Face Width Research Articles

An Anthropometric Study of the Morphologic Facial Index of Tibetan Youth in Tibet.

The purpose of this study was to understand sex differences and variations in facial indices among Tibetans and to create and evaluate anthropometric data on facial morphology. The study population consisted of 476 native Tibetans (241 males and 235 females) aged 18 to 24 years. The means and SD facial width was 133.53±7.31mm for males and 133.95±8.10mm for females; the difference between the sexes was not statistically significant. The means and SD facial height was 107.68±5.76mm for males and 111.95±14.28mm for females; the difference between the sexes was statistically significant (u=-8.394, P=0.000). The morphologic facial index was 80.86±5.82 (means±SD) for males and 83.91±11.90 (means±SD) for females; the difference between the sexes was statistically significant (u=-6.581, P=0.000). The proportion of the Tibetan male facial shape was hypereuryprosopic (45.6%) > euryprosopic (31.1%) > mesoprosopic (18.7%) > leptoprosopic (3.3%) > hyperleptoprosopic (1.2%). The proportion of the Tibetan female facial shape was hypereuryprosopic (25.5%) > mesoprosopic (22.6%) > euryprosopic (21.7%) > leptoprosopic (17.4%) > hyperleptoprosopic (12.8%). Facial width was positively correlated with height (male r=0.306, P=0.000; female r=0.144, P=0.027), weight (r=0.470, P=0.000 for males; r=0.337, P=0.000 for females), and BMI (r=0.378, P=0.000 for males; r=0.291, P=0.000 for females). Facial height was positively correlated with height (r=0.329, P=0.000 for males; r=0.137, P=0.035 for females) and weight (r=0.391, P=0.000 for males; r=0.170, P=0.009 for females). Facial height was positively correlated with BMI in Tibetan males (r=0.293, P=0.000), but no significant correlation was found in Tibetan females. The morphologic facial index of Tibetans was positively correlated with age (r=0.183, P=0.004 for males; r=0.171, P=0.009 for females). The results indicated that Tibetan youth in Tibet have a predominantly hypereuryprosopic facial shape and that facial features are related to age, height, and weight. Some common facial morphology features exist among the Tibet Tibetans, northeastern Indians, and Nepalese in the 3 different regions of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The data from this study provide basic information for the study of Tibetans in the fields of physical anthropology, forensic medicine, maxillofacial surgery, and plastic surgery.

Analytical and Experimental Investigation to Resolve Surface Related Fatigue Failure in Helical Gears

With the improvement of metallurgical process and tools it became possible to modify the material property of the steel to a desired possible level where its torque transmission capability can be enhanced. Case hardening and surface grinding is one such method which is used to leverage the surface durability and core strength of gears. With the enhancement in the torque transmission capability the load per unit area of face width also increased causing huge surface pressure. They are subjected to various conditions of load, speed, temperature, and ambient conditions. Micropitting is one such surface related failure which starts on tooth flank in terms of surface texture change. This may further grow in magnitude and result in catastrophic failure. This research work is performed to compare the results of analytical and experimental investigation for the possible micropitting initiative zone. Analytical approach is carried out by using the KISSsys model and the experimental work is carried out by using a dynamometer test rig to apply the load on the gearbox shaft for a defined load cycle. It was clearly visible that the micropitting has initiated below the pitch line of pinion. Tooth profile is later modified with lead and crown modification. After the application of this modification the tooth profile related failure was not visible for similar load testing cycle.

Anthropometric Measurements of the Nose and Nose Types

Background: In this study, the purpose was to obtain normal anthropometric data of the nose, and to determine the changes in age and gender. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the nose anthropometric measurements were made with a caliper in 874 healthy individuals who were between the ages of 5 and 64, and the nose types were de-termined for adults. The individuals were divided into 8 groups as 5-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-40, and 41-64-year-old. The nasal length, nasal height, morphological nasal width, anatomical nasal width, nasal root width, nasal depth, lengths, nostril widths, face width, and face heights of the individu-als were measured; and the external nasal surface area, nasal volume, nasal index, nasofacial index, and nose-face width index were calculated. According to Martin and Sallar, the types of noses were classified in adults. The SPSS 20.0 Program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The most common type of nose was determined to be Mesorrhine. Statistically significant differ-ences were detected between the genders in all measurements except nasal depth. Statistically signifi-cant differences were detected in all groups in terms of all length and height measurements, morphologi-cal and anatomical nasal width values, external nasal surface areas, and nasal volume and indices. Conclusions: It is expected that detailed data about age-sex-related nose morphometry in our study will contribute to the creation of a database of our population. It is thought that these detailed data will be helpful in the determination of age and gender in forensic medicine, the reconstruction studies in anthro-pology, and the treatment plan and post-surgery evaluation to surgeons.

Facial cues to physical strength are not always associated with facial masculinity: Comparative study of Europeans and Southern Siberians.

The aim of our study was to compare morphometric patterns of facial sexual dimorphism with strength-face relationship in members of two distinct populations of European and Central Asian origin: Russians and Tuvans. Handgrip strength (HGS) measures and facial photographs were collected from Russian (n = 233) and Tuvan (n = 187) men and women. We digitized 70 landmarks and semilandmarks on full-face and 54 landmarks and semilandmarks on profile photos. This was done to capture variation in facial morphology. After that, we performed the shape regressions of landmarks' coordinates upon sex and HGS. Results were visualized in forms of thin-plate deformation grids and geometric morphometric morphs. In both populations, HGS was associated significantly with male facial shape only. In Russian men, strength-related changes of facial shape were almost completely in direction of increase in male-typicality. This was especially evident for the relative lower facial width, which was higher in men compared to women, as well as in stronger men compared to weaker ones. On the contrary, in Tuvans the lower face was relatively narrower in men than in women. However, the facial shape of strong Tuvan men was also associated with relatively wider lower face. Our results indicate that the effect of strength on facial shape is relatively independent of facial sexual dimorphism. Our findings clearly demonstrate that physical strength is associated with the shape of the lower part of male faces even in populations with a mismatched direction of lower face sexual dimorphism.

Customized planning of the visible maxillary arch width in harmony with interparopia width and smile width for female facial aesthetics.

The visible maxillary arch width (VAW) is an important aesthetic-determining feature. To date, there is no well-established methodology to determine the aesthetically optimal VAW in customized treatment planning. In this study, the common traits of the dentofacial configuration were investigated in most attractive Asian and Caucasian female smiles. The smiling photo of a subject was digitally modified based on combined variations of VAW, smile width (SW), transverse facial dimensions (TFD), and vertical facial dimensions. These modified photos were assessed for aesthetics. The aesthetically essential parameters were identified, and their mathematic correlations and reference ranges were determined for different vertical facial patterns. Using the obtained results, a mathematic guidance was constructed for customized smile designing. The applicability of this guidance was tested in Asian females. The most attractive Asian and Caucasian female smiles have intraracial and interracial commonalities in the VAW-to-TFD ratios. The interparopia width (IPD) predominated over facial widths in determining well-matched VAW and SW. For optimal smile aesthetics, the VAW and SW were correlated as simulated by the formula 1.92 IPD ≤ VAW + 2.3 SW ≤ 2.17 IPD, plus the VAW-to-IPD ratio within 0.54 to 0.62 and the SW-to-IPD ratio within 0.61 to 0.71, ranges tailored to vertical facial patterns. This constitutes a mathematic guidance for customized planning of the aesthetically optimal VAW. This guidance was preliminarily validated to be applicable to Asian females. The VAW-to-TFD ratios were essential for Caucasian and Asian female smile aesthetics. The mathematic guidance could serve as a reference for customized smile designs for Asian females.

Ontogenetic changes in bite force and gape in tufted capuchins.

Bite force and gape are two important performance metrics of the feeding system, and these metrics are inversely related for a given muscle size because of fundamental constraints in sarcomere length-tension relationships. How these competing performance metrics change in developing primates is largely unknown. Here we quantify in vivo bite forces and gapes across ontogeny and examine these data in relation to body mass and cranial measurements in captive tufted capuchins, Sapajus spp. Bite forces and gapes were also compared across geometric and mechanical properties of mechanically challenging foods to investigate relationships between bite forces, gapes, and food accessibility (defined here as the ability to breach shelled nuts). Bite forces at a range of gapes and feeding behavioral data were collected from a cross-sectional ontogenetic series of 20 captive and semi-wild tufted capuchins at the Núcleo de Procriação de Macacos-Prego Research Center in Araçatuba, Brazil. These data were paired with body mass, photogrammetric measures of jaw length and facial width, and food geometric and material properties. Tufted capuchins with larger body masses had absolutely higher in vivo bite forces and gapes, and animals with wider faces had absolutely higher bite forces. Bite forces and gapes were significantly smaller in juveniles compared to subadults and adults. These are the first primate data to empirically demonstrate the gapes at which maximum active bite force is generated and to demonstrate relationships to food accessibility. These data advance our understanding of how primates meet the changing performance demands of the feeding system during development.

A Contribution to the Analysis of the Effects of Pulsed Current in GTAW Welding of 1-mm-Thick AISI 304 Sheets

GTAW welding with pulsed current has been misinterpreted in some of the classic literature and scientific articles. General conclusions are presented, stating that its use provides greater penetration compared to the use of constant current and that the simple pulsation of the current promotes beneficial metallurgical effects. Therefore, this manuscript presents a critical analysis of this topic and adopts the terminology of thermal pulsation for the situation where the weld undergoes sensitive effects, regarding grain orientation during solidification. For comparison purposes, an index called the form factor (ratio between the root width and the face width of the weld bead) is adopted. It is shown that the penetration of a welding with pulsed current can be worse than constant current depending on the formulation of the adopted procedure. Moreover, metallurgical effects on solidification, such as grain orientation breakage, only occur when there is adequate concatenation between the pulsation frequency and the welding speed. Finally, a thermal simulation of the process showed that the pulsation frequency limits the welding speed so that there is an overlap of the molten pool in each current pulse, and continuity of the bead is obtained at the root. For frequencies of 1 Hz and 2.5 Hz, the limit welding speed was 3.3 mm/s and 4.1 mm/s, respectively.

Facial Contour Features Measured on CT Reflects Upper Airway Morphology in Patients With OSA.

To determine facial contour features, measured on computed tomography (CT), related to upper airway morphology in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); certain phenotype of facial abnormalities implying restriction of craniofacial skeleton and adipose tissue nimiety has predicted the value of the severity of OSA. Sixty-four male patients with OSA [apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥10/h] who had upper airway CT were randomly selected to quantitatively measure indicators of facial contour and upper airway structures. Pearson correlation analyses were performed. Partial correlation procedure was used to examine correlations while controlling body mass index (BMI). Upper airway anatomy can nearly all be reflected in the face, except retroglossal airway. Upper face width can be measured to assess the overall skeletal structures of the airway. Lower face width can be used to represent how much adipose tissue deposited. Hard palate, retropalatal, and hypopharyngeal airways have corresponding face indicators respectively. Midface width is a better predictor of AHI severity and minimum blood oxygen even than neck circumference because it contains the most anatomical information about the airway, including RP airway condition, soft palate length, tongue volume, etc. These correlations persisted even after correction for BMI. All anatomical features of the upper airway except retroglossal airway can be reflected in the face, and midface width is the best predictor of AHI severity and minimum blood oxygen, even better than neck circumference and BMI.

Application of the Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis for Multi-Objective Optimization of a Two-Stage Bevel Helical Gearbox

This paper introduces a novel approach to deal with the multi-objective optimization of a two-stage bevel helical gearbox by applying the Taguchi method and Grey Relation Analysis (GRA). The goal of the study is to find optimal main design factors that minimize the gearbox volume and maximize the gearbox efficiency. To accomplish this, five main design parameters were selected: the coefficients of wheel face width (CWFW) of the bevel and the helical gear sets, the allowable contact stresses (ACS) of the first and the second stages, and the gear ratio of the first stage. Furthermore, two single targets were investigated: minimum gearbox volumes, and maximum gearbox efficiency. Also, the multi-objective optimization problem is solved through two steps: Step 1 for closing the gap between variable levels and Step 2 for determining the optimal main design factors. The study’s findings were used to introduce the optimum values of five major design parameters for designing a two-stage helical gearbox.

3D Facial Changes Between Maximal Intercuspal Position and Physiologic Rest Position.

To evaluate the soft tissue changes of the face between two positions of occlusion: maximal intercuspal position (MIP) and physiologic rest position (RP). In this study, facial surface scans of 83 volunteers in two mandibular positions (MIP and RP) were obtained using a 3D optical scanner. On each 3D image, 21 cephalometric soft tissue landmarks were identified and then compared using t test for various facial parameters (widths, heights, depths, angles, and ratio). Additionally, a regional analysis of the facial surface differences in each patient between the two mandibular positions was performed using a whole scan shell best-fit method and the regional forehead best-fit method. In MIP, facial heights with the nasion-gnathion distance shortened by approximately 1.2 mm (due to the vertical shrinkage of both lips together by 0.8 mm), and the mouth width was significantly widened, while other facial widths displayed no change. The labiomental angle and the upper vermilion arch were altered correspondingly, and regional analysis confirmed the findings with evident changes in the mandibular and subnasal areas with deviations amplified toward the facial midline. By applying 3D facial-scanning technology, this study displayed changes of facial appearance in different mandibular positions (MIP and RP), highlighting the need to instruct and monitor the patient's mandibular position more consistently to achieve accurate and repeatable data in a 3D facial analysis.

A new method for the single mesh stiffness calculation of helical gear considering slice coupling effect

In this paper, a new method is proposed, calculating the single mesh stiffness by cobining the silce principle and contact line analysis. Firstly, this method obtains the length of the contact line of the helical gear through contact line analysis. Secondly, along the tooth face width, the teeth of helical gear is separated into a series of equivalent thin teeth of spur gear. Thirdly, in order to consider the slice coupling effect, a weighting factor is introduced to modify the stiffness of the thin tooth itself according to the contribution of the thin tooth to the overall stiffness, which is distributed in parabola. Finally, by integrating the equivalent thin teeth of the spur gear along the contact line, the single mesh stiffness is calculated. The investigation shows that the influence of the slice coupling effect on single meshing stiffness related to the relationship between the value of transverse contact ratio and overlap ratio. When transverse contact ratio is greater, the influence of the slice coupling effect on the single mesh stiffness is very small an can be ignored, and when the overlap ratio is larger, which is significant.

Anthropometric Study of Facial Index and its Clinical Implications among Medical Students in Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, Rupandehi, Nepal

Background: The human facial contour has always been an interesting subject for anatomists, anthropologists, plastic surgeons and artists. The purpose of study was to create and evaluate data on face anthropometry. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 200 medical students studying at a ter­tiary care hospital during the period of 5th September 2022 to 5th February 2023 after ethical clearance from the institutional review committee (Ref. No: 194/079/080). Simple random sampling was done. Data were collected, entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results: We observed that mean indices of the facial height was10.43± 0.84, facial width was 12.40±0.68,range of facial height was 9.31-13.01 and range of facial width was11.10-15.13 cm. Mesoprosopic face was predominant among female whereas leptoprosopic face type was more common among male population of the study. The most common face type was mesoprosopic and the uncommon was hyperleptoprosopic. The least common face among men was Europrosopic while among women was hyperleptoprosopic type. There was significant difference in the male and the female facial index. Conclusions: A higher index for all the parameters was seen among males than females. The data obtained may be useful in anthropological research, forensic, genetic research, as well as in medical clinical practice.

The Facial Characteristics of Individuals with Posterior Crossbite: A Cross-Sectional Study

Facial morphology is known to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Scientific evidence regarding facial parameters in patients with posterior crossbite is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the association between posterior crossbite and facial parameters. This cross-sectional study included 34 adolescents with and 34 adolescents without posterior crossbite in the age range from 13 to 15 years. Facial surface scans were acquired with a 3dMD imaging system, and landmark-based analysis was performed. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlations. Individuals in the control group had lower face heights (females: p = 0.003, r = 0.45; males: p = 0.005, r = 0.57). The control group females presented with smaller intercanthal width (p = 0.04; r = 0.31) and anatomical nose width (p = 0.004; r = 0.43) compared with the crossbite group females. The males in the control group had wider nostrils. In the control group, significant correlations among different facial parameters were more common, including the correlations between eye width and other transversal face measurements. On the contrary, the facial width was correlated with nasal protrusion (r = 0.657; p < 0.01) and the morphological width of the nose (r = 0.505; p < 0.05) in the crossbite group alone. In both groups, the philtrum width was linked with the anatomical and morphological widths of the nose. Conclusions: Patients with posterior crossbites have increased face height and different patterns of facial proportions compared with individuals without crossbites.

Multi-Objective Optimization of a Two-Stage Helical Gearbox Using Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis

This paper presents a novel approach to solve the multi-objective optimization problem designing a two-stage helical gearbox by applying the Taguchi method and the grey relation analysis (GRA). The objective of the study is to identify the optimal main design factors that maximize the gearbox efficiency and minimize the gearbox mass. To achieve that, five main design factors. including the coefficients of wheel face width (CWFW) of the first and the second stages, the allowable contact stresses (ACS) of the first and the second stages, and the gear ratio of the first stage were chosen. Additionally, two single objectives, including the maximum gearbox efficiency and minimum gearbox mass, were analyzed. In addition, the multi-objective optimization problem is solved through two phases: Phase 1 solves the single-objective optimization problem in order to close the gap between variable levels, and phase 2 solves the multi-objective optimization problem to determine the optimal main design factors. From the results of the study, optimum values of five main design parameters for designing a two-stage helical gearbox were first introduced.

Pass rates of four P2/N95 respirators or filtering facepiece respirators in Australian healthcare providers: A prospective observational study.

P2/N95 respirators or filtering facepiece respirators may not have the same pass rate on quantitative fit testing. The aim of this study was to investigate the pass rate of four commonly used filtering facepiece respirators in Australian healthcare providers. The secondary objectives included assessing the ease of donning, doffing and comfort of wearing these four filtering facepiece respirators for more than 30 minutes. A multivariable analysis was also conducted to assess if certain variables (e.g. age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, facial width and length) were associated with passing or failing fit testing. We conducted a prospective observational study of 150 hospital staff who presented for fit testing in a metropolitan hospital in Victoria, Australia. The order of the four filtering facepiece respirators being tested was randomised. A Cochran's Q test was used to test the global null hypothesis that all four filtering facepiece respirators being tested have the same pass rate. A difference in pass rate was found between the four filtering facepiece respirators that were tested (P < 0.001). The 3M™ Aura 1870+ (3M Australia Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW) had the highest pass rate (83%) followed by the 3M™ 1860 (3M Australia Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW) (61%), BSN ProShield™ N95 (BSN Medical, Mulgrave, Victoria) (55%) and the BYD DE2322 N95 (BYD Care, Los Angeles, CA, USA) (44%). There was also a difference in the ease of donning, doffing and comfort. Therefore, healthcare facilities that perform fit testing should take these factors into consideration when designing an effective respiratory protection programme.

Nasofacial Morphometry of Ekpeye Tribe in Rivers State, Nigeria

Background: Nasofacial Anthropometry is concerned with the measurements of the proportions, size and shape of the human nose and face [1]. This study was aimed at investigating the nasofacial dimensions in Ekpeye tribe in Rivers state.&#x0D; Methods: Nasofacial parameters of 362 adults were measured using vernier calliper. The nasal length was measured as the distance between the nasion and the nasopinale; nasal width was measured as the distance between ala to ala. The morphological facial length was measured as the distance from the nasion to gnathion and morphological facial width was measured as the distance between right and left zygomatic arches.&#x0D; Results: Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. The mean nasal index for the males was 95.03±17.31 while females presented with 91.04±10.39, this is statistically significant. The mean facial index for the males was 101.72±59.52 while females presented with 93.18±12.65.&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that the Ekpeye people have platyrrhine type of nose and Hyperleptoprosopic category of face. Hence the data in this study has provided anthropometric data for the Ekpeye people, which will be beneficial in forensic science and nasofacial reconstructive surgeries.

Effect of ground tire rubber media's viscoelasticity and flow passage geometry on the abrasive flow finishing of helical gear

This work aims to elucidate the behavior of viscoelastic ground tire rubber media (GTRM) under abrupt contraction and expansion of the media at the entry and exit of the gear flow channel and its influence on polishing results. Due to the inherent nature of the abrasive flow finishing (AFF) process, the media flow converges at the entrance of the gear tooth as it flows from a larger fixture cross-section to a narrower volumetric space between gear teeth. The material removal and subsequent surface roughness rely heavily on the flow's pressure and velocity. A numerical simulation was performed to obtain the pressure and velocity along the gear flank face width (FFW). To investigate the effect of variation in the media deformation rate along the gear flow channel on AFF results, the material removal height and improvement in average surface roughness at different locations along the tooth flank face width were measured. AFF results reveal that the material removal near the two edges of the gear tooth is higher and has an inferior surface finish compared to the tooth's center. Due to the abrupt compression of the media at the flow channel entrance, the media act elastically dominant, resulting in high pressure and flow velocity near the tooth edge (flow channel's entry). Additionally, the effect of the helix angle on the AFF of various helical gear (HG) was investigated. Among the three HGs chosen, the 30° HG produces the lowest surface roughness under moderate pressure and high velocity. The microhardness and fretting wear analyses further confirm that the AFF polishing increases the microhardness and wear resistance of the gear tooth surface as a result of work hardening and minimizing surface defects.

Study on the hydrodynamic added mass of rectangular pier under sine wave actions

As for deep-water bridges in river, sea, and reservoirs, the water-structure interaction is non-negligible when investigating its seismic performance. Morison equation and radiation wave theory are two main methods for calculation of hydrodynamic pressure resulted from water-structure interaction, which cannot truly simulate the complicated interaction between water and structures. This study conducts a series of underwater shaking table tests on seven rectangular steel tubes to predict the hydrodynamic added mass of rectangular piers considering water-pier interaction. The influence of action amplitude, action frequency, water depth, depth of cross section, and width of upstream face of the pier on hydrodynamic added mass is investigated. The results show that the hydrodynamic added mass of pier first decreases and then increases with action frequencies. The hydrodynamic added mass is proportional to a-th (a > 1) power of water depth due to the influence of structures on the movement of water. The hydrodynamic added mass increases with depth of cross section and width of upstream face of pier, and changes slightly with the action amplitude with maximum percentage of 10% and thus can be neglected. Therefore, except for the water depth, depth of cross section, and width of upstream face, the frequency characteristics of ground motions should be considered when analyzing the water-pier interaction under earthquake actions.

BODY COMPOSITION AS A FUNCTION OF COAT COLOR, SEX AND AGE IN LOCAL KIDS FROM NORTHERN MEXICO

The aim was to evaluate the effect of coat color, sex and age on body composition in local kids from northern Mexico. Eighty-three local kids between 1 and 30 days of age were selected. They were assigned to groups according to coat color (dark and light), sex (males and females) and age (1=1 to 10; 2=11 to 20 and 3=21 to 30 days). Pigmentation of skin, hooves, mucous membranes, morphostructural characteristics, live weight and 14 zoomometric measurements were evaluated. A predominant phenotype was found of animals without mammels, beards, without pigment in the skin and hooves, with horns, horizontal ears and pigmented mucous membranes. The highest values (p &lt; 0.05) for live weight (PV), neck length and width (LCue, ACue), chest circumference (CPe) and flank depth (PFl) were found in dark kids. The highest value (p &lt; 0.05) in ear length (LO) was observed in light-colored kids. When considering sex, the highest values (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in males for all traits, except for length and width of face (LCa, ACa) and width of ears (AO), height at withers (ACruz), PFl and sacrolumbar height (ASL), which were not different (p &gt; 0.05). When considering age, the highest values were found in all traits for group 3. All variables were positively and significantly correlated. The variables showing the greatest magnitude of change in the first 20 days of age are PV (+40 %), LCa, LCor, CPe (+15 %) and LCue, ACruz, PFl, leg length (+10 %), while between 20 and 30 days of age the magnitude of change generally decreases. It is concluded that coat color, sex and age significantly influence the body composition of local kids from northern Mexico, which may have implications in the selection and marketing thereof.

FACIAL MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF ADULT HAUSA MALE TAXI AND TRICYCLE DRIVERS IN KANO, NIGERIA

Human faces contain several cues, for example, identity, emotional expression, age, gender, ethnicity, attractiveness, personality traits, and many more. The aim of this study was to determine the facial parameters in the population of Hausa Male taxi and tricycle drivers in Kano, Nigeria and to compare them with those determined in earlier studies in different populations. Four hundred (402) subjects were selected from the two association in Kano state, Tsaya da Kafarka Taxi Drivers Association and Tricycle Operators Association Kano (TOAKAN), using random sampling methods, with the age range of the participants between 18-50 years and Those with facial deformities or craniofacial trauma, surgery, and congenital facial abnormalities were excluded from the study. Photographic methods were used to capture the face. The data were expressed as mean ± SD, frequency, and percentages. It was observed that facial height (tr_gn) was higher in the facial vertical dimensions than the rest with the mean value of 190.59 ±17.60mm, while the lower face width (go1_go2) was higher in the horizontal facial dimensions than the rest, with the mean value of 115.92±11.86mm. The right eye length (ex1_en1) was slightly lower (30.07±3.80mm) than the left (30.27±3.81mm). In conclusion, the present study has established the baseline data of facial dimensions of Hausa Male taxi and tricycle drivers in Kano, Nigeria.