Facial Index Research Articles

A Randomized Double-Blind Evaluation of a Novel Biotin and Silicon Ingredient Complex on the Hair and Skin of Healthy Women

Introduction: Age related changes in hair and skin impact quality of life. Interventions to mitigate these changes are of interest. Aim: To examine the safety and efficacy of LustrivaTM (a novel source of biotin and silicon) at a high or lower dose compared to placebo for impacts on hair and skin. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, double-blind study, 90 healthy female subjects with self-reported thinning hair who met Savin/Ludwig Scale criteria I-2 to II-1 by physician evaluation were randomized to one of three groups for 12 weeks (n=30/group): LustrivaTM High-Dose (LHD), LustrivaTM Low-Dose (LLD) or Placebo (PL). Hair quality and thickness measured by the TrichoScan HD testing system and skin parameters (facial wrinkles, fine lines, skin texture, skin color evenness, skin elasticity) measured by the Antera 3DTM System and the CutometerTM Dual MPA 580 system. Results: There was a significant increase in hair thickness measured by change in % vellus hair and % terminal hair and in the ratio of % vellus to terminal hair in LHD compared to PL at Week 3, maintained throughout the study (p=0.029). LHD had a significant decrease in facial wrinkles (12 Weeks) measured by a change in maximal wrinkle depth vs. PL (p=0.031). After 12 weeks compared to baseline LHD significantly improved facial wrinkle Maximum Depth, Indentation Index and Score, facial fine lines Indentation Index and Score, and facial texture Maximum Height, Roughness and Score (p<0.05), no change in PL. There were no changes for skin elasticity between groups. For some hair and skin parameters, LLD showed improvements less than LHD but that approached significance (p<0.1). All groups improved in subjective nail endpoints vs. baseline with no significant differences between groups. No adverse events reported. Conclusion: LHD significantly increased hair thickness and reduced facial wrinkle depth compared to placebo and performed better than the LLD in most parameters. Future studies are warranted.

Almond consumption increased UVB resistance in healthy Asian women.

BackgroundAlmonds are a rich source of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that topical application of almond oil and almond skin extract reduces UVB‐induced photoaging. Ultraviolet‐B (UVB) protection by oral almond consumption has not been previously studied in humans.ObjectivesTo investigate whether oral almond consumption can increase resistance to UVB radiation and reduce skin aging in healthy Asian women.MethodsThirty‐nine female participants (18‐45 years) with Fitzpatrick skin type II‐IV were randomly assigned to consume either 1.5 oz of almonds or 1.8 oz of pretzels daily for 12 weeks. Minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined using a standardized protocol, which determined the minimal radiation needed to induce erythema on the inner arm following UVB exposure. Facial skin texture was evaluated by two dermatologists using the Clinician's Erythema Assessment scale and Allergan Roughness scale. Facial melanin index, hydration, sebum, and erythema were determined using a cutometer.ResultsThe MED was increased in the subjects consuming almonds compared to the control group consuming pretzels. There were no differences noted between the groups consuming almonds versus pretzels in Allergan roughness, melanin, hydration, or sebum on facial skin.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that daily oral almond consumption may lead to enhanced protection from UV photodamage by increasing the MED.

The Development and Initial Validation of PUMC Localized Scleroderma Facial Aesthetic Index: A Pilot Study.

Localized scleroderma (LoS) is an autoimmune connective tissue disorder leading to serious long-term aesthetic impairment on patients. Objective evaluation methods are badly needed to facilitate the evaluation of the surgical treatment on individual patients and clinical studies. To develop and assess the reliability and validity of Peking Union Medical College LoS facial aesthetic index (PUMC LoSFAI). Twelve experts devoted their time and resources in the development and validation. LoS patients in the stable phase were recruited. Reliability and validity was then assessed. LoS patients were evaluated by two plastic surgeons using PUMC LoSFAI and LoS skin damage index (LoSDI). The PUMC LoSFAI comprises 4 domains for the local assessment (surface area of lesion, dyspigmentation, skin thickness and soft tissue atrophy) and 3 domains for the overall assessment (facial symmetry, proportion and profile) to describe LoS facial aesthetic impairment. Face-Q was completed by patients at each visit. Thirty-two LoS patients had 96 visits, during which 138 lesions were assessed. PUMC LoSFAI and 7 domains demonstrated substantial to excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability (ICC 0.995, κw 0.72-0.91, r 0.85-0.99, respectively). Seven domains considered to be important to extremely important variables (mean rank 3.2-3.8) had high I-CVI (> 0.78) and S-CVI (0.93). PUMC LoSFAI correlated excellently with LoSDI (r = 0.933, P < 0.001), and correlated fairly with Face-Q (r = - 0.399, P = 0.001). PUMC LoSFAI was developed and evaluated to play as a tool of aesthetic impairment assessment for LoS patients, which may facilitate the evaluation of the treatment on individual patients and clinical studies. PUMC LoSFAI demonstrated high reliability and validity, and further study in larger patient samples is needed to confirm these preliminary findings. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Dento-Skeletal Abnormalities in School-aged Children in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate skeleto-dental abnormalities in 9-11-year-old school children, in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional descriptive study, a random cluster sampling was done among 19 school districts. A total of 1,429 socioeconomically and ethnically diverse Iranian schoolchildren, aged 9-11 years were studied. A brief questionnaire including background information such as gender and age was completed by the parents. Clinical examinations included the evaluation of sagittal and vertical skeletal relationship, Facial form (facial index), and the presence of significant asymmetry. Results: There were 758 males and 671 females with the mean age of 10 years±8 months. According to the sagittal skeletal relationship, the most prevalent type was convex (63%) that presenting the skeletal Cl II jaw relation; followed by straight (32.9%); and then concave (4.1%). In the vertical skeletal relationship, 73.9% of the children had an average facial relationship, 18.4 % had a long face pattern; and 7.8% had a short face pattern. Regarding facial form in the frontal view, the most common was the average form (79.3%); followed by narrow (14%); and broad (6.7%). The prevalence of significant facial asymmetry was 15.2%. Conclusion: The prevalence of dento-skeletal abnormalities were high. The majority of the Iranian schoolchildren, aged 9-11 years, had at least one dento-skeletal abnormality, even though it is commonly preventable.

Third molar impaction in different facial types and mandibular length: A cross-sectional study.

Background:The etiology of mandibular third molar impaction is proposed to be mainly due to inadequate space between the distal of the second mandibular molar and the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible. This study was aimed to assess whether an association exists between different facial types and mandibular length to impaction of mandibular third molars.Materials and Methods:The study consisted of 170 patients who were assessed for facial type clinically based on facial index and mandibular length radiographically on lateral cephalogram. The impaction status was determined clinically and radiographically on orthopantomogram. The facial type was categorized as euryprosopic (broad face), mesoprosopic (normal facial type), leptoprosopic (long face), hypereuryprosopic (extra broad face), and hyperleptoprosopic (extra long face).Results:Of 170 patients, 18.8% of cases were with hypereuryprosopic profile, 33.5% of cases with euryprosopic profile, 24.7% with mesoprosopic profile, 21.8% with leptoprosopic, and 1.2% with hyperleptoprosopic profile were found. Nearly 42.2% of cases with hypereuryprosopic profile, 52.6% of cases with euryprosopic profile, 53.6% cases of mesoprosopic profile, and 60.3% cases of hyperleptoprosopic and leptoprosopic profile had impacted mandibular third molars. As for mandibular length assessment, 66% cases of short mandibular length, 64.5% cases of normal mandibular length, and 27.9% cases of long mandibular length had impaction.Conclusion:Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that, though a higher incidence of impacted third molar was noted in patients with long facial pattern, no significant difference could be established among facial types and their association with impacted mandibular third molars. A significant association was noted between mandibular length and impaction.

Efficacy of multidetector computed tomography in Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis Of Facial Symmetry After Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures Management

Aim : The aim of present study was quantitative and qualitative analysis of facial symmetry after ZMC fractures management using multidetector computed tomography . Patients and methods: A descriptive study of consecutive 40 adult patients with recent isolated unilateral ZMC fractures who were otherwise healthy was performed from 2019 through 2020. Patient demographics ,and both clinical ,and CT radiographical assessments were done preoperatively and postoperatively after 2 months to evaluate postoperative complications ,patient satisfaction score ,and quality and quantity of facial symmetry. Results: A total 16 patients complained postoperative complications. Postoperative facial asymmetry was observed in 22.5% of patients . The patient satisfaction score gradually increased at all intervals of study. As for the pre- and post-operative radiographic analysis; a total of 28 fractures were considered acceptably reduced, while 12 fractures was considered sub-optimally reduced. There was highly significant difference between preoperative and postoperative values of facial asymmetry indexes (p < 0.01) Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that multidetector computed tomography can be used as accurate imaging modality for quantitative and qualitative analysis of facial symmetry after ZMC fractures management leading to improve postoperative esthetic outcome .

Effects of Particulate Matter on Healthy Skin: A Comparative Study between High- and Low-Particulate Matter Periods.

BackgroundThe influence of airborne particulate matter (PM) on skin has primarily been studied in patients with skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Recently, the effect of PM on healthy human skin has gained attention.ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between PM concentration and objective skin changes in healthy subjects.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled 25 healthy volunteers without any skin disease. Data regarding daily meteorological parameters and air pollution were collected during a high-PM period and a low-PM period for 14 days. Environmental and lifestyle factors that might influence skin conditions of subjects were also collected during the study period. Biophysical parameters of the skin such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration, erythema index, and melanin index were measured. Pores, wrinkles, sebum, and skin tone were evaluated using a facial analysis system.ResultsMean TEWL value during the high-PM period was significantly higher than that during the low-PM period (10.16 g/m2/h vs. 5.99 g/m2/h; p=0.0005). Mean erythema index was significantly higher in the high-PM period than that in the low-PM period (4.3 vs. 3.42; p=0.038). For facial analysis system indices, uniformity of skin tone was higher in the low-PM period than that in the high-PM period (p<0.0001). In addition, with increasing PM10 and PM2.5, TEWL also showed increase when other environmental components were constant (regression coefficient [RC]=0.1529, p<0.0001 for PM10; RC=0.2055, p=0.0153 for PM2.5).ConclusionIncreased PM concentrations may contribute to disturbed barrier function, increased facial erythema, and uneven skin tone even in healthy human skin.

A descriptive morphometric approach to the skull in Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) of Egypt

Craniofacial anatomy is essential to understand the locative relationships of organs in specific region of each species. This study was aimed to investigate morphometric parameters of the skull of the Red fox of Egypt. Thirteen skulls of about 2.5-4 years-old male Red fox were carefully processed using standard method. Altogether, 29 different osteometric measurements including 7 different indices were estimated. The average total length and width of the skull in the Red fox were 17.64 ± 2.68 cm and 8.73 ± 1.76 cm, respectively, with cephalic index of 49.27 ± 3.42. The cranial length of the Red fox’s skull was about two-fold of its width, with cranial capacity of 49.54 ± 3.75 cc, as well as cranial and basal indices were 49.87 ± 3.96 and 30.97 ± 2.33, respectively. The foramen magnum width was higher than its height, with foramen magnum index of 71.52 ± 3.86. The cranial length of the Red fox’s skull was higher than the facial length, with facial index of 62.70 ± 4.01. The orbital length was higher than the orbital width, and the interorbital distance was wider caudally and narrower in the middle, with orbital capacity and orbital index of 9.34 ± 0.17 cc and 97.87 ± 5.22, respectively. In conclusion, measured osteometric parameters of the Red fox’s skull will provide baseline anatomy information on the skull morphometry, which is necessary for comparative anatomy and clinical veterinary practice. The findings reported here will assist other clinical studies conducting on the Red fox’s head.

Лицо альтруиста: экспериментальное исследование просоциального поведения и морфологии лица бурят южной Сибири

The aim of the present experimental study was to investigate possible associations between indi - vidual cooperativeness and facial morphology. Participants of the study were Buryats of Southern Si - beria (males: N=98; females: N=89; mean age 20 ± 2y.). Individual cooperativeness was assessed in experimental economic game “Public Goods Game”, which was conducted “face-to-face”, in groups of 4 same-sex individuals, who were strangers to each other. The game involved real monetary pay-offs. In the course of the experiment such individual behavioral features as propensity for unconditional/conditional cooperation, selfishness, or free-riding were revealed. Facial shapes of participants were explored through anthropological photographs using geometric morphometrics, and via assessing standard facial indexes. As a result the relationship between facial shape and unconditional cooperation was identified and visualized. This relationship appeared only among males. The analysis of sex-specific facial traits of Buryats revealed that faces of male unconditional cooperators combined both male-specific, and female-specific facial features. This is the first study to investigate association between full facial shape and human cooperativeness.

Kinesitherapy for idiopathic facial palsy: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Idiopathic facial nerve palsy (Bells palsy) is the most common acute mono-neuropathy which lack of effective treatments. Kinesitherapy as an alternative therapeutic approach was widely used in clinical. But the effects on Bells palsy outcome are still debated.Methods:The aim of this study is to systematically review the therapeutic efficacy of kinesitherapy for Bells palsy. Database including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical database (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical database (VIP) and WangFang database will be searched to collect randomized controlled trails (RCTs) on kinesitherapy for Bells palsy from inception to Nov 2020. The therapeutic effects based on recovery rate, House-Brackmann (H-B) facial classification system, Sunny brook face grading system and adverse events after the treatment will be marked as the primary outcomes. RevMan V.5.3 software will be used to calculate the data synthesis as well as to perform meta-analysis if the results are appropriate.Results:The literature will provide a high-quality synthesis of current evidence of kinesitherapy for Bells palsy from various comprehensive assessment, including the recovery rate, H-B facial classification, Sunny brook face scores, adverse events rate, Facial disability index (FDI), residual symptoms 6 months after onset, incomplete recovery rate after 1 year.Conclusion:The systematic review will provide up-to-date evidence to assess kinesitherapy for Bells palsy.PROSPERO registration number:PROSPERO CRD42020215109.

Effect of warm acupuncture at Yifeng (TE 17) on facial paralysis with periauricular pain during pregnancy

To compare the curative effect between the warm acupuncture at Yifeng (TE 17) combined with conventional acupuncture and TDP plus conventional acupuncture on facial paralysis with periauricular pain during pregnancy. A total of 68 patients were randomized into an observation group (36 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (32 cases, 1 case dropped off). First week, TDP light was used on the affected side in the control group, and warm acupuncture at Yinfeng (TE 17) on the affected side was used in the observation group, both once a day. From the second week, both groups were given acupuncture at Chengjiang (CV 24) and the affected side of Cuanzhu (BL 2), Yangbai (GB 14), Taiyang (EX-HN 5), Yingxiang (LI 20), Dicang (ST 4), etc. and electroacupuncture (continuous wave, 2 Hz in frequency) was connected at Cuanzhu (BL 2) and Taiyang (EX-HN 5), Jiache (ST 6) and Dicang (ST 4). Both treatments were given every other day for 4 weeks totally. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score of the periauricular pain degree before treatment and after 1 week of treatment, the House-Brackmann (H-B) facial nerve function grading scale and facial disability index (FDI) score before treatment and after 2, 4 weeks of treatment were compared between the two groups. After 1 week of treatment, the VAS scores of both groups decreased (P<0.001), and the variation in the observation group was larger than the control group (P<0.01). After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, the H-B grading of both groups were improved (P<0.01, P<0.05), and those in the observation group were better than the control group (P<0.05). After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, the FDI physical function (FDIP) scores of both groups were higher (P<0.01), and the FDI social life function (FDIS) scores were lower than before treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the FDIP scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Warm acupuncture at Yinfeng (TE 17) combined with conventional acupuncture can effectively improve the periauricular pain and facial nerve function in patients of facial paralysis with periauricular pain during pregnancy, and the curative effect is better than TDP plus conventional acupuncture.

Dominance of the Leptoprosopic Face and Mesorrhine Nose Types: Does Stature and Facial Types Matter in Northern Nigerian Adults?

World scientists are using facial morphometry as a reconstructive option in the treatment of patients and ethnic differentiations. Hence, the authors aimed to study the naso-facial dimensions of northern population in Nigeria. About 500 subjects (Igede, n = 260 and Idoma, n = 240) were recruited from schools in the Benue-Plateau valley in 2014-2015 academic session. Notable parameters measured using vernier caliper were upper facial length, lower facial length, total facial indices, nasal length, nasal width, and nasal indices. Also, stature was measured to the nearest centimeters with stadiometer. Taller Idoma males than Igede males (169.25 ± 8.92, 167.13 ± 8.99), and taller Igede females than Idoma females (164.57 ± 8.77, 163.45 ± 8.94). The mean facial indices of Idoma subjects showed 97.89 ± 8.53 and 97.82 ± 8.11 with nasal indices of 77.77 ± 7.34 and 80.42 ± 7.53, whereas Igede subjects showed 96.88 ± 8.61: 97.83 ± 8.36 with nasal indices of 75.59 ± 7.45 and 77.55 ± 0.21. Both ethnic groups showed dominance of the leptoprosopic face type and mesorrhine nose type. All R2 values appeared to be above 0.5% (P < 0.05), where Igede males and females were 0.72, 0.71: 0.82, 0.81, and 0.69, 0.65 and 0.72, 0.73 for stature with total facial indices, and nasal indices respectively. Facial and nasal types serve as good predictors of stature, important for dimorphic and ethnic classifications in time of forensic needs.

Clinical observation on acupoint sticking therapy plus electroacupuncture for treating peripheral facial paralysis

To observe the clinical effect of acupoint sticking therapy with Mian Tan Gao (facial paralysis paste) plus electroacupuncture (EA) for treating peripheral facial paralysis and its influence on patients’ facial nerve functions, facial disability index and clinical symptoms and signs. A total of 96 peripheral facial paralysis patients were allocated into an observation group, a medicine group and an EA group by simple randomization, with 32 cases in each group. Patients in the medicine group were treated with oral mecobalamine and prednisone acetate; patients in the EA group were treated with EA on the basis of the medicine treatment; while patients in the observation group were treated with acupoint sticking therapy with Mian Tan Gao (facial paralysis paste) plus EA. After 4-week treatment, the clinical efficacy, the adverse events, and the scores of House-Brackmann (H-B) facial nerve function grading scale, visual analog scale (VAS), clinical symptoms and signs, and facial disability index (FDI) were compared. After 4-week treatment, the total effective rate was 96.9% in the observation group, higher than 68.7% in the medicine group and 75.0% in the EA group (both P 0.05). The between-group comparison of the adverse event across the three groups showed no statistical significance (P>0.05). Acupoint sticking therapy with Mian Tan Gao (facial paralysis paste) plus EA can decrease H-B grade, reduce pain severity and improve clinical symptoms and signs as well as the facial disability condition in peripheral facial paralysis patients. This method produced more significant efficacy compared with oral medicine and medicine plus EA.

Facial features and head movements obtained with a webcam correlate with performance deterioration during prolonged wakefulness.

We have performed a direct comparison between facial features obtained from a webcam and vigilance-task performance during prolonged wakefulness. Prolonged wakefulness deteriorates working performance due to changes in cognition, emotion, and by delayed response. Facial features can be potentially collected everywhere using webcams located in the workplace. If this type of device can obtain relevant information to predict performance deterioration, this technology can potentially reduce serious accidents and fatality. We extracted 34 facial indices, including head movements, facial expressions, and perceived facial emotions from 20 participants undergoing the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) over 25 hours. We studied the correlation between facial indices and the performance indices derived from PVT, and evaluated the feasibility of facial indices as detectors of diminished reaction time during the PVT. Furthermore, we tested the feasibility of classifying performance as normal or impaired using several machine learning algorithms with correlated facial indices. Twenty-one indices were found significantly correlated with PVT indices. Pitch, from the head movement indices, and four perceived facial emotions-anger, surprise, sadness, and disgust-exhibited significant correlations with indices of performance. The eye-related facial expression indices showed especially strong correlation and higher feasibility of facial indices as classifiers. Significantly correlated indices were shown to explain more variance than the other indices for most of the classifiers. The facial indices obtained from a webcam strongly correlate with working performance during 25 hours of prolonged wakefulness.

Effectiveness of Kinesio taping on peripheral facial paralysis

Peripheral facial paralysis is a rapid unilateral facial paralysis or paralysis of unknown etiology. Nearly 30% of patients leave sequela that have a negative impact on the patient's quality of life, both physically and psychologically. As its safety, convenience and effectiveness, Kinesio taping has been gradually used in the rehabilitation of peripheral facial paralysis. However, whether Kinesio taping is effective for peripheral facial paralysis is still unknown. The purpose of this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis will summarize the current evidence of Kinesio taping used as an intervention for peripheral facial paralysis.We will search the following electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) to evaluate the effectiveness of Kinesio taping in treating peripheral facial paralysis: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Date, SinoMed, Technology Periodical Database (VIP), PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. Each database will be searched from inception to April 2020. Studies that present clear descriptions of Kinesio taping in treating peripheral facial paralysis administration are published in peer-reviewed journals in any languages and are published in full will be taken into consideration. The entire process will include study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment and meta-analyses. Assessment of risk of bias and data synthesis will be conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software.The current evidence on the Kinesio taping for managing peripheral facial paralysis will be illustrated using subjective reports and objective measures of performance. The primary outcome is the effective rate. Secondary outcomes include House-Brackmann scale, Portmann score, facial nerve conduction velocity, Facial Disability Index, Facial Disability Index include Facial Function score and social Function score.This protocol will present evidence on the efficacy of Kinesio taping in relieving peripheral facial paralysis.Since all the data used in this SR and meta-analysis have been published, ethical approval is not required for this review. The results of this SR will be published in a peer-reviewed journal or presented at conferences. INPLASY ID:: (INPLASY2020100008).

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

BackgroundWe aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients.MethodsThree-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition.ResultsThe average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was − 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP.ConclusionsThis novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

Translation and Validation of the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation Scale to Spanish.

Peripheral facial palsy is a disabling condition; thus, assessing its impact on quality of life is one of the greatest challenges within this discipline. The Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale has been validated for this purpose. The aim of this study is to translate and validate the Spanish version of the FaCE Scale. We performed a forward-backward translation of the original English FaCE Scale. A pilot test and a posterior prospective validation study were performed. A pilot test and a posterior prospective validation study were conducted in a specialized facial palsy unit in a tertiary hospital. A validation study was carried out in 85 patients to calculate the scale's internal consistency and validity and to compare outcomes with the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System and the Facial Disability Index (FDI). Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's α coefficient, which showed a value of 0.841 (95% CI, 0.786-0.886). The total FaCE Scale score correlates well with the Sunnybrook, FDI physical function, and FDI social/well-being function scores: r = 0.773, r = 0.883, and r = 0.523, respectively. The FDI social/well-being function has the highest correlation with the FaCE Scale social function domain (r = 0.595). The Spanish version of the FaCE Scale demonstrated a high psychometric property that allows it to be used for clinical practice to assess the quality of life of Spanish-speaking patients with peripheral facial palsy.

Facial Flatness Indices: A Comparison of Two Methods of Assessment.

Objectives:The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare facial flatness indices calculated from the trigonometric formula as opposed to those generated from the direct measurements on three-dimensional radiographs.Material and Methods:A total of 322 cone-beam computed tomography radiographs were digitized and three facial indices (frontal, simotic, and zygomaxillary) were assessed in two different methods and compared between different groups.Results:There was a discrepancy between facial flatness indices generated from the two different approaches. The highest difference was seen in the findings of the simotic index and the lowest for the zygomaxillary index. No statistically significant difference was displayed in the three formula-generated flatness indices between males and females and between growing and non-growing subjects (P > 0.05). The zygomaxillary index was the only measurement revealing no statistically significant difference in Class III sagittal malocclusions (t = −0.5 P = 0.621). The orthodontic application would yield to the same interpretations for both ways of indices calculation.Conclusion:The validity of the trigonometric formula used to appraise facial flatness indices might be questionable. The zygomaxillary index could be more clinically considered compared to the frontal and simotic indices.

Prevalence of Gummy Smiles in Leptoprosopic Patients and Various Treatment Modalities Employed in South Indian Population

Patients with a vertical growth pattern have a tendency for a long face and gummy smile due to the clockwise rotation of the mandible and ensuing divergence of maxillary bases. A patient can be said to have a gummy smile when there is gingival exposure of 3mm or more while smiling. A gummy smile is unaesthetic and warrants correction. The common treatment modalities employed for correction are dental intrusion and surgery. The study aimed to determine the number of patients with leptoprosopic facial patterns having gummy smiles and the various treatments for its correction. The objective of this study was to determine whether all leptoprosopic patients have a tendency towards gummy smiles and the treatment plan most commonly used for its correction. Records from the Department of Orthodontics were retrieved and searched for the patients with leptoprosopic facial type. Only 42 patient records were eligible according to the selection criteria of which (n=22) were females and (n= 20) were males. Selection criteria included patients who had a long face with facial index between 90-94%, on cephalometric evaluation female patients with upper dental facial height &amp;gt;27.4+/-1.7 mm and male patients &amp;gt;30.5+/-2.1. The results showed that the patients with leptoprosopic facial patterns had a tendency towards gummy smiles and the treatment plan most commonly used for its correction in the Department of Orthodontics in Saveetha dental college was skeletal intrusion using dental mini implants and IZC. Other treatment modalities included Le-Fort Superior Impaction of maxilla in severe cases. Association between gender the various treatments employed for gummy smile correction was statistically insignificant. (p&amp;gt;0.05). We can conclude that gummy smile and facial patterns have a positive correlation.

Features correlations of the sizes of molars with cephalometric indicators of men of the western region of Ukraine

Expanding the theoretical knowledge of medical anthropology in the modern field of dental services is one of the main drivers of progress in the orthodontic field. The only way to successfully develop the relationship of these disciplines is to create and fill a database of normative data and search for correlations between various, both obviously related and, at first glance, completely unrelated structures of the human body. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the relationship between the linear dimensions of molars with the cephalometric parameters of practically healthy men of the first mature age, residents of the western region of Ukraine. Cone-beam computed tomography was performed in 36 practically healthy men of the first mature age, residents of the western region of Ukraine (from Rivne, Volyn, Chernivtsi, Lviv, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions) followed by odontometry research and cephalometry. Statistical processing of the results was performed in the license package “Statistica 6.1” using non-parametric Spearman’s statistics. As a result of quantitative analysis of reliable and average strength of unreliable correlations of linear computed tomographic sizes of molars with cephalometric indicators and indices of practically healthy men of the western region of Ukraine it is established that the percentage, mainly direct, reliable and average strength of unreliable correlations of linear sizes of molars with cephalometric indices and with indicators of the cerebral or facial skull is almost no different. The largest number of reliable and medium-strength unreliable correlations of linear molars sizes with cranial indices was found with vestibular-lingual and mesio-distal tooth sizes (20.5% with upper molars and 25.0% with lower molars). The highest number of reliable and medium-strength unreliable correlations of linear molars sizes with facial skull indices was found for upper molars with tooth height, crowns and root length (10.8%) and vestibular-lingual and mesio-distal dimensions (12.8%), and for lower molars – only with vestibular-lingual and mesio-distal dimensions (19.4%). The obtained data testify to the prospects of the chosen scientific direction of research, which will further improve the work of physicians in various fields of medicine, including preventive.