Face Width Research Articles

The Correlation Between Maxillary Central Incisor Dimensions and Different Points on the Face in a Syrian Population.

Statement of the Problem: When replacing the maxillary central incisor (MCI) or adjusting its dimensions, Syrian dentists may have difficulties in selecting the appropriate size due to the lack of a dental anthropometric database for Syrian society. Purpose: The purpose of this observational study was to investigate the correlation between MCI dimensions and face length and width in Syrian females and males. Materials and Methods: The study included 180 Syrian participants (90 females and 90 males) without facial or dental defects and aged between 20 and 25 years. A digital photograph of each individual's face was taken to measure face length and width. Maxillary stone casts were made for each individual to assess the MCI width and height using a digital caliper. The correlation between facial and dental variables was investigated with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Moreover, intersex variations were tested using an independent-sample t-test (p < 0.05 considered significant). Results: The mean MCI width was 8.58 mm, the mean MCI cervical width was 7.96 mm, the mean MCI height was 9.69 mm, the average MCI width-to-height ratio was 89%, and the average MCI cervical width-to-height ratio was 82%. The intersex variations in dental values were not statistically significant. None of the studied facial dimensions showed any significant correlation with any of the MCI measurements. Conclusion: The faces of Syrian men were larger than those of Syrian women, but their MCIs had similar proportions and sizes. Facial height and width were not the appropriate parameters for determining MCI size for Syrians.

Influence of facial width on the perception of lip protrusion and its differences between profile and 3-dimensional video clip

This study evaluated the influence of facial width on the perception of lip protrusion and investigated the concordance between 2-dimensional (2D) profile images and 3-dimensional (3D) video clips in assessing lip protrusion. An Asian female standard head model was created using 3D modeling software. Eight head models were constructed by modifying the standard head model in terms of facial width (broad, neutral, and slim) and lip protrusion (retrusive, straight, and protrusive). Overall, 97 Asian raters rated the lip protrusion from the 2D profiles and 3D rotation video clips of the 9 models. No significant differences were found in the perception of lip protrusion in terms of sex, age, or occupation. Compared with the 2D profiles, the 3D video clips were rated as more protrusive in 8 of the 9 head models, with the retrusive broad, retrusive neutral, straight broad, and straight slim faces showing statistical significance (P<0.01). The rating is significantly higher in slim faces than in broad faces across the 3 groups of 2D profiles (P<0.01). For 3D video clips, the rating was higher in slim faces than in broad faces in all 3 groups, whereas differences were significant in the straight and protrusive groups only (P<0.01). In this study, 3D video clips were more sensitive to the perception of lip protrusion than were 2D profiles to some extent. The lips were rated relatively more protrusive in a slim face than in a broad face. Therefore, the relationship between facial width and lip protrusion should be considered in orthodontic treatment goals and treatment plans.

Effects of female hair braiding on selected facial Anthropometrics

Objective: Effects of heavy hair braiding on facial anthropometrics have raised concerns in recent times. These concerns arise from the potential impact on cultural practices and the implications for physical appearance and self-perception. This study aimed to investigate the effects of braiding on the soft anthropometrics in face and head among students in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 503 healthy participants, aged 19 to 25 years, were randomly recruited from an institution. Measurements of total facial length and face width were taken. A structured questionnaire was used, that contain anatomical, theatrical, and socio-psychological questions to evaluate the effects of braiding on the face and head. Participants responded using a Likert scale. Results: Mesocephalic shape was the commonest classification of the skulls based on cephalic indices. Relationship between age and facial parameters of the study population showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.17, p&lt;0.05). Majority of respondents agreed that face type/facial structure determines the type of braid (n = 138) and braid can pull the forehead backward (n = 102). Conclusion: This study will contribute to understanding the influence of braiding on facial and head anthropometrics among Nigerian students. This information can inform discussions on cultural practices and their implications for physical appearance and self-perception.

Effects of female hair braiding on selected facial Anthropometrics

Objective: Effects of heavy hair braiding on facial anthropometrics have raised concerns in recent times. These concerns arise from the potential impact on cultural practices and the implications for physical appearance and self-perception. This study aimed to investigate the effects of braiding on the soft anthropometrics in face and head among students in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 503 healthy participants, aged 19 to 25 years, were randomly recruited from an institution. Measurements of total facial length and face width were taken. A structured questionnaire was used, that contain anatomical, theatrical, and socio-psychological questions to evaluate the effects of braiding on the face and head. Participants responded using a Likert scale. Results: Mesocephalic shape was the commonest classification of the skulls based on cephalic indices. Relationship between age and facial parameters of the study population showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.17, p&lt;0.05). Majority of respondents agreed that face type/facial structure determines the type of braid (n = 138) and braid can pull the forehead backward (n = 102). Conclusion: This study will contribute to understanding the influence of braiding on facial and head anthropometrics among Nigerian students. This information can inform discussions on cultural practices and their implications for physical appearance and self-perception.

The Correlation Between the Foramen Magnum Dimensions and the Main Craniometric Data of the Skull

The purpose of the study was to study the correlation between the length and width of the foramen magnum and the craniometric data of the skull. Methods. The research material consisted of 200 skulls. There were 20 skulls of adolescence age, I adulthood age 68, II adulthood age 72, and elderly age 40. In total, there were 86 male skulls and 114 female skulls. Foramen magnum length is measured as the mid-sagittal distance from the most anterior point on the foramen magnum to opisthion. Foramen magnum breadth is gauged between the lateral margins of the foramen magnum at the point of greatest lateral curvature. A non-parametric ρ-Spearman's rank correlation was used in the study. Results. A correlation between the foramen magnum length and foramen magnum breadth is identified (r=0.479, P&lt;0.001).The foramen magnum length positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital height, biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth, frontal chord, biasterionic breadth, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. The foramen magnum breadth positively correlates with maximum cranial length, nasio-occipital length, bizygomatic breadth, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, basion-prosthion length, maxilla-alveolar breadth, maxilla-alveolar length, biauricular breadth, upper facial breadth, nasal height, left and right orbital breadths, left and right orbital heights, biorbital breadth, frontal chord, parietal chord, bimaxillary breadth, and zygoorbitale breadth. Conclusion. The fact that the length and breadth of the foramen magnum positively correlate with many basic craniometric indicators allows us to regard the foramen itself, or rather, the structures limiting it, as quite stable.

Fotogrametrijski parametri lica kao pokazatelji lepote

Introduction: Beauty and attractiveness of a person's facial features are very subjective and also influenced by many factors, such as cultural, social, and personal. It is due to many complex neural mechanisms, that we are able to perceive everything, and also decide if something is attractive or not. The most common and the most significant factors associated with good facial aesthetics are symmetry and proportions of the face. It is important to note that they can be thoroughly analysed using photogrammetry, which represents a non-invasive technique that involves using photographs or 3D imaging methods to capture and analyze the craniofacial structures and features for diagnostic, treatment planning, monitoring and research purposes. When it comes to photogrammetry, angular parameters such as nasofrontal, nasolabial, mentolabial and facial profile angle and linear parameters such as facial width to height ratio, nasal width, interocular and interpupillary distance, philtrum length, chin and forehead height of the face are of great importance. Aim: In this literature survey authors wanted to highlight if these measurements and parameters were enough for determining the beauty and attractiveness of a face if used on their own. Conclusion: Facial photogrammetry has several applications in the field of medicine, particularly in areas such as dermatology, orthodontics, maxillofacial and plastic surgery, due to the usage of angular and linear parameters, as well as other purposes. With many advancements and adjustments, it has become accurate and accessible and has also significantly improved diagnostics, patient care, treatments and outcomes in various cases in medicine and dentistry.

Detection and Theoretical Numerical Simulation of the Failure Depth of the Bottom Plate in Belt Pressure Mining

Aiming at the problems of safety production cost caused by the increase of mining face width and pressure mining in Xizhuo Coal Mine in Chenghe Mining area, a mechanical model of floor plastic slip failure is established based on the theory of plastic slip line, and the difference between it and the traditional floor failure model is analyzed. The damaged contour line of the support stress and lateral support stress on the bottom plate through the advancing direction of the working face is the intersection line of a straight line and an arc line. The failure of the floor caused by lateral supporting stress is the failure of the floor again on the basis of the failure of the floor in the advancing direction of the working face, and there is a superimposed failure area. The analysis of the failure form of the stope floor by this mechanical model is closer to the engineering practice. By using “ultrasonic detection method + stress monitoring inverse analysis method,” the measured data such as disturbance failure depth and distribution law of large mining width working face were obtained. The test method used in this paper is relatively rare in the monitoring of the depth of floor disturbance failure at home and abroad. Considering that the traditional pressure water test method has disadvantages such as easy collapse hole, long period, and large error in monitoring the failure rule of deep floor rock mass, the embedded stress monitoring and reverse analysis method and ultrasonic detection method are used to successfully collect and real‐time monitor the data of rock floor before, during and after mining in the lower part of wide mining face of Xizhuo Coal Mine for the first time, and several effective data are obtained, which solves the three‐part “spatial‐time” all‐round floor disturbance and failure law field measurement which cannot be realized by traditional testing technology. By comparing the results of theoretical analysis, field measurement, and numerical simulation, the law and depth of floor disturbance failure of a 240‐m wide mining face in the Chenghe mining area are obtained for the first time, which provides scientific guidance for floor water disaster induced by coal seam mining under similar conditions in the future and has an important reference role for the prevention and control of Ordovician ash water disaster in coal mining. It provides important technical parameters for the safe setting of the effective water barrier layer and the selection and timing of the grouting layer of the floor, which can bring considerable economic and social benefits. The research results have important popularization value.

Bragg reflection of linear shallow-water waves by an array of widely spaced trapezoidal bars on a fringing reef flat

A closed-form solution to the linear shallow-water wave equation for wave reflection by a finite periodic array of widely spaced trapezoidal bars on a fringing reef flat is presented. It is shown that, when the total number, height, or top width of the trapezoidal bars increases, the strength of the Bragg resonance increases but the downward shift of the resonance phase becomes more pronounced. When the width of the reef face increases or when the reef face changes from a concave profile to a convex profile, the strength of the Bragg resonance decreases and the downward shift of the resonance phase also becomes more pronounced. Especially, it is found that the location of trapezoidal bars plays an important role in the strength and occurrence condition of the Bragg resonant reflection. Finally, the optimal collocation of the location and width of trapezoidal bars is investigated. Considering both construction cost and reflecting capacity, the relative width is recommended to be within 0.4≤wb/d≤0.6 and the distance from the reef edge to trapezoidal bars is suggested to be equal to the spacing of trapezoidal bars.

Facial Analysis of the Igbo Ethnic Group of Nigeria for the Evaluation of Sexual Dimorphism

Background: Facial analysis defines the measurement of soft tissue in the face used in forensics, anthropology, artistic design, and facial reconstruction. The study aims to evaluate the sexual differences in facial parameters among the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria.&#x0D; Methods: 400 (200 males and 200 females) subjects of Igbo origin volunteered for the study. Each subject's frontal view photographs were taken in the Natural Head Position (NHP) and analyzed using Pro-Image Facial Software Version 2 to evaluate the nasal width, nasal height, mouth width, facial width, facial height, inner canthal distance, and outer canthal distance. Data obtained were analyzed with IBM SPSS (version 23) and independent T-test as an inferential statistic.&#x0D; Results: The result showed that NW was (M=5.16±0.65, F=5.34±0.53, t=-2.91, p=0.00), NH was (M=5.61±0.62, F=5.26±0.57, t=5.92, p=0.00), MW was (M=6.64±0.7, F=6.54±0.71, t=1.46, p=0.14), FW was (M=16.17±1.31, F=15.07±2.04, t=6.39, p=0.00), FH was (M=16.63±1.11, F=16.08±1.31, t=4.36, p=0.00), En was (M=4.62±0.46, F=4.31±0.47, t=6.75, p=0.00) and Ex was (M=12.23±0.86, F=12.16±1.01, t=0.82, p=0.41).&#x0D; Conclusion: The nasal width and Height, facial width and height, and inner canthal distance show gender differences among the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria. This study will have a practical application in Forensics, Anthropology, Artistic and Industrial design, and to medical professionals involved in facial reconstruction.

Which alternative well-fit masks can be used in medical procedures?

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO and CDC recommended that healthcare personnel (HCPs) performing non-aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) don a properly fitted mask. We aimed to evaluate the fit factors (FFs) of eight alternative well-fit masks (AWMs) used by Thai HCPs. MethodsThis comparative descriptive study was conducted on 33 HCPs between October and November 2022, categorized into three facial sizes: small, medium, and large. Each participant wore eight types of AWMs in random order: medical mask under adjustable ear-loop (AEL)-KF94 (MK), medical mask under AEL-KN95 with a hook (MN), medical mask under fabric mask (MF), AEL- KF94 (KF94), AEL-KF94 under fabric masks (KF), AEL-KF94 with a hook (KF94H), AEL-KN95 with a hook (KN95), and AEL-KN95 with a hook under fabric mask (NF). FFs were measured using a quantitative fit test. ResultsThe respective number of HCPs wearing small, medium, and large was 12, 12, and 9, and the mean±SD of face width and length was 132.98 ± 10.49 and 114.92 ± 10.10 mm. The highest respective median of FF was KN95 = 200, NF= 200, MN= 185, and KF94H = 171, and the respective passing fit-test rate was 97%, 84.8%, 63.6%, and 60.6%. There was no difference in FFs between the N95 and KN95 (p=0.72), the N95 and NF (p=0.202), and the three face sizes. Moreover, KF94H pass rates were significantly higher for females compared to males (OR = 13.3; p = 0.001) and for small facial sizes compared to either medium or large sizes (OR = 14.7; p = 0.009). ConclusionThe AEL-KN95 with hook and sponge at the nosepiece is an effective respirator for use by HCPs in non-AGPs, as the FF and fit test pass rates were comparable to those of N95, and there were no differences in FFs between facial sizes. However, the female who had a small face size may use a KF94H as an alternative PPE.

Возрастная и половая изменчивость измерительных признаков головы и лица у взрослого халхасского населения Монголии

Introduction. A number of studies have shown that the Khalka rural pastoral population of Mongolia leading a traditional lifestyle is not characterized by acceleration of development and a secular trend in somatic characteristics of the body. The purpose is to study the morphological variability of head and face features in the adult rural Khalkha-Mongolian population against the background of variability of the same features in the Chuvash group and try to catch acceleration trends based on measuring head features. Materials and methods. The data (370 men and 355 women aged 18-60) was obtained during anthropoecological expeditions in 1986-1990 in 4 Khalkha-Mongolian somons. As a comparative material, data on the Chuvash of Bashkiria were used. Regression analysis was applied. The age-related variability of normalized values of cephalometric traits was assessed using variance analysis. For the Mongolian and Chuvash populations, the coefficients of sexual dimorphism of individual features of the face and head (according to V. Deryabin`s formula), as well as the Mahalanobis distance between female and male samples were determined. Results and discussion. For the studied characteristics (head length and breadth, the minimal forehead breadth and facial breadth, face height, facial and head indexes) in men, no reliable links were found between the variability of these traits and age. Variance analysis of normalized values of cephalometric signs revealed no differences in either the male or female Mongolian sample. The Mahalanobis distances calculated from the complex of head and face signs between the female and male Mongolian subsamples are noticeably smaller than the corresponding values obtained for the Chuvash group. Conclusion. Comparative studies of the age dynamics of a number of measuring features of the head for about one and a half generations of the twentieth century in Khalkha-Mongols (adapted groups) and Chuvash (populations with impaired adaptation due to changes in socio-economic environmental factors) showed weakly pronounced morphological changes in the features on the head and face in the studied population groups. There were no significant age differences in the complex of features of the face and head in the Khalkhas populations. Data on sexual dimorphism of facial and head features in Mongols and Chuvash have been introduced into scholarly discourse, and in the Mongolian population the values of indicators of sexual dimorphism of cephalometric signs are less than in Chuvash sample. @ 2023. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license

Clockwise versus counterclockwise rotation in bimaxillary surgery: 3D analysis of facial soft tissue outcomes.

This study aimed to compare facial 3D soft tissue changes in subjects with Class III deformities who underwent bimaxillary clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) rotational orthognathic surgery. Asian Class III subjects who completed bimaxillary surgical orthodontic treatments were enrolled and categorized into CW and CCW groups based on maxillary occlusal plane alterations. Preoperative and 9-month follow-up cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D stereophotogrammetry were obtained, superimposed, and quantified for skeletal movements and soft tissue changes in six facial regions. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) adjusted for potential confounding factors. Thirty-seven subjects were included (CW group, n = 20; CCW group, n = 17). Postsurgical chin volume significantly reduced in the CW group compared to the CCW group (mean difference 6362 mm3; p = 0.037), and intergonial width significantly decreased in the CW group (mean difference 6.2mm; p = 0.005). The postoperative alar width increased by 1.04mm and 1.22mm in the CW and CCW groups, respectively (p = 0.70). However, these changes were not significantly correlated to the direction of MMC pitch. Clockwise rotation of the bimaxillary complex demonstrated a significant advantage in reducing chin volume and intergonial width compared to counterclockwise rotation, leading to a reduced frontal lower face width among Asian Class III subjects.

Theoretical analysis and model manufacturing of innovative mortise and tenon hollow spherical joint

One of the main challenges for free-form surface reticulated shell structure recently is the development of a new joint that is able to implement complex-shaped curvature and fulfill the required loading capacity, whilst also meeting various important requirements such as convenient on-site assembly and suitability for connecting members with various cross-sectional forms. This article draws inspiration from the construction idea of Chinese traditional mortise and tenon structure and proposes a new type of mortise and tenon hollow spherical joint. To investigate the joint’s mechanical performance, the detailed numerical models of 29 mortise and tenon hollow spherical joints with different size parameters are established by SolidWorks and Ansys, and the effects of the hollow spherical wall thickness, tooth width, tooth spacing, tooth height and tenon face width on the joint bearing performance are analyzed. The joint failure modes under bending limit states are discussed, and the calculation formulas for the initial and elastic-plastic stage rotational stiffness are derived. The results show that the joint initial rotational stiffness is increased by 34.45%, 4.69%, 4.29%, and 3.25%, respectively, after the parameter optimization analysis of the hollow spherical wall thickness, tooth width, tooth spacing and tenon face width. The mortise and tenon hollow spherical joint has good mechanical performance, and possesses the advantages of simple and beautiful appearance, fast construction speed and high positioning accuracy. Finally, a reduced-scale model of the mortise and tenon hollow spherical joint is manufactured using 3D printing technology to visually showcase its external feature and validate its assembly characteristic.

Disparate Contact Stress Behavior of Thermoplastic Gears against Steel Gear using 2D and 3D FEA

Based on the applications, the polymer gears are paired with different gear pair combinations such as Polymer – Polymer, Polymer – Steel, and Steel – Polymer. Finite Element Analysis is one of the effective techniques utilized to investigate the contact stress behavior of those gear pairs. Depending upon the selected conditions, such as two-dimensional finite element analysis with plane stress, plane strain conditions, and 3D FEA, the surface and subsurface contact stress occurrence between the gear pairs were observed. And, no proper explanations have arrived on such behaviors till date. Thus, the present study aimed to do a detailed 2D and 3D FE analysis for various thermoplastic gears with different gear pair combinations (S – P, P – S, and P – P) and investigated the occurrence of surface-subsurface stresses among the selected gear pairs. A comparison was done between the 2D and 3D FE analysis and validated with the assumed condition with regard to the face width. A gear with face widths of 5 and 20 mm has opted to reproduce the 2D plane stress and plane strain conditions, and their results were compared with 3D FEA. The contact stress data were extracted at 10 subsequent face width planes along the face width of a gear tooth. Higher directional stresses were noticed at the gear tooth mid-surface and reduced stress on the edges of the gear tooth for all the thermoplastic materials paired with all gear pairs. Surface stress for 2D FEA and subsurface stress for 3D FEA were detected for all the gear pair combinations. The maximum stress occurrence of 5 mm face width Steel – PP, Steel – ABS, Steel – DELRIN, ABS – Steel, DELRIN – Steel gear pairs exhibit a minimum depth value of 0.135 mm whereas 20 mm face width PC – Steel gear pair exhibits a maximum depth value of 0.3 mm. The maximum contact stress increases as a function of depth according to the proportional limit to elastic modulus dimensionless ratio.

An Investigation on the Teeth Crowning Effects on the Transient EHL Performance of Large-Scale Wind Turbine Spur Gears

Crowning is applied to wind turbine gears, including spur gears, to ensure adequate stress distribution and contact localization in wind turbine main gearbox gears to improve the gear performance in the presence of misalignments. Each gear tooth is crowned along the face width using a parabolic curve that graduates from a maximum height at the edges and vanishes at the center of the tooth flank. This crowning transfers the elastohydrodynamic contact problem from a line to a point contact case where the surface curvatures and pressure gradient are considered in both directions of the solution space. A wide range of longitudinal crowning heights is considered in this analysis under heavily loaded teeth for typical large-scale wind turbine gears. Furthermore, the variation in the velocities is considered in the analysis. The full transient elastohydrodynamic point contact solution considers the non-Newtonian oil behavior, where the numerical solution is based on the finite difference method. This work is focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of teeth’s longitudinal crowning in terms of the consequences on the resulting pressure distribution and the corresponding film thickness. The modification of the tooth flank significantly elevates the film thickness levels over the zones close to the tooth edges without a significant increase in the pressure values. Moreover, the zone close to the tooth edges from both sides, where the pressure is expected to drop to the ambient pressure, is extended as a result of the flank modification.

Study on the Energy Release Law of Overburden Rock Breaking and Anti-Rockburst Technology in the Knife Handle Working Face of a Gently Inclined Coal Seam

This study aims at the problems of the difficulty in controlling the stability of the surrounding rock and the high-impact danger of knife handle-type working face mining. We take the I010206 working face of Kuangou Coal Mine in Xinjiang as the engineering background, establish the mechanical model of roof periodic fracture and the FLAC3D numerical model of a working face, and analyze the evolution characteristics of the surrounding rock stress and energy when the working face is widened, revealing the mechanism of induced impact caused by overburden fracture in the working face, putting forward the technology of hydraulic fracturing to relieve the danger in the roof area, and comparing the pressure relief effect. The research results show the following: (1) After the working face is widened, the overlying strata load is transferred to the coal seam in front of the working face and the upper and lower sides of the working face. after mining; the abutment pressure of the I010408 working face in the B4-1 coal seam is superimposed with the abutment pressure of the I010206 working face in the B2 coal seam, the stress concentration is higher, and the lateral support pressure of the goaf forms a high static load. The large-area roof caving forms a high dynamic load. All of them are more likely to induce rockburst. (2) In knife handle-type working face mining, the peak value of the advanced abutment pressure in working faces first decreases and then increases, and the advanced abutment pressure increases from 10.31 MPa to 14.62 MPa; the peak value and concentration degree of strain energy density increase with the increase in working face width. (3) Measures were proposed to weaken the hydraulic fracturing roof in advance. After using hydraulic fracturing technology, the pressure step distance of the working surface roof was reduced, and the microseismic energy frequency was significantly reduced. These measures reduced the impact risk of the working face and ensured the safe mining of the working face.

Multivariate analysis of morphometric traits of Malaimadu cattle-autochthonous draft cattle of south India.

Malaimadu cattle is a less explored indigenous cattle germplasm reared in the Western Ghats area of Tamil Nadu, south India. This study aimed to analyze the morphological structure of the Malaimadu cattle using a multivariate approach that explains and best represents body conformation. Sixteen body measurements were obtained from 156 adult female cattle from their native breeding tract. The Nearest Neighbor Method of Hierarchical Cluster analysis was used to group the morphometric traits into clusters. Pearson's coefficients of correlation (r) were estimated to determine the phenotypic correlations between different body measurements. Traits were analyzed using varimax rotated principal component analysis (PCA) with Kaiser normalization. Cluster analysis categorizes morphometric traits into two distinct clusters with the first cluster formed by traits related to horns and face, while the second cluster denotes general body conformation. Out of 120 phenotypic correlations, 55 were significant of which 51 were positive correlations. The estimated correlation coefficient ranges between - 0.50 (body length and face width) to 0.85 (chest girth and body weight). PCA extracted six components representing 70.19% of the total variance, while the first principal component comprises chest girth (CG), body weight (BW), height at wither (HW), and Paunch girth (PG) alone accounts for 23.70% thereby describing the general size and shape of the animal. The multivariate approach has proven to be effective in differentiating Malaimadu cattle from other indigenous breeds of south India with clear morphometric differences that help in identifying the pure phenotype for future propagation and also for devising breeding strategies.

An Anthropometric Study of the Morphologic Facial Index of Tibetan Youth in Tibet.

The purpose of this study was to understand sex differences and variations in facial indices among Tibetans and to create and evaluate anthropometric data on facial morphology. The study population consisted of 476 native Tibetans (241 males and 235 females) aged 18 to 24 years. The means and SD facial width was 133.53±7.31mm for males and 133.95±8.10mm for females; the difference between the sexes was not statistically significant. The means and SD facial height was 107.68±5.76mm for males and 111.95±14.28mm for females; the difference between the sexes was statistically significant (u=-8.394, P=0.000). The morphologic facial index was 80.86±5.82 (means±SD) for males and 83.91±11.90 (means±SD) for females; the difference between the sexes was statistically significant (u=-6.581, P=0.000). The proportion of the Tibetan male facial shape was hypereuryprosopic (45.6%) > euryprosopic (31.1%) > mesoprosopic (18.7%) > leptoprosopic (3.3%) > hyperleptoprosopic (1.2%). The proportion of the Tibetan female facial shape was hypereuryprosopic (25.5%) > mesoprosopic (22.6%) > euryprosopic (21.7%) > leptoprosopic (17.4%) > hyperleptoprosopic (12.8%). Facial width was positively correlated with height (male r=0.306, P=0.000; female r=0.144, P=0.027), weight (r=0.470, P=0.000 for males; r=0.337, P=0.000 for females), and BMI (r=0.378, P=0.000 for males; r=0.291, P=0.000 for females). Facial height was positively correlated with height (r=0.329, P=0.000 for males; r=0.137, P=0.035 for females) and weight (r=0.391, P=0.000 for males; r=0.170, P=0.009 for females). Facial height was positively correlated with BMI in Tibetan males (r=0.293, P=0.000), but no significant correlation was found in Tibetan females. The morphologic facial index of Tibetans was positively correlated with age (r=0.183, P=0.004 for males; r=0.171, P=0.009 for females). The results indicated that Tibetan youth in Tibet have a predominantly hypereuryprosopic facial shape and that facial features are related to age, height, and weight. Some common facial morphology features exist among the Tibet Tibetans, northeastern Indians, and Nepalese in the 3 different regions of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The data from this study provide basic information for the study of Tibetans in the fields of physical anthropology, forensic medicine, maxillofacial surgery, and plastic surgery.

Analytical and Experimental Investigation to Resolve Surface Related Fatigue Failure in Helical Gears

With the improvement of metallurgical process and tools it became possible to modify the material property of the steel to a desired possible level where its torque transmission capability can be enhanced. Case hardening and surface grinding is one such method which is used to leverage the surface durability and core strength of gears. With the enhancement in the torque transmission capability the load per unit area of face width also increased causing huge surface pressure. They are subjected to various conditions of load, speed, temperature, and ambient conditions. Micropitting is one such surface related failure which starts on tooth flank in terms of surface texture change. This may further grow in magnitude and result in catastrophic failure. This research work is performed to compare the results of analytical and experimental investigation for the possible micropitting initiative zone. Analytical approach is carried out by using the KISSsys model and the experimental work is carried out by using a dynamometer test rig to apply the load on the gearbox shaft for a defined load cycle. It was clearly visible that the micropitting has initiated below the pitch line of pinion. Tooth profile is later modified with lead and crown modification. After the application of this modification the tooth profile related failure was not visible for similar load testing cycle.

Anthropometric Measurements of the Nose and Nose Types

Background: In this study, the purpose was to obtain normal anthropometric data of the nose, and to determine the changes in age and gender. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the nose anthropometric measurements were made with a caliper in 874 healthy individuals who were between the ages of 5 and 64, and the nose types were de-termined for adults. The individuals were divided into 8 groups as 5-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, 18-40, and 41-64-year-old. The nasal length, nasal height, morphological nasal width, anatomical nasal width, nasal root width, nasal depth, lengths, nostril widths, face width, and face heights of the individu-als were measured; and the external nasal surface area, nasal volume, nasal index, nasofacial index, and nose-face width index were calculated. According to Martin and Sallar, the types of noses were classified in adults. The SPSS 20.0 Program was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: The most common type of nose was determined to be Mesorrhine. Statistically significant differ-ences were detected between the genders in all measurements except nasal depth. Statistically signifi-cant differences were detected in all groups in terms of all length and height measurements, morphologi-cal and anatomical nasal width values, external nasal surface areas, and nasal volume and indices. Conclusions: It is expected that detailed data about age-sex-related nose morphometry in our study will contribute to the creation of a database of our population. It is thought that these detailed data will be helpful in the determination of age and gender in forensic medicine, the reconstruction studies in anthro-pology, and the treatment plan and post-surgery evaluation to surgeons.