Facial Anthropometric Research Articles

Vertical and horizontal facial proportions of Indian American men

The importance of understanding all gender facial differences is critical in providing a successful cosmetic outcome. Men are a growing segment of the cosmetic industry. Understanding of the male face and its appropriate treatment with minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are essential. The aim was to investigate various facial ratios in Indian American men and to compare them with the Indian and Caucasian norms. Additionally, we wanted to evaluate whether these values satisfy golden and silver ratios. Direct facial anthropometric measurements were made using a digital caliper in 100 Indian American men students (18–30 years) at the American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua. A set of facial ratios were calculated and compared with coefficients of variation (CV). Most of the facial ratios had small CV thus making them highly reliable due to reduced intra-sample variability. The upper face to face height and mandibulo upper face height indices were close to golden ratios whereas mandibulo lower face height, upper face height biocular width, and nasal indices were close to silver ratios. There was significant difference in most of the values when compared with previous studies. The present facial ratios data can be used as a reference value for Indian American men.

An Anthropometric Evaluation of Morphological Facial Height in Bangladeshi Young Adult

Introduction: Anthropometry is applied to obtain measurements of living subjects for identifying age, stature, proportions body and/ or face and various dimensions related to particular race or an individual. Facial anthropometric studies have got vast implications in health related fields and are useful for orthodontists, plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons for their treatment plans to evaluate treatment prognosis and determine treatment outcome. Prior to advent of cephalometric radiography, orthodontists often used anthropometric measurements to establish facial proportion. Although for orthodontists, this method was largely replaced by cephalometric analysis for many years, the recent emphasis on soft tissue proportions has brought soft tissue evaluation back into prominence. When there are questions about vertical facial proportions, it is better to make the measurement clinically rather than cephalometric analysis, because the soft tissue proportions, as seen clinically determine the facial appearance.Objective: To evaluate morphological facial height and to establish the upper & lower facial height proportions in Bangladeshi adult and to compare with similar data of various nations & ethnic groups.Method: This study was a descriptive observational cross sectional study by convenient sampling, conducted in AFMI (Armed Forces Medical Institute) among the 500 participants of Bangladeshi by birth with equal sex distribution aged 18-25 years. The anthropometric landmarks the nasion(n), subnasale (sn) and ganthion (gn), were marked on the participant’s face with a dermographic pen. With the help of a digital vernier sliding calipers, the measurements were taken in millimeters and the participant was in centric relation when measuring the facial height. The distance from ‘n’ to ‘sn’ is upper facial height (UFH), from ‘sn’ to ‘gn’ is lower facial height (LFH) and total facial height (TFH) is the sum of UFH and LFH.Conclusion: There is strong correlation among upper, lower and total facial height. The facial height proportion found in this study matches with ideal facial proportion widely practiced in clinical orthodontics for treatment planning and to determine treatment outcome. The findings of this study may help to establish the norms of facial proportion in Bangladeshi adult which will be helpful for treatment planning in orthodontic and reconstructive surgery without chephalomtric means.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(2) 2014

Effect of Pregnancy Upon Facial Anthropometrics and Respirator Fit Testing

Workers required to wear respirators must undergo additional respirator fit testing if a significant change in body weight occurs. Approximately 10% of working women of reproductive age will be pregnant and experience a significant change in weight, yet the effect of pregnancy-associated weight gain on respirator fit is unknown. Cephalo-facial anthropometric measurements and quantitative fit testing of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFR) of 15 pregnant women and 15 matched, non-pregnant women were undertaken for comparisons between the groups. There were no significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant women with respect to cephalo-facial anthropometric measurements or N95 FFR quantitative fit tests. Healthy pregnant workers, who adhere to the recommended weight gain limits of pregnancy, are unlikely to experience an increase in cephalo-facial dimensions that would mandate additional N95 FFR fit testing above that which is normally required on an annual basis.

Anthropometric measurement and analysis of the lower face in Turkish rhinoplasty patients

Background Lower face dimensions have a great impact on the perception of nasal beauty. For this reason, evaluation of the lower face is important in patients applied for rhinoplasty. In this study, we aimed to describe the values of lower face anthropometric measurements in Turkish patients who applied for rhinoplasty and to compare these values with measurements of individuals who are pleased with their nasal appearance.

Morphological analysis of the lip and nose following cleft lip repair with simultaneous partial primary rhinoplasty: A prospective study over 4 years

IntroductionFacial clefts involve complex abnormalities. The therapy is elaborate, and a critical evaluation of therapeutic outcome is required. Our study analyzed the lip and nose deformities associated with unilateral clefts in a prospective longitudinal study. Material and methodsA total of 33 patients with a cleft lip or cleft lip and alveolus (UCL) and 46 with a cleft lip and palate (UCLP) were treated using a similar concept. Standardized photographs were taken preoperatively (age 0.4–0.52 years) and again aged 4.04–4.59 years. Anthropometric analyses were performed and compared with age-matched normal values. ResultsNostril width (UCL = 1.01, UCLP = 1.03) and nostril floor width (UCL = 1.02, UCLP = 1.04) were almost symmetric. Nasal tip angles were normalized by surgery. Upper labial height improved, but remained slightly reduced (−4% to −6%). Upper vermillion length was increased (15–17%), and vermillion width was reduced (−12% to −13%) postoperatively. A significantly flatter nostril axis inclination persisted, especially on the affected side (UCL: 37.5°; UCLP: 38.5°), when compared with normal values (53.8°). ConclusionMost cleft irregularities were almost eliminated by therapy; however, the outcome is still not satisfactory for some parameters. The rehabilitation of patients with clefts remains a considerable surgical challenge. Facial anthropometric assessment must play an important role in order to detect and overcome therapeutic shortcomings.

Design customization of respiratory mask based on 3D face anthropometric data

This study presents a machine learning based method for design customization of a 3D respiratory mask. A parametric model of a 3D human face was constructed from an anthropometric database consisting of 495 facial models. An AdaBoost.R algorithm was applied to identify a set of measurable parameters most related to the facial geometry. The correlation between parameters was estimated using principal component analysis and linear regression. With those parameter values as input, the parametric model generates 3D meshes of a human face that serve as a design reference for the construction of a customized respiratory mask of a good fit. We conducted a series of experiments with 10-fold cross-validation to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

ANTHROPOMETRIC FACE IN BASRAH

ANTHROPOMETRIC FACE IN BASRAH Nada H Al-jassim , Zuhair F Fathallah & Nawal M Abdullah MB,ChB, DGO. Anatomy. Abstract Anthropometry is the systematic quantitative representation of the human body, it is used to measure the absolute and relative variability in size and shape of the human body. Over the centuries, there have been remarkable changes in anthropometric measurements due to geographical, cultural, genetic and environmental factors. The studying of human face and the assessment of facial dimensions attract the attention of the artists, poets and scientists and takes a prime importance in medical and dental fields in both diagnosis and treatment planning. Anthropometry also used for the design of clothing and equipment, e.g. Gas masks, oxygen masks, dust masks and respirators as well as design of military and industrial helmets. There had been no studies done on facial measurement in Basrah therefore, this study is to be considered as the first in this field and the baseline for further studies. This study had attempted to quantitatively measure the human face in different ethnic groups of the local population and to identify the differences between individuals of different races and sexes, also to identify the differences between the people of Basrah and other people worldwide. These differences which are responsible for the special facial features in different ethnic groups should be maintained during reconstructive or aesthetic surgery otherwise the patients will lose their ethnic features. The people of Basrah have different racial and ethnic background, there are Semites which are the Arabs and Syrian (Assyrian & Chaldean), Arian, who are the Armenian, Kurdish and Persian, and then there is the mixed group result from interracial marriages. This study is a cross sectional study with a comparative component conducted in Basrah governorate. The data was randomly collected from volunteers, for the period from February to July 2013. Raw data used in this study was originated from a total number of 1000 Iraqi adults (526 females and 474 males) living throughout Basrah governorate and were used to create a database for statistical analysis. The result of this study shows that there are differences between the races and between the local people and the surrounding countries and indeed there is a great difference from the standard measurement advocated by western researchers. Introduction he human face is a living mirror held Tout to the world, it has the power to common expression is “I may forget a name, but I’d never forget a face’ Anthropometry quantitative representation of the human individual understanding human physical variations . Over remarkable measurements cultural, Bas J Surg, December, 20, 2014 Original Article MEASUREMENTS OF HUMAN MB,ChB, MSc, Assist. Prof. Plastic Surgeon. MB,ChB, MSc, Assist.Prof. o

A three-dimensional evaluation of Māori and New Zealand European faces

Abstract Objective: Māori patients are often inappropriately treated using Caucasian norms, despite obvious differences in facial morphology. There is currently very little data concerning the nature and/or magnitude of these differences in facial features. The objective of the present study was therefore to evaluate the facial features of Māori and New Zealand (NZ) Europeans. Methods: Two convenience samples of 30 Māori and 30 NZ Europeans, evenly matched for age and gender, were recruited from amongst students of the University of Otago, New Zealand. Using a 3D white-light scanner, 12 facial scans were taken of each participant, which were then merged to form a single 3D image of the face. Prior to scanning, round markers were fixed to the skin in order to facilitate the localisation of facial anthropometric points and from which vertical, sagittal, and transverse measurements were assessed from the 3D facial image. Univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were used to test for differences between the two groups before and after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). Results: Significant differences were found in vertical, sagittal, and transverse facial dimensions, before and after adjusting for BMI. The overall face of Māori was significantly larger than that of NZ Europeans, although the facial proportions were generally similar. However, Māori had a broader face, more anterior position of the chin and reduced facial convexity in comparison with NZ Europeans (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Māori have markedly different sagittal facial features compared with NZ Europeans. These distinctive features may reflect important differences in environmental and genetic influences between the two populations. The findings from the present study may assist the clinician in the treatment planning and assessment of facial dysmorphology in these ethnic groups.

DeitY-TU face database: its design, multiple camera capturing, characteristics, and evaluation

The development of the latest face databases is providing researchers different and realistic problems that play an important role in the development of efficient algorithms for solving the difficulties during automatic recognition of human faces. This paper presents the creation of a new visual face database, named the Department of Electronics and Information Technology-Tripura University (DeitY-TU) face database. It contains face images of 524 persons belonging to different nontribes and Mongolian tribes of north-east India, with their anthropometric measurements for identification. Database images are captured within a room with controlled variations in illumination, expression, and pose along with variability in age, gender, accessories, make-up, and partial occlusion. Each image contains the combined primary challenges of face recognition, i.e., illumination, expression, and pose. This database also represents some new features: soft biometric traits such as mole, freckle, scar, etc., and facial anthropometric variations that may be helpful for researchers for biometric recognition. It also gives an equivalent study of the existing two-dimensional face image databases. The database has been tested using two baseline algorithms: linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis, which may be used by other researchers as the control algorithm performance score.

Craniofacial anthropometry in newborns of Sikkimese origin.

Head and face dimensions vary according to race and geographical zone. Hereditary factors also greatly affect the size and shape of the head. There are important medical applications of craniofacial data specific to different racial and ethnic groups. Various cranial and facial anthropometric parameters were assessed in singleton, healthy, full-term newborns of Sikkimese origin in a tertiary care hospital in Sikkim, India. The data were then analysed to determine statistically significant differences between sexes. Forty-five newborns were included in the study. Both male and female newborns were observed to be hyperbrachycephalic and hyperleptoprosopic. The only significant difference between the sexes was in commissural length, which was observed to be greater in male newborns. Craniofacial parameters in Sikkimese newborns vary in comparison with those of other newborns from around the world. Larger studies are needed in order to reveal sex-related variations. Similar studies on various racial groups in North-East India are needed to establish standards for populations with East Asian features.

Máscara de CPAP Neuro-Sono (Neuro-Sono Mask™): Otimização e Redução de Custo

Context. Positive airway pressure (PAP) devices are considered the gold standard for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, studies have shown poor patient compliance with this treatment modality. Objective. To develop a PAP mask de­signed to maximize patient comfort while decreasing manufacturing costs. Method. The design process was based on data on a series of aspects related to currently available PAP masks. Factors included the preferred mask types of PAP device users, the facial anthropometric characteristics of the target population, and materials and manufac­turing processes. Results. We designed an anatomical nasal mask system for use with PAP devices, with the mask, clips, and headgear made from glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) and the bag made from liquid silicone rubber and polyethylene. Vacuum forming is the recommended manufacturing process. Conclusion. This study proposes a PAP mask design with a focus on ergonomics and low manufacturing costs.

Development of Artificial Neural Network Architecture for Face Recognition in Real Time

s -Face has a biological structure that is not simple. Nevertheless, research shows that some elements of the face have the geometric characteristics that can be measured. These characteristics are called face anthropometric. The existence of face anthropometric has provided significant clues for researchers to reduce the complexity of face recognition by computer. Although various methods have been developed to face recognition, but generally the system developed accepts input from a file. This condition is a one of face recognition system causes that has not been widely applied in real world. This paper presents a system that recognizes faces in real time. Artificial Neural Networks chosen as a tool for classification, to improve recognition accuracy. In this research, there are two Neural Networks used, radial basis neural network and Backpropagation neural network. The results obtained in this research shows that the accuracy of the ANN architecture that developed is still not well, which is 80%, but the Neural Network achieves convergence in 8-9 time of repetitions.

Measuring the Amygdala; Otherwise Recycling Lombroso Theories One and Half Centuries Later

Crime and perpetrators have been under scrutiny from forensic experts and psychiatrists since centuries. This interest is understandable, if we consider the social consequences of a criminal behavior. Cesare Lombroso concluded one and half centuries before that some facial and skull anthropometric parameters might suggest someone?s tendency for criminal behavior. Technological advances but ethical problems as well have caused the fading up of his theories. However, recent neuro-radiological research has found correlates with volumetric values of certain brain region, and the criminal behavior. Two approaches are suggested and discussed in the present paper; the first focusing on the criminal traits of the perpetrator (including anthropometric parameters) and the second, putting under scrutiny the characteristics of the crime, rather than those of the perpetrator itself.

Reconocimiento de rostros y gestos faciales mediante un análisis de relevancia con imágenes 3D

El reconocimiento facial tridimensional busca subsanar las falencias que presentan los métodos basados en imágenes bidimensionales. Este tipo de reconocimiento tiene la ventaja de que las representaciones no son afectadas por cambios en la iluminación, dado que viene dada como una nube de puntos o una malla 3D donde la geometría juega un papel crucial. En este trabajo se presenta un sistema de reconocimiento de rostros, que utiliza un conjunto de descriptores de forma 3D, seleccionados a partir de un análisis de relevancia mediante coeficientes de Fisher en diferentes regiones del rostro que hacen parte de un modelo antropométrico del rostro. Se realizó un conjunto de experimentos para reconocer individuos e identificar sus expresiones y género a partir del análisis de relevancia planteado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la elección de características utilizando un análisis de relevancia incrementa el rendimiento del sistema de reconocimiento.

Accuracy of face castings employing thermoplastic custom trays for facial molding

AIM: To evaluate the dimensional stability of a new facial molding technique using thermoplastic custom molding tray. METHODS: The designs established demarcation of facial anthropometrics landmarks, making linear measurements with a digital caliper. Facial molding was carried out using thermoplastic custom trays, constructing a facial plaster cast with the anthropometric landmarks already transferred by measuring the linear dimensions on the plaster cast and statistical analysis. RESULTS: All linear measurements in the palpebral and labial regions presented statistically significant distortions. Only one of the linear measurements from the orbital region did not demonstrate any significant distortion. The nasal region presented the least amount of distortion. CONCLUSIONS: Although statistically significant, distortions were due to the method of breathing and were considered to be clinically irrelevant. The reduction in the working time, the comfort provided to the patient and the dimensional accuracy of the plaster cast obtained by the facial molding technique using custom perforated molding tray suggest that this technique should be employed for making facial prostheses.

A 3-Dimensional Anthropometric Evaluation of Facial Morphology Among Chinese and Greek Population

The use of 3-dimensional (3D) facial imaging has taken greater importance as orthodontists use the soft tissue paradigm in the evaluation of skeletal disproportion. Studies have shown that faces defer in populations. To date, no anthropometric evaluations have been made of Chinese and Greek faces. The aim of this study was to compare facial morphologies of Greeks and Chinese using 3D facial anthropometric landmarks. Three-dimensional facial images were acquired via a commercially available stereophotogrammetric camera capture system. The 3dMD face system captured 245 subjects from 2 population groups (Chinese [n = 72] and Greek [n = 173]), and each population was categorized into male and female groups for evaluation. All subjects in the group were between 18 and 30 years old and had no apparent facial anomalies. Twenty-five anthropometric landmarks were identified on the 3D faces of each subject. Soft tissue nasion was set as the "zeroed" reference landmark. Twenty landmark distances were constructed and evaluated within 3 dimensions of space. Six angles, 4 proportions, and 1 construct were also calculated. Student t test was used to analyze each data set obtained within each subgroup. Distinct facial differences were noted between the subgroups evaluated. When comparing differences of sexes in 2 populations (eg, male Greeks and male Chinese), significant differences were noted in more than 80% of the landmark distances calculated. One hundred percent of the angular were significant, and the Chinese were broader in width to height facial proportions. In evaluating the lips to the esthetic line, the Chinese population had more protrusive lips. There are differences in the facial morphologies of subjects obtained from a Chinese population versus that of a Greek population.

Heritabilities of Facial Measurements and Their Latent Factors in Korean Families

Genetic studies on facial morphology targeting healthy populations are fundamental in understanding the specific genetic influences involved; yet, most studies to date, if not all, have been focused on congenital diseases accompanied by facial anomalies. To study the specific genetic cues determining facial morphology, we estimated familial correlations and heritabilities of 14 facial measurements and 3 latent factors inferred from a factor analysis in a subset of the Korean population. The study included a total of 229 individuals from 38 families. We evaluated a total of 14 facial measurements using 2D digital photographs. We performed factor analysis to infer common latent variables. The heritabilities of 13 facial measurements were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. Of these, the heritability of intercanthal width in the orbital region was found to be the highest (h2 = 0.61, SE = 0.14). Three factors (lower face portion, orbital region, and vertical length) were obtained through factor analysis, where the heritability values ranged from 0.45 to 0.55. The heritability values for each factor were higher than the mean heritability value of individual original measurements. We have confirmed the genetic influence on facial anthropometric traits and suggest a potential way to categorize and analyze the facial portions into different groups.

Geometric and radiometric characteristics of a prototype surveillance system

This paper reports the research findings regarding the quality of the captured video of a prototype Near-Infrared imaging system which was developed for night-time surveillance. The prototype required the incorporation of a 3D optical stereo adapter and a set of external near-infrared filters onto the optics of a conventional video camera. The study found that the video captured by the prototype was approximately 85% of the original video camera resolution and the radial lens distortion increased from one to approximately two pixels. The distortion was easily reduced to sub-pixel value using suitable image processing techniques. The standard deviation of the 3D measurement between any two facial anthropometric marks was better than 2mm for all the tested models. The image radiometric quality was sufficient to provide accurate facial landmark identification for three test subjects. The results confirmed that the prototype was suitable for 3D spatial data capture and feature interpretation of crime suspects in court.

Analysis of the Facial Anthropometric Data of Korean Pilots for Oxygen Mask Design

The present study measured Korean pilots’ facial dimensions to design a pilot oxygen mask which would fit Korean pilots, and compared Korean pilots’ facial dimensions to Korean male civilians and US male pilots’ facial characteristics. The present study selected the 22 facial anthropometric dimensions related to oxygen mask design by referring to previous studies. The facial dimensions of 366 Korean male and female pilots (including 52 female cadets of the Korean Air Force Academy) were measured using Martin’s anthropometer and 3D scanner. Korean male pilots’ faces were significantly larger (mean difference = 1.3 ~ 27.0 mm) and less variable (ratio in SD = 0.29 ~ 0.85) than Korean male civilians’ faces ( α = 0.05), which indicates that facial anthropometric data derived from Korean pilots should be used to design the oxygen mask for Korean pilots. In terms of criteria of the oxygen mask sizing system which is currently based upon the US Air Force anthropometric data (face length and lip width), Korean male pilots were significantly longer on face length (mean difference = 4.7 mm) and narrower on lip width (mean difference = -2.4 mm) than US male pilots ( α = 0.05), which indicates that the oxygen mask sizing system as well as the oxygen mask shape should be changed for Korean pilots. Additionally, Korean male pilots have wider nasal roots (mean difference = 5.2 mm) than US male pilots, which indicates that the shape of nose of the current oxygen mask should be widened. Lastly, Korean female pilots’ facial dimensions were significantly smaller (mean difference = 0.6 ~ 26.1 mm) than Korean male pilots ( α = 0.05), which indicates that Korean female pilots’ facial characteristics need to be considered in the design of oxygen masks which fit Korean pilots.

Ophthalmologic findings in Aicardi syndrome

Aicardi syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder that has been characterized classically by agenesis of the corpus callosum, seizures, and the finding of chorioretinal lacunae. This triad has been augmented more recently by central nervous system and ocular findings. The goal of this study was to determine how frequently other ophthalmologic findings are associated with Aicardi syndrome. A single ophthalmologist recorded the ocular and adnexal findings of 40 girls with this disorder at the annual meeting of an Aicardi syndrome family support group. For each subject, the examiner performed facial anthropometrics, portable biomicroscopy, and, where feasible, indirect ophthalmoscopy. The most common findings were chorioretinal lacunae in 66 (88%) of 75 eyes and optic nerve abnormalities in 61 (81%) of 75 eyes. Other less common findings included persistent pupillary membrane in 4 (5%) of 79 eyes and anterior synechiae in 1 of 79 eyes (1%). Although the ophthalmic hallmark and defining feature of Aicardi syndrome is the cluster of distinctive chorioretinal lacunae surrounding the optic nerve(s), the spectrum of ocular, papillary, and retinal anomalies varies widely, from nearly normal to dysplasia of the optic nerve and to severe microphthalmos.