Face Size Research Articles

Smart filtering facepiece respirator with self-adaptive fit and wireless humidity monitoring

The widespread emergence of airborne diseases has transformed our lifestyle, and respirators have become an essential part of daily life. Nevertheless, finding respirators that fit well can be challenging due to the variety of human facial sizes and shapes, potentially compromising protection. In addition, the current respirators do not inform the user of the air quality in case of continuous long-term use. Here, we introduce a smart filtering facepiece respirator incorporating a humidity sensor and pressure sensory feedback for self-fit adjusting and maintaining an adequate fit. The humidity detection sensor uses laser-induced graphene, and the pressure sensor array based on the dielectric elastomeric sponge monitors the respirator contact on the user's face, providing real-time closed-loop feedback and the wearer's fitting status. Those membrane sensors show outstanding performance, such as a low humidity hysteresis of 0.131 % and a precise pressure detection limit of 0.23 ± 0.02 kPa. As a result of the self-fit adjusting mode, the overall fit factor is increased by 10 % on average compared to the commercial respirator. This significant improvement in fit factor, coupled with the innovative design, has the potential to develop next-generation facepiece respirators as essential personal protective equipment.

Effects of Tool Shape on Facial Contour Reduction in Middle-aged Women in Their 50s and 60s

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tool-based facial care on face size reduction in middle-aged women and to analyze the differences in effectiveness by tool form.Methods: The study was conducted with 14 middle-aged women in their 50s and 60s who volunteered to participate at a P aesthetic shop in Gangnam-gu, Seoul. The participants were divided into three groups: Group A (11 participants) received treatment with a meridian-scraping-shaped tool, Group B (4 participants) received treatment with a plain tool, and Group C (3 participants) was untreated. Group A underwent treatment twice a week for a total of six sessions with the meridian-scraping-shaped tool. After a year, some participants from Group A were reassigned to Group B for further care with the plain tool. Face sizes were compared over time by measuring 14 variables, including length, width, and jawline length. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman tests.Results: In Group A, there was a significant reduction in most facial areas, particularly in face width and jaw width (p<0.001). In contrast, Group B showed significant reductions in only some areas, while no changes were observed in the control group. This study found that the meridian-scraping-shaped tool was more effective in reducing facial contours than the plain tool.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the meridian-scraping-shaped tool, which applies the leverage principle, was more effective in reducing facial contours in middle-aged women compared to the plain tool. The shape of the tool has a critical impact on treatment outcomes.

Total outward leakage of face-worn products used by the general public for source control

During Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the general public used any face-worn products they could get to overcome the shortage of N95 respirators and surgical masks. These products, often not meeting any standards, raised concerns about their effectiveness in reducing the spread of respiratory viruses. This study quantified total outward leakage (TOL) of units from 9 face-worn product categories used by members of the general public. A benchtop system was devised to test 2 units from each category on 2 different-sized headforms with silicone elastomer skin. Each unit was donned 5 times per headform. Both face-worn product category and headform size significantly affected TOL (Pvalue < .05). The TOL of tested face-worn products varied from 10% to 58% depending on both model and headform size. Face-worn products donned on the medium headform had a higher mean TOL compared to those donned on the larger headform. Overall, single-layer cloth masks are the least effective measure for source control due to their highest TOL among the tested face-worn products. Three-layer disposable face masks may be a favorable option for source control among the public. A standard should be developed for face-worn product design and manufacturing to accommodate different facial sizes.

Automorphisms and isomorphisms of maps in linear time

A map is a \(2\) -cell decomposition of a closed compact surface, i.e., an embedding of a graph such that every face is homeomorphic to an open disc. An automorphism of a map can be thought of as a permutation of the vertices which preserves the vertex-edge-face incidences in the embedding. Every automorphism of a map determines an angle-preserving homeomorphism of the surface. While it is conjectured that there is no “truly subquadratic” algorithm for testing map isomorphism for unconstrained genus, we present a linear-time algorithm for computing the generators of the automorphism group of a map on an orientable surface of genus \(g\neq 0\) , parametrized by the genus \(g\) . A map on an orientable surface is uniform if the cyclic vector of sizes of faces incident to a vertex \(v\) does not depend on the choice of \(v\) . The algorithm applies a sequence of local reductions and produces a uniform map, while preserving the automorphism group. The automorphism group of the original map can be reconstructed from the automorphism group of the associated uniform map in linear time. We also extend the algorithm to non-orientable surfaces by making use of the antipodal double-cover. The algorithm can be used to solve the map isomorphism problem between maps (orientable or non-orientable) of bounded negative Euler characteristic.

A smartphone application for personalized facial aesthetic monitoring.

Methods available at home for capturing facial images to track changes in skin quality and evaluate skincare treatments are limited. In this study, we developed a smartphone camera application (app) for personalized facial aesthetic monitoring. A face alignment indicators (FAIN) system utilizing facial landmark detection, an artificial intelligence technique, to estimate key facial parts, was implemented into the app to maintain a consistent facial appearance during image capture. The FAIN system is composed of a fixed target indicator and an alignment indicator that dynamically changes its shape according to the user's face position, size, and orientation. Users align their faces to match the alignment indicator with the fixed target indicator, and the image is automatically captured when alignment is achieved. We investigated the app's effectiveness in ensuring a consistent facial appearance by analyzing both geometric and colorimetric data. Geometric information from captured faces and colorimetric data from stickers applied to the faces were utilized. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for the L*, a*, and b* values of the stickers were higher compared to those measured by a colorimeter, with CVs of 14.9 times, 8.14 times, and 4.41 times for L*, a*, and b*, respectively. To assess the feasibility of the app for facial aesthetic monitoring, we tracked changes in pseudo-skin color on the cheek of a participant using skin-colored stickers. As a result, we observed the smallest color difference ∆Eab of 1.901, which can be considered as the experimentally validated detection limit using images acquired by the app. While the current monitoring method is a relative quantification approach, it contributes to evidence-based evaluations of skincare treatments.

Unlocking the potential of 'passive' modulation: How sensory stimulation shapes hand and face size.

Knowledge of the body size is intricately tied to multisensory integration processes that rely on the dynamic interplay of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Recent years have seen the development of passive sensory stimulation protocols aimed at investigating the modulation of various cognitive functions, primarily inducing perceptual learning and behaviour change without the need for extensive training. Given that reductions in sensory input have been associated with alterations in body size perception, it is reasonable to hypothesize that increasing sensory information through passive sensory stimulation could similarly influence the perception of the size of body parts. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the potential modulatory effects of passive sensory stimulation on the perception of hand and face size in a group of young adults. Passive sensory stimulation effectively modulated the size representation of the stimulated hand, supporting the notion that access to somatosensory and proprioceptive information is prioritised for the hands but may not extend to the face. Increased somatosensory input resulted in a reduction of distortion, providing evidence for bottom-up modulation of size representation. Passive sensory stimulation can induce subjective changes in body size perception without the need for extensive training. This paradigm holds promise as a potential alternative for modulating distorted size representation in individuals with body representational deficits.

Quenching of Disk-Shaped Components in Aqueous Polymer Solutions

Abstract In addition to various advantages over oil quenching, quenching in aqueous polymer solutions can also have disadvantages. Under certain conditions, “explosive” phenomena can occur when quenching steel components in such solutions, leading to pressure waves and vibrations in the quenching tank, which can even destroy the weld seams of the tank in the long term. After these processes were analyzed in the past when quenching cylindrical shafts, the processes occurring with horizontally charged disks have now been investigated. The main difference between these two geometries lies in the size of the lower disk end face, which significantly impedes the outflow of evaporated portions of the aqueous polymer solutions and thus has a pronounced influence on the cooling behavior of disk-shaped components. The investigations to be presented here were carried out in a laboratory quenching tank. The type and concentration of the polymer, the flow type and the diameter of the inner bore of the disks were varied. Temperature and conductivity were measured and audio and video recordings were made to characterize the resulting cooling processes. Selected quenching variants are presented in detail in the article. Furthermore, key figures for characterizing the various cooling variants are compared and discussed.

Respiratory fit test panel representing population of Malaysia

BackgroundThe existing respiratory fit test panels (RFTPs) are based on Bivariate and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which utilise American and Chinese head and facial dimensions. As RFTPs based on local facial anthropometric data for Malaysia are not available, this study was conducted with the aim to develop new RFTPs using Malaysian data.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted across Malaysia among 3,324 participants of the study of National Health and Morbidity Survey 2020 aged 18 and above. Ten head and facial dimensions were measured. Face length and face width were used to construct bivariate facial panel, whereas the scores from the first two PCA were used to develop the PCA panel.ResultsThis study showed that Malaysians have the widest upper limit for facial width. It also found that three factors could be reduced from the PCA analysis. However only 2 factors were selected with PCA 1 representing head and facial size and PCA 2 representing facial shape. Our bivariate panel could accommodate 95.0% of population, while our PCA panel accommodated 95.6%.ConclusionThis was the first study to use Malaysian head and facial anthropometry data to create bivariate and PCA panels. Respirators constructed using these panels are likely to fit ≥ 95.0% of Malaysia’s population.

Realness of face images can be decoded from non-linear modulation of EEG responses

Artificially created human faces play an increasingly important role in our digital world. However, the so-called uncanny valley effect may cause people to perceive highly, yet not perfectly human-like faces as eerie, bringing challenges to the interaction with virtual agents. At the same time, the neurocognitive underpinnings of the uncanny valley effect remain elusive. Here, we utilized an electroencephalography (EEG) dataset of steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) in which participants were presented with human face images of different stylization levels ranging from simplistic cartoons to actual photographs. Assessing neuronal responses both in frequency and time domain, we found a non-linear relationship between SSVEP amplitudes and stylization level, that is, the most stylized cartoon images and the real photographs evoked stronger responses than images with medium stylization. Moreover, realness of even highly similar stylization levels could be decoded from the EEG data with task-related component analysis (TRCA). Importantly, we also account for confounding factors, such as the size of the stimulus face’s eyes, which previously have not been adequately addressed. Together, this study provides a basis for future research and neuronal benchmarking of real-time detection of face realness regarding three aspects: SSVEP-based neural markers, efficient classification methods, and low-level stimulus confounders.

Fetal face shape analysis from prenatal 3D ultrasound images

3D ultrasound imaging of fetal faces has been predominantly confined to qualitative assessment. Many genetic conditions evade diagnosis and identification could assist with parental counselling, pregnancy management and neonatal care planning. We describe a methodology to build a shape model of the third trimester fetal face from 3D ultrasound and show how it can objectively describe morphological features and gestational-age related changes of normal fetal faces. 135 fetal face 3D ultrasound volumes (117 appropriately grown, 18 growth-restricted) of 24-34 weeks gestation were included. A 3D surface model of each face was obtained using a semi-automatic segmentation workflow. Size normalisation and rescaling was performed using a growth model giving the average size at every gestation. The model demonstrated a similar growth rate to standard head circumference reference charts. A landmark-free morphometry model was estimated to characterize shape differences using non-linear deformations of an idealized template face. Advancing gestation is associated with widening/fullness of the cheeks, contraction of the chin and deepening of the eyes. Fetal growth restriction is associated with a smaller average facial size but no morphological differences. This model may eventually be used as a reference to assist in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies with characteristic facial dysmorphisms.

Children’s cloth face mask sizing and digital fit analysis: method development

There is a necessity to use digital data and tools when developing children’s products. The present study was designed to provide digital methods to guide product development and problem-solving when using 3D body scans and face mask simulations for 6-year-olds. First, key facial measurements were evaluated to better understand the variables that might affect face mask sizing for children for the selected age group. Then the findings were used to optimize the size and fit of a cloth face mask design. Next, the fit of the digital, optimized face mask design was tested on 44 head scans from Size North America by using subjective and objective fit assessment techniques. Study findings suggested that width and length-related measurements are critical for children’s face masks. Body mass index (BMI) and ethnicity were also found to be the main factors for identifying size ranges in the selected age group. As BMIs increase, face mask sizes should increase. Additionally, the results indicated a need to use a larger database of children of all ethnicities to design an inclusive facemask that would provide a comfortable and protective fit for different facial proportions. Although the results cannot be generalized due to the case study approach of the present research and its focus on methods development, they can provide manufacturers, designers, and researchers with guidelines on how to develop proper sizing and use digital data to conduct functional fit analysis for facemasks.

Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces.

The jawline greatly influences facial shape and contributes to facial dimorphism. Analysis of lower facial shape and sexual dimorphic differences in contemporary attractive white faces can advance the goals of lower facial aesthetics and facial gender-affirming surgery (FGAS). Full-face, front-view photos of 47 white female and 21 white male celebrities were included from a list generated using GQ magazine's Highest Paid Models issue, People Magazine's Beautiful issue (1991-2022), and celebrities featured on lifestyle websites. Facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis program using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, lower face measurements were compared between males and females. The mean lower facial height was 6.08cm in females and 7.00cm in males (P value<0.001). The mean bigonial width was 11.21cm in females and 12.30cm in males (P value<0.001). The ratio of facial height to lower facial height was 2.98 in females and 2.76 in males (P value<0.001), signifying that symmetry in facial thirds is more prevalent in attractive female faces, while a longer lower face is more common in attractive male faces. The greatest differences in female and male facial contours were at gonial angles and chin. Analysis of contemporary white celebrity faces demonstrated significantly wider and longer lower facial measurements in males. The overall contour of the female lower face was more tapered at the gonial angles and chin compared to males. These results are important when planning lower facial rejuvenation or FGAS, as lower face size and proportions influence perceived gender and attractiveness.

The effect of N95 designs on respirator fit and its associations with gender and facial dimensions.

This study examined the association of various brands of NIOSH-certified N95 filtering face-piece respirators (FFR) fit with facial dimensions and gender. One hundred and thirty-five participants (77 females and 58 males) were recruited from the previous facial anthropometry study among Malaysians in 2020. Quantitative respirator fit testing of six FFR were performed using the TSI Portacount Pro+ 8038 which comprised of four exercises (bending over, talking, up-down head movement, and side to side head movement). An overall fit factor (FF) of ≥ 100 was considered a pass for each FFR. Analysis was done using T-test, Pearson's correlations, and generalised linear regression. The passing rates for the six FFR were 36.3% (Cup B), 50.4% (Trifold A), 54.1% (Duckbill A), 57.0% (Cup A), 74.1% (Trifold B), and 83.7% (Duckbill B). Both Duckbill B and Trifold B had the highest passing rates for both genders. However, certain FFR models (Cup B, Trifold A, Trifold B, and Duckbill A) fit better for participants with large facial size who were mostly males, while others (Cup A and Duckbill B) specifically fit better for those with small facial size, who were mostly females. This study showed significant positive effect of nose protrusion, nasal root and subnasale-sellion and the negative effect of menton-sellion, bigonial breadth and nose breadth on fit factors of various FFR. The results of this study emphasized the importance of choosing and designing FFR based on local anthropometry data, with careful consideration on the dimensions that affect the respirator fit. Since N95 are commonly used in the healthcare settings to prevent airborne transmission, the practice of respirator fit testing and selecting N95 with high passing rates for healthcare workers need to be emphasized.

Stress-Strain State of an Asymmetrical Three-Layer Beam

Introduction. The three-layer structure, having a low weight, has sufficient rigidity and strength to absorb various force and physical impacts of both static and dynamic nature. By combining materials and thicknesses of bearing layers and filler, it is possible to achieve the desired physical and mechanical properties of the three-layer structure.In this regard, this paper considers the stress-strain state of a three-layer beam with different thicknesses of bearing layers and filler height.Materials and Methods. The calculation of a three-layer beam according to the known theory of calculation is presented. As an example, a three-layer beam with a length of 70 cm was considered, its width varied depending on the size of the hexagonal cell face of the filler. The thickness of the bearing layers was varied from 1 to 1.5 mm and the thickness of the filler from 0.12 to 0.30 mm. The bearing layers were made of aluminum AMG2-H, and the hexagonal honeycomb filler was made of aluminum alloy D16-AT.Results. Based on the obtained data, graphs of stresses and strains (deflections) variation with the distributed load were plotted for each tested specimen. The graphical dependences are given for symmetrical and asymmetrical three-layer beams.Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained theoretical data on deformations (deflections) and stresses made it possible to determine the effective combination of bearing layers, at which the three-layer beam becomes effective. On the basis of the analysis of these data, conclusions characterizing the efficiency improvement of the three-layer beam were made.

Phenotypic characterization and genetic diversity of indigenous chickens of Jordan in comparison with native and commercial breeds ‎for conservation and breeding purposes

Indigenous chickens of Jordan are facing extinction and need genetic conservation because they were unable to commercially compete in poultry industry because of low genetic ability ‎compared to commercial layers. The study aimed to investigate phenotypic and genetic diversity ‎of village chickens in the Jordan using discriminant analyses procedures to provide a basis for ‎sustainable genetic conservation and utilization program to overcome any possible extinction. The ‎sampled chicken population of 578 one-year old chickens (125 males and 433 females) was ‎phenotypically characterized for 15 biometric and plumage traits from major cities of the three ‎regions; Middle, North, and South. The traits variations within and between breeds were detected ‎statistically by stepwise discriminant and canonical-discriminant of uni- and multivariate analyses. ‎The results showed the sampled population as village chickens in Jordan is comprised of ‎indigenous (Baladi) breed (85%) and few exotic and commercial breeds. The breeds were distinct ‎and differentiated based on phenotypic traits indicating high genetic variability. The major ‎phenotypic traits that showed significant power to differentiate breeds were comb type, body ‎weight, comb size, earlobe color, wattle size, face color and breast size in males and comb type and ‎size, body weight, face and breast size, leg color and wattle size in females. Recent and past ‎crossings, admixture or migration from exotic and commercial breeds were noted. Moreover, low ‎levels of phylogeographic structure were observed across the studied breeds. In conclusion, there is need to conserve the indigenous breed in situ and in vivo for its adaptive gene pool in coming ‎days of persisted climate change and diseases threats.

Which alternative well-fit masks can be used in medical procedures?

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO and CDC recommended that healthcare personnel (HCPs) performing non-aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) don a properly fitted mask. We aimed to evaluate the fit factors (FFs) of eight alternative well-fit masks (AWMs) used by Thai HCPs. MethodsThis comparative descriptive study was conducted on 33 HCPs between October and November 2022, categorized into three facial sizes: small, medium, and large. Each participant wore eight types of AWMs in random order: medical mask under adjustable ear-loop (AEL)-KF94 (MK), medical mask under AEL-KN95 with a hook (MN), medical mask under fabric mask (MF), AEL- KF94 (KF94), AEL-KF94 under fabric masks (KF), AEL-KF94 with a hook (KF94H), AEL-KN95 with a hook (KN95), and AEL-KN95 with a hook under fabric mask (NF). FFs were measured using a quantitative fit test. ResultsThe respective number of HCPs wearing small, medium, and large was 12, 12, and 9, and the mean±SD of face width and length was 132.98 ± 10.49 and 114.92 ± 10.10 mm. The highest respective median of FF was KN95 = 200, NF= 200, MN= 185, and KF94H = 171, and the respective passing fit-test rate was 97%, 84.8%, 63.6%, and 60.6%. There was no difference in FFs between the N95 and KN95 (p=0.72), the N95 and NF (p=0.202), and the three face sizes. Moreover, KF94H pass rates were significantly higher for females compared to males (OR = 13.3; p = 0.001) and for small facial sizes compared to either medium or large sizes (OR = 14.7; p = 0.009). ConclusionThe AEL-KN95 with hook and sponge at the nosepiece is an effective respirator for use by HCPs in non-AGPs, as the FF and fit test pass rates were comparable to those of N95, and there were no differences in FFs between facial sizes. However, the female who had a small face size may use a KF94H as an alternative PPE.

Design and testing of a sew-free origami mask for improvised respiratory protection

Respiratory aerosols with diameters smaller than 100 μm have been confirmed as important vectors for the spread of diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. While disposable and cloth masks afford some protection, they are typically inefficient at filtering these aerosols and require specialized fabrication devices to produce. We describe a fabrication technique that makes use of a folding procedure (origami) to transform any filtration material into a mask. These origami masks can be fabricated by non-experts at minimal cost and effort, provide adequate filtration efficiencies, and are easily scaled to different facial sizes. Using a mannequin fit test simulator, we demonstrate that these masks can provide filtration efficiencies of over 90% while simultaneously providing greater comfort as demonstrated by pressure drops of <20 Pa. We also quantify mask leakage by measuring the variations in filtration efficiency and pressure drop when masks are sealed to the mannequin face compared to when the mask is unsealed but positioned to achieve the best fit. While leakage generally trended with pressure drop, some of the best performing mask media achieved <10% reduction in filtration efficiency due to leakage. Because this mask can provide high filtration efficiencies at low pressure drop compared to commercial alternatives, it is likely to promote greater mask wearing tolerance and acceptance.

Experimental investigation on stress distribution and migration of the overburden during the mining process in deep coal seam mining

Coal mining has a significant impact on the movement of the overburden, leading to potential safety hazards in the working face. In this paper, a similarity simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the migration of overburden during the mining process of a specific working face in the Liuzhuang Coal Mine located in southern China. Sand and gravel were used to simulate the geological environment of each rock stratum. The deformation of the stratum was monitored using strain gauges, the fracture and displacement changes of the overburden stratum were recorded using cameras, and the characteristics of roof collapse was monitored using infrared thermal imager. The experimental model fully simulated the situation of the working face, and the actual working face size was obtained by enlarging the model by 100 times. The experiment found that during the initial stage of mining, there was no significant subsidence of the roof. In the course of the advancement of the working face, the primary roof intermittently fractured behind the working face, with subsequent propagation of upper cracks in an upward direction. The overburden rock layer above the goaf experienced continuous compaction, leading to the gradual closure of the separation layer. Simultaneously, new cracks constantly emerged in front of the working face, resulting in the progressive stabilization of the height of the crack zone. The stress measurements at each point exhibit a pattern of initial increased, followed by decrease, and ultimately stabilization. By considering the stress variation law of the overburden rock, the stress changes in key layers of the bedrock during mining could be categorized into four zones: the stress stable zone, stress increasing zone, stress reducing zone, and compaction stable zone. During the initial phase of coal seam mining, the presence of rock layers provided support, resulting in minimal subsidence of the overburden rock. However, as the mining operation progressed, the disturbance force and collapse of the overburden rock leaded to further downward subsidence. When the working face reached the stop line, the collapsed overburden rock gradually consolidates, resulting in a deceleration of energy release and the formation of a pressure relief zone. Consequently, the overburden rock above the working face underwent a slight additional subsidence, reaching its maximum level. A short cantilever rock beam structure was formed in the experiment. This study will provide valuable reference for future coal mining and serve as a vital theoretical basis for roof control in deep coal seam mining.

The reconstructed cranium of Pierolapithecus and the evolution of the great ape face

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus (~12 million years ago, northeastern Spain) is key to understanding the mosaic nature of hominid (great ape and human) evolution. Notably, its skeleton indicates that an orthograde (upright) body plan preceded suspensory adaptations in hominid evolution. However, there is ongoing debate about this species, partly because the sole known cranium, preserving a nearly complete face, suffers from taphonomic damage. We 1) carried out a micro computerized tomography (CT) based virtual reconstruction of the Pierolapithecus cranium, 2) assessed its morphological affinities using a series of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphometric analyses, and 3) modeled the evolution of key aspects of ape face form. The reconstruction clarifies many aspects of the facial morphology of Pierolapithecus. Our results indicate that it is most similar to great apes (fossil and extant) in overall face shape and size and is morphologically distinct from other Middle Miocene apes. Crown great apes can be distinguished from other taxa in several facial metrics (e.g., low midfacial prognathism, relatively tall faces) and only some of these features are found in Pierolapithecus, which is most consistent with a stem (basal) hominid position. The inferred morphology at all ancestral nodes within the hominoid (ape and human) tree is closer to great apes than to hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs), which are convergent with other smaller anthropoids. Our analyses support a hominid ancestor that was distinct from all extant and fossil hominids in overall facial shape and shared many features with Pierolapithecus. This reconstructed ancestral morphotype represents a testable hypothesis that can be reevaluated as new fossils are discovered.

Peran Earnings Management Memediasi Ukuran Wajah Maskulinitas CEO Pria terhadap Performance

This study investigates how earnings management affects how masculine a CEO's attitude toward performance is. Structural Equation Modeling using Software Stata is used in the study to examine data from Indonesian Stock Exchange businesses for the years 2018 through 2022. The results indicate that earnings management, with increases and decreases in earnings management having an impact on the size of the CEO's face, mediates the relationship between a male CEO's masculinity and performance. The results can aid in the development of Financial Accounting Standard No. 19 by the Indonesian Accountants Association and show that earnings management mediates the size of a CEO's manly face toward performance