techniques through fertilization. This study aims to determine the growth response of the pakcoy plant by administering liquid organic fertilizer from mushroom baglog waste and watermelon rinds. This study used a factorial complete randomized design with 2 factors, namely the interval of watering of liquid organic fertilizer and the volume of organic fertilizer dilution concentration and used quantitative descriptive analysis with the Two Way ANOVA test. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response of the pakcoy plant to the application of liquid organic fertilizer from mushroom baglog waste and watermelon rinds. The results of this study indicated that the TIV3 treatment (watering interval once every 3 days with a volume of 30% dilution concentration) gave a response to plant height with an average of 18.05 cm, number of leaves with an average of 6 leaves, and an average fresh weight of 11.50 g.

Effect of Transpiration on the Monocot Ornamental Plants Leave Anatomy

Transpiration refers to the loss of water from leaves, and increased levels can lead to changes in leaf morphology and anatomy, affecting the total thickness. This study aims to determine the effect of transpiration on leaf anatomy, particularly thickness, in six types of monocots ornamental plants, namely Rhoeo discolor (L'Her.) Hance ex Walp., Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb., Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev., Chlorophytum laxum R. Br, Dracaena reflexa Lam, and Aglaonema commutatum Schott. The study procedures were conducted using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (Factorial CRD) with an experimental approach. The first factor was the type of plant, while the second was the condition before and after transpiration. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by LSD and Pearson correlation tests. The results showed that the plant type factor significantly affected the thickness of leaf tissues. The conditions before and after transpiration also significantly impacted all leaf tissues except for the lower epidermis. Furthermore, this finding was supported by the positive correlation between the thickness shrinkage of the upper epidermis-mesophyll and transpiration. The results also revealed that the mesophyll of R. discolor, C. laxum, D. reflexa, and A. commutatum differentiated into palisade and spongy layers, but there was no differentiation in the other two species. The transpiration rate was observed to change along with the specific anatomical structure of the leaf tissues. The lowest rate was found in R. discolor with thicker hypodermis tissue, while the highest was in C. laxum with thinner mesophyll.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG DAUN JAMBU BIJI DAN ARANG AKTIF PADA RANSUM PUYUH PETELUR (Coturnix coturnix japonica) TERHADAP PRODUKTIFITAS MASA PUNCAK PRODUKSI

This study aims to determine the effect of adding guava leaf flour and activated charcoal to laying quail rations on productivity during peak production. The method used was experimental with a factorial complete randomized design, consisting of 4 treatments and repeated 6 times, treatment variations of two factors guava leaf flour (JB) and activated charcoal (AA) namely, P0 (100% control feed), P1 ( P0 + 0.5% JB + 0.5% AA), P2 (P0 + 0.5% JB + 1.0% AA), P3 (P0 +1.0% JB + 0.5% AA). The material used was 240 laying quails aged 90 days. Variables observed included feed consumption, egg production and FCR. The results of this study showed that the addition of guava leaf flour and activated charcoal to laying quail rations during peak production had no significant effect (P<0.05) on feed consumption with the lowest number at P0, namely 25.01 gram/head/day, egg production the highest was at P1 which was 92.36% and the lowest FCR was at P1 which was 2.47. The conclusion of the addition of guava leaf meal and activated charcoal to laying quail rations on peak production productivity had no significant effect on feed consumption, egg production and FCR.

Effect of seed bio priming with endophytes on seedquality of soybean under induced drought stress

A lab experiment was conducted during 2021-22 atRaichur Karnataka to study the effect of seed bio priming withendophytes was examined on seed quality parameters of soybean(JS-335). The experiment was laid out in two factorial completelyrandomized design with four replications.Results showed that seedbio priming with the endophyte Trichoderma hamatum (1 x 103 conidiaml-1) recorded significantly higher seed germination (81.2%), shootlength (15.9 cm), root length (9.5 cm), seedling vigour index-I (2073),growth rate index (24.08), peak value (893), mean daily germination(10.15) under drought stress as compared to control.

Sensory Characteristics of Walnut Fish Balls Made from Sago Flour Filler

Meatballs are a type of food that is very well known and liked by the wider community ranging from children to adults. Meatballs made from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) have not been found in the market, even though skipjack tuna in Maluku is one of the potential commodities. Skipjack tuna contains 19.6 g of protein and is very beneficial for the growth of children. The use of local food to process it into one nutritious food product is very important, meaning reducing dependence on food imported from outside the region. In addition to skipjack tuna, walnuts are also one of the local foods with high protein content (12.1%), so these two local foods from Maluku have been fortified into meatballs By using several formulation treatments, namely the ratio of fish to walnuts in percent (100: 0; 80: 20; 60: 40; 40: 60 and 20: 80). This study aims to determine the best formulation of meatballs from fish and walnut base ingredients and made from sago flour filler. The benefit of this study is that consumers can consume the meatballs produced, especially for stunted children who experience protein nutrition deficiencies. The experimental design used was a Factorial Complete Randomized Design using 5 treatments, namely skipjack tuna: walnut (%): (100: 0; 80: 20; 60: 40; 40: 60; 20: 80) with two replays So that 10 experimental units were obtained. The data is sensorily analyzed to determine its characteristics including hedonic tests (very like, like, somewhat like, and dislike) of taste, aroma, chewiness/texture, and color as well as quality tests hedonistic to the texture (very chewy, chewy, slightly chewy and not chewy) as well as flavor (very savory, savory, somewhat savory and not savory). Sensory tests were conducted on 30 somewhat trained and trained panelists. The data were analyzed in a fingerprinted manner and if there was a noticeable difference, it was followed by the Tukey test with a 95% confidence level.

Evaluation of Introgressed Lines of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Contrasting Water Treatments

Drought stress is a major production constraint in crops globally. Crop wild relatives are important sources of resistance and tolerance for both biotic and abiotic stresses, respectively. A breeding program was initiated to introgress drought tolerance in sunflowers through hybridization between the wild species Helianthus argophyllus and the cultivated pool of H. annuus. Selection was carried out from the F2 to F5 segregating populations for the silver canopy, high cuticular wax, small leaf area, single heading and high oil content. Cuticular wax ranged between 8.72 µg g−1 and 17.19 µg g−1 in the F5 offspring. The selected F5 breeding lines were self-pollinated to obtain the F6 generation. Thereafter, this F6 was compared with the non-adapted elite sunflower germplasm in a factorial complete randomized design with different water treatments; i.e., comparing fully irrigated (100%, T0) versus 75% (T1), 50% (T2) and 25% (T3) of total irrigation. The comparison between the two types of the germplasm showed that drought-tolerant breeding lines had a comparatively lesser decrease in leaf area (0, 11, 22%) and shoot length (4, 21, 28%) than the elite germplasm, which experienced a decrease in leaf area (21%, 33% and 40%) and shoot length (17, 27 and 34%) under the various drought treatments. Moreover, drought-tolerant breeding lines had 100% more root shoot ratios than the elite germplasm (20%) in T3 when compared with control. Several drought-tolerant promising lines (D-2, D-5 and D-27) were selected due to their high leaf area, great root length and increased root to shoot ratio under T3. Some of the lines could be directly used for the development of drought-tolerant hybrids. Combining ability testing indicated that D-27 (F7) was a good general combiner for seed yield plant−1 and oil content after mating with male-line RSIN.82. Resulting hybrids could help to minimize seed yield loss due to water stress and to achieve profitable cultivation of sunflowers in arid regions of Pakistan.

Effect of Different Levels of Chromium With and Without Organic Sources on the Availability of Primary Nutrients and Yield of Wheat

A pot experiment (2020-21) was conducted with different levels of -1 chromium (0, 10,20,30,40,50 mg kg ) with and without FYM or vermicompost (25g/10 kg soil) in completely factorial redomised block design in net house of the Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD). Maximum plant height was recorded in Cr0+VC (21.6 cm) followed by Cr0+FYM (19.8 cm)at 30 DAS. The increasing chromium concentration decrease the chlorophyll content in all the treatments Highest grain and straw yields of wheat were associated with Cr0+VC treatment, highest available N, P, K was recorded with Cr20+VC, Cr30+VC and Cr10+VC respectively.