Face Plate Research Articles

Behaviour of Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Beams with Novel Enhanced C-Channels

As the load increases, most composite beams generally experience failure in both shear and flexural behavior. This outcome highlights the critical challenges of achieving sufficient strength and structural integrity in such beams. The proposed study has used the cold-formed behavior of an Enhanced C-channel (EC) shear connectors and Light Weight Concrete (LWC) to examine the new Steel-Lightweight Concrete-Steel sandwich Beams (SLCSB). The ECs have provided significant shear resistance at the faceplate-LWC interfacial interface and the tension separation resistance for faceplates (cold form steel) from the LWC core. Cold Form Steel (CFS) is the most often used substitute because of its high productivity and practicality in the field. Four different composite beams are examined in the proposed research with different ECs spacing. The beams’ top and bottom face plates are covered using CFS (1.6 mm). In addition to that, two different types of shear connectors are used. Two unique longitudinal spacing of 100 mm and 150 mm are also used for one with lipped ECs and without lipped ECs. Importantly, self-tapping screws are used to secure ECs in place between the top and bottom of the face plates. The effectiveness of the composite beams with various shear connector spacing subjected to a two-point load test is assessed through a series of experiments.

Low-loss high-confinement terahertz guided-wave propagation along a subwavelength gap between double-dielectric-ridge-integrated gratings

Dielectric grating-based spoof surface plasmonic (SSP) structures are among the recent low-loss and subwavelength field-concentrating solutions for realizing high-density terahertz (THz) and sub-THz integrated circuits. In this paper, we report on a novel waveguide structure capable of supporting highly confined SSP mode while exhibiting much lower propagation loss compared to other similar SSP structures. The proposed structure is composed of two perfectly aligned identical silica ridges placed on the inner faces of the metallic plates of a parallel plate waveguide with a proper plate distancing in order to leave an empty gap region between the ridges. Each of the ridges embodies a periodic arrangement of high-resistivity silicon blocks with the same height as their own, although with smaller widths compared to their width. By performing modal analysis on the 2D and 3D structures of the proposed waveguide, its propagation properties are studied. It is observed that if the gap region is properly designed, a waveguiding structure with a subwavelength cross-sectional size around λ0/3×λ0/3, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at the maximum frequency of operation, capable of providing a high degree of field confinement over a wide frequency bandwidth of nearly two octaves and with a very low propagation loss factor compared to similar SSP structures is achieved. Moreover, the performance of the proposed waveguide for implementing a 90° waveguide bend of the radius λ0/3, and for obtaining a spectroscopy-based refractive-index sensor is addressed. The results of our assessments suggest that the proposed waveguide can bring the state-of-the-art SSP designs yet another step closer to realizing ideal waveguiding structures for various applications in THz and sub-THz regimes.

Principles And Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Algorithms: A Review of The Literature

Artificial intelligence technologies, represented by machine learning and knowledge graphs, have gained rapid popularity in the last century, and their research has been involved in a wide range of applications such as license plate recognition, face recognition, speech recognition, intelligent assistants, recommendation systems, and autonomous driving. With the increase of data, computing power, maturity of learning algorithms, and richness of application scenarios, people have started to pay attention to this "new" and widely successful research field in academia and industry, and its development history, working principles, and practical applications have attracted much attention and created a new round of AI enthusiasm. The main content of this paper includes the analysis of classical AI algorithms, the reduction of neural networks, decision trees, and biological evolutionary algorithms from the perspective of algorithm principles, and the description and overview of their practical applications and problem-solving processes in various fields and technologies, summarizes and prospects the future development of AI in the context of its development history and existing research results so that readers can better understand the future trends of AI.

FIRST RECORD OF A PARASITE, DACTYLOGYRUS CF. SKRJABINI (MONOGENOIDEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE), INFECTING INVASIVE SILVER CARP, HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX (VALENCIENNES, 1844) (CYPRINIFORMES: XENOCYPRIDIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA.

The parasites infecting invasive carps in North America (all Cypriniformes: Xenocyprididae: grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella [Valenciennes, 1844]; silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix [Valenciennes, 1844]; bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis [Richardson, 1845]; and black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus [Richardson, 1846]) are little studied, and no parasite has been reported from silver carp there. We herein surveyed silver carp from Barkley Reservoir and Cheatham Reservoir (Cumberland River, Tennessee; June and December 2021) and the White River (Arkansas; May 2022) and collected numerous monogenoid specimens infecting the pores on the outer face of the gill raker plate. We heat-killed, formalin-fixed, and routinely stained some specimens for morphology and preserved others in 95% ethanol for DNA extraction and sequencing of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S). We identified our specimens as Dactylogyrus cf. skrjabini because they had a dorsal anchor deep root that is much longer than the superficial root, an approximately parallel penis and accessory piece, and a relatively large marginal hook pair V. No type specimen of Dactylogyrus skrjabiniAkhmerov, 1954 (type host and locality is silver carp, Amur River, Russia) is publicly available, but we borrowed several vouchers (NSMT-Pl 6393) that infected the gill rakers of silver carp captured in the Watarase River, Japan. The original description of D. skrjabini was highly stylized and diagrammatical, differing from the specimens we studied from North America and Japan by the dorsal anchor having a superficial root and shaft that comprise a strongly C-shaped hook (the superficial root curves toward the dorsal anchor point) (vs. superficial root straight, at ∼45° angle to deep root and directed away from the dorsal anchor point), a single, much reduced transverse bar that is narrow for its entire breadth (vs. dorsal and ventral transverse bars robust and broad, having an irregular outline), an accessory piece that lacks digitiform projections (vs. accessory piece with 4 digitiform projections), and an accessory piece that lacks a half cardioid-shaped process (vs. accessory piece having a half cardioid-shaped process). Our 28S sequences (generated from 4 specimens of D. cf. skrjabini: 2 from Tennessee [763 base pairs (bp)] and 2 from Arkansas [776 bp]) were identical to 1 ascribed to D. skrjabini from Japan. The present study is the first verifiable and credible report of a parasite from silver carp in North America and the first nucleotide information for a parasite from silver carp in North America.

Thermomechanical vibration and buckling response of magneto-electro-elastic higher order laminated nanoplates

This study investigated the free vibration and buckling behavior of a magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) sandwich porous nanoplate under nonlinear thermal loads and electric and magnetic potentials. The equation of motion of the nanoplate consisting of barium-titanate and cobalt-ferrite components, with a functionally graded (FG) porous core and two face plates, was modeled by a sinusoidal higher-order shear (SHSDT) and the nonlocal strain gradient (NSGT) theories. Due to the significant effect of the temperature in the dynamics of the magneto-electro-elastic nanoplate, the temperature-dependent material properties of barium-titanate (BaTiO3) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) were defined and applied to the modeling for the first time in the literature. The laminated plate consists of upper and lower surface auxiliary plates and a main FG core plate. The core plate consists of functionally grading cobalt-ferrite and barium-titanate, while face plates can be in three different material compositions consisting of pure cobalt-ferrite, pure barium-titanate, or a combination of the two. It has been shown in this study that the dynamic behavior of the core plate, exposed to high temperatures, can be controlled through auxiliary surface plates. Especially in nanosensor applications, the disadvantage of thermal load can be reduced by the electric and magnetic field's strength applied to the surface plates. This study will make an essential contribution to the design and application of nanosensor or nanoelectromechanical systems, especially by controlling nanosensor responses in high-temperature applications.

Smart hybrid composite sensor technology to enhance the detection of low energy impact damage in composite structures

This paper introduces novel structural health monitoring (SHM) sensors to improve the detection of low energy impact damage in laminated composites. The sensor is a purposely designed thin-ply hybrid composite, composed of a layer of unidirectional S-glass/epoxy and another layer of unidirectional ultra-high modulus (UHM) carbon/epoxy. The sensor was incorporated onto both the impacted face and back of a substrate plate made from unidirectional T800 carbon/MTM49-3 epoxy prepregs with the stacking sequence of [45/0/90/-45]4S. A series of drop tower tests were conducted on the composite plates with and without the attached hybrid sensing layer, with two different in-plane dimensions and varying energy levels ranging from 3 J to 124 J. The results indicate that the sensors functioned satisfactorily and provided direct correlations between visible and internal hidden damage detected by C-scan. The sensor can be optimized by selecting appropriate material properties and adjusting it to the in-plane dimensions of the substrate.

On the ricochet of sharp-nosed rigid projectiles from metallic plates

We present a numerical study on sharp-nosed rigid projectile obliquely impacting ductile metallic plates. We followed the trajectory changes of these projectiles including their ricochet behavior and we determined their threshold ricochet angles. These are the impact obliquities at which the projectile moves along a trajectory parallel to the plate's face. These angles were found to be related to the normalized impact velocities of the projectile/plate pair, which are defined by the ratio between the impact velocity and the ballistic limit velocity, at normal incidence, for the given pair. This numerically-derived empirical relation was shown to account for various rigid projectiles, with different nose shapes and aspect ratios, impacting aluminum and steel plates of various strengths. We also found that this relation accounts for experimental data with aluminum and steel plates obliquely impacted by 7.62 mm AP projectiles.

Thermomechanical vibration response of nanoplates with magneto-electro-elastic face layers and functionally graded porous core using nonlocal strain gradient elasticity

The thermal vibration and buckling behavior of a functionally graded nanoplate are examined in this study. The nanoplate is made up of a silicon nitride/stainless steel core plate and two cobalt-ferrite/barium-titanate face plates. Four alternative porosity models were used to simulate the porosity of the nanoplate, and numerous variables that can affect the nanoplate’s behavior were taken into account. The study found that the thermomechanical behavior of nanoplates with magneto-electro-elastic face layers and a functionally graded porous core plate is affected by material gradation indices, porosity ratios, nonlocal variables, and different core plate material porosity models.

The effect of carbonate fillers on the properties of anhydrite binder and gypsum stone

Technology of contact hardening composite materials based on substandard raw materials is presented. Production of anhydrite binder having relatively high strength in comparison with other types of gypsum binders is shown. The scope of application of anhydrite binder: plaster and masonry mortars, floor screeds, solutions for filling mine workings, decorative facing plates, architectural details, small-piece wall stones, dry mixes.

Development of a Cubic Core Lightweight Panel Using Origami-Kirigami Engineering

Honeycomb core panels are commonly used in industry as lightweight structures. However, because the bond between the face plate and the regular hexagonal core is weak, there are strength problems, such as heat and shear loads. In this study, a new cubic core panel was developed as an alternative to a honeycomb core panel. Unlike conventional honeycomb core panels, cubic cores can be processed from a single flat plate by punching and bending. Through the square contact area between the face plate and the cubic core, a double-bond integral panel structure was assembled using glue and rebates. The cubic core panel had a higher bending stiffness and bonding strength than the conventional honeycomb panel. A three-point bending test was performed on the processed cubic core panel. The relationship between the bending load and the deformation of the cubic core panel was determined. The curved part of the cubic core panel can be easily processed by cutting out a part of the material on one side of the cubic core panel in accordance with the lightweight structure of the curved part. A design formula for the curved part of the cubic core panel was derived using the curvature radius and curvature angle of the actual curved structure. A cubic core molding system was investigated using the parallel movement characteristics of the four-bar link mechanism for future mass production. An important design factor for practical use was obtained by deriving the relational expression between the bending load and plastic displacement.

Effect of different scintillator choices on the X-ray imaging performance of CMOS sensors

The ability of wafer scale Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) imagers to integrate sensing with analogue to digital conversion at the pixel level has led to their widespread appeal in a variety of imaging applications. This has led to significant improvement in speed and reduction in read-out noise in these imagers when compared to charge-coupled devices (CCDs) and amorphous silicon/selenium based flat panel imagers (FPIs). This paper compares the performance characteristics of CMOS X-ray detectors in various configurations by varying certain parameters of a typical X-ray detector such as fibre optic face plate (FOP), scintillator substrate coating, sensor pixel pitch and scintillator thickness. The evaluations were carried out using RQA5 (70 kV) radiation beam quality aimed at general radiography applications. At comparable Air Kerma values, detectors with a fibre optic plate showed an overall better DQE performance at most spatial frequencies, starting slightly lower at low frequencies then overtaking the “no-FOP” case at mid and high frequencies. The analysis of detectors with different substrate coatings for the scintillators showed comparatively higher DQE for the white-coated aluminium substrate scintillator compared to the black-coated one. The DQE comparison of detectors with 50μm and 100μm pixel pitch resulted in a higher DQE for the 100μm pixel pitch one, with the caveat that the scintillator was thick enough as to render differences in pMTF negligible. Finally, the comparison of scintillators with varying thicknesses showed that the thickest scintillator yielded the highest DQE. These characterisation studies helped in understanding the suitability of these different configurations in various general radiography application scenarios and could be of help to prospective users to determine the overall configuration that best fits their specific imaging needs.

A Finite/Spectral Element Hybrid Method for Modeling and Band-Gap Characterization of Metamaterial Sandwich Plates.

In this study, elastic metamaterial sandwich plates with axially deformed Timoshenko beam cores, considering both the out-of-plane and in-plane deformations of the face plates, are designed and the vibration band-gap properties are explored. The beam cores act as local resonators that can bear axial force, bending moment and shearing force. The finite element method (FEM) and the spectral element method (SEM) are combined to create the finite/spectral element hybrid method (FE-SEHM) for establishing the dynamic model and calculating the frequency response functions (FRFs) of the elastic metamaterial sandwich plate with axially deformed beam cores. It is observed that the metamaterial sandwich plate possesses both the axial and transverse vibration band-gaps of the beams, and the two kinds of band-gaps are independent. Compared with the metamaterial sandwich plates with rod cores, those with axially deformed beam cores have more extensive application ranges for vibration reduction.

Mechanical response of galvanised steel sandwich structure with different numbers of web core and different spacing distance of web plate under bending load

Sandwich structures are widely used in a variety of industrial applications due to their ability to provide high bending stiffness while remaining lightweight. The deformation of this structure and its relation to the stiffness of the galvanized steel is investigated. A series of three-point bending response and subsequent failure modes in web-core laser-welded sandwich structure based on galvanised steel is also investigated. The web-core sandwich structure was manufactured using fibre laser welding technique to joint face and web plates perpendicularly to produce a range of lightweight sandwich structure. The role of the number of cores and spacing distance were purposed to determine the overall deformation of global deflection behaviour of the sandwich structure. The results were compared, and it is showed that the acted load produced bending on faceplate and caused debonding at weld joint (between faceplate and web plate). The continued bending was also caused debonding between PVC foam and adjacent plate. Subsequently, load-displacement trace was used as evidence of the comparison, where seven cores with 20 mm spacing distance exhibited higher force, approximately 1.091 kN. The three-point bending test results indicated that the higher number of cores possessed better performance in bending strength. The effect of the spacing distance of web plates in sandwich structure was also examined. In five cores specimen, it is showed that as the spacing distance decreased, the bending strength increased, where bending stiffness value of 18 mm (0.313 kN/mm) is higher than 19 mm (0.288 kN/mm) and 20 mm (0.281 kN/mm). The effectiveness of the sandwich structure depended on the optimal design as to achieve lightweight and its bending strength.

Remote reef cryptobenthic diversity: Integrating autonomous reef monitoring structures and in situ environmental parameters

Coral reef sessile organisms inhabiting cryptic spaces and cavities of the reef matrix perform vital and varied functional roles but are often understudied in comparison to those on exposed surfaces. Here, we assess the composition of cryptobenthic taxa from three remote tropical reef sites (Central Indian Ocean) alongside a suite of in situ environmental parameters to determine if, or how, significant patterns of diversity are shaped by local abiotic factors. To achieve this, we carried out a point-count analysis of autonomous reef monitoring structure (ARMS) plate images and employed in situ instrumentation to recover long-term (12 months) profiles of flow velocity, wave heights, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity, and short-term (3 weeks) profiles of light and pH. We recovered distinct environmental profiles between sampling sites and observed that ocean-facing reefs experienced frequent but short-lived cooling internal wave events and that these were key in shaping in situ temperature variability. By comparing temperature and wave height profiles recovered using in situ loggers with ex situ models, we discovered that global satellite products either failed to recover site-specific profiles or both over- and underestimated actual in situ conditions. We found that site choice and recruitment plate face (top or bottom) significantly impacted the percentage cover of bryozoans, gastropods, soft and calcified tube worms, as well as crustose coralline algae (CCA) and fleshy red, brown, and green encrusting macroalgae on ARMS. We observed significant correlations between the abundance of bryozoans, CCA, and colonial tunicates with lower mean temperature and higher mean dissolved oxygen profiles observed across sites. Red and brown encrusting macroalgae abundance correlated significantly with medium-to-high flow velocities and wave height profiles, as well as higher pH and dissolved oxygen. This study provides the first insight into cryptobenthic communities in the Chagos Archipelago marine-protected area and adds to our limited understanding of tropical reef sessile communities and their associations with environmental parameters in this region. With climate change accelerating the decline of reef ecosystems, integrating analyses of cryptobenthic organisms and in situ physicochemical factors are needed to understand how reef communities, if any, may withstand the impacts of climate change.

Post-cracking punching shear behavior of concrete flat slabs partially reinforced with full-depth UHPC: Experiment and mechanical model

Concrete flat slab partially reinforced with full depth UHPC within the critical punching shear area was considered an advanced and economical form of slabs since the application of UHPC can significantly enhance the punching shear behavior after cracking due to its superior mechanical properties. An experimental study of six flat slabs was conducted to research the post-cracking punching shear behavior of NC-UHPC composite slabs, where the crack pattern, stiffness degradation, post-cracking deformability, and peak strengths under different UHPC dimensions were investigated. The test results revealed that the failure mode of slabs changed from brittle punching failure to ductile combined punching shear-flexural failure when the width of the UHPC coverage area reaches more than 1 times the slab thickness from the periphery of the loading plate face. Two new ductility indexes were proposed to evaluate the post-cracking deformability of NC-UHPC composite slabs, which was improved by about 65 % and 108 %, compared to that of NC slabs, respectively. The influence of different UHPC dimensions on the post-cracking punching shear behavior was analyzed. The optimal application of UHPC in NC-UHPC composite slabs was deemed to be the area enclosed by a perimeter located at about 1–2 times of slab thickness from the periphery of the loading plate face. Meanwhile, the peak strengths of NC-UHPC composite slabs were predicted by two mechanical models. It was concluded that the mechanical model proposed in this paper which consider both fibers’ contribution and the influence of different UHPC dimensions can predict the peak strength of NC-UHPC composite slabs accurately.

Stress-strain analysis and safety evaluation of concrete-faced rockfill dams

For concrete-faced rockfill dams with a medium dam height of a pumped storage power station, the gravel overburden of the dam site will be deep and the bedrock of the riverbed will be inclined downstream. Under complex topographic and geological conditions, the deformation control of the dam and the stability of the dam slope will be very important to the safe operation of the dam. Therefore, based on the Tsinghua nonlinear decoupled K-G model of rockfill materials, in this work, we adopted the finite element method for simulating and calculating the stress and deformation characteristics of typical dam sections in the construction and storage periods, and we carried out parameter sensitivity and comparative analyses with the Shen Zhujiang double yield surface and Duncan Chang E-B models. According to the findings, the distribution of stress and deformation of the dam were reasonable and conformed to the distribution law of a rockfill dam built on a slope. The maximum horizontal displacement occurred in the middle of the compressible layer near the downstream, the maximum settlement occurred in the middle of the compressible layer, and the maximum value of the panel deflection occurred at about 1/2 of the dam height. In addition, the dam material modulus exerted little impact on the dam stress but had an obvious effect on the deformation of the dam body and face plate. The stress values of the dam body calculated by the different constitutive models showed little difference. Although the distribution law of displacement was almost the same, the magnitude difference was large. Our research results may serve to be a reference for the stress and deformation analysis and engineering design of concrete-faced rockfill dams.

Multi bandgaps design of sandwich metamaterial plate with embedded membrane-type resonators

A metamaterial plate with multi bandgaps is proposed for vibration suppression by integrating membrane-mass structures that can be used as locally resonant metastructure into a honeycomb sandwich structure. The finite element method is employed to calculate the band structure and the transmission spectra. The formation mechanisms of the locally resonant bandgaps are investigated via the analysis of the mode shapes of the membrane-mass resonator and face plate in a unit cell. The effects of the location of the attached mass on the bandgap property and an improved multi bandgaps structure is designed and discussed. Results show that the proposed multifunctional metamaterial exhibits an excellent vibration suppression performance, as well as a significant designability. Moreover, a specimen of the proposed metamaterial is fabricated and experimental measurements are performed, and a good agreement between the numerical predictions and the experimental results is obtained. The results of this study will be useful for the design of sandwich structures with multiple vibration bandgaps.

Mathematical modeling of a submerged piezoelectric wave energy converter device installed over an undulated seabed

A piezoelectric wave energy converter (PWEC) device integrated with an impermeable breakwater placed over an undulated seabed is considered. The PWEC device is composed of a single submerged flexible plate with piezoelectric layers attached to both faces of the flexible plate. Due to the piezoelectric effect, this piezoelectric plate generates electricity when excited by the incident waves. A detailed analysis is done to investigate the effect of PWEC plate submergence depth, plate length, plate edge conditions, incident wave period, bottom ripple amplitude, and ripple number on the power generation by the PWEC device. It is seen that the PWEC device edge conditions, submergence depth, and plate length play a significant role in the resonating pattern associated with the wave power generation curve. The results demonstrate that the PWEC device having moderate plate length and with free and moored type front edges generates a higher amount of wave power for a wider range of incident wave frequencies.

Inter-Calibration and Statistical Validation of Topside Ionosphere Electron Density Observations Made by CSES-01 Mission

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01) provides in situ electron density (Ne) observations through Langmuir probes (LPs) in the topside ionosphere since February 2018. CSES-01 is a sun-synchronous satellite probing the ionosphere around two fixed local times (LTs), 14 LT in the daytime sector and 02 LT in the night-time sector, at an altitude of about 500 km. Previous studies evidenced that CSES-01 seems to underestimate Ne measurements with respect to those acquired by similar satellites or obtained from different instruments. To overcome this issue, we calibrated CSES-01 LP Ne observations through Swarm B satellite data, which flies approximately at CSES-01 altitude. As a first step, Swarm B LP Ne observations were calibrated through Faceplate (FP) Ne observations from the same satellite. Such calibration allowed solving the Ne overestimation made by Swarm LP during nighttime for low solar activity. Then, the calibrated Swarm B LP Ne observations were used to calibrate CSES-01 Ne observations on a statistical basis. Finally, the goodness of the proposed calibration procedure was statistically assessed through a comparison with Ne observations by incoherent scatter radars (ISRs) located at Jicamarca, Arecibo, and Millstone Hill. The proposed calibration procedure allowed solving the CSES-01 Ne underestimation issue for both daytime and nighttime sectors and brought CSES-01 Ne observations in agreement with corresponding ones measured by Swarm B, ISRs, and with those modelled by the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). This is a first fundamental step towards a possible future inclusion of CSES-01 Ne observations in the dataset underlying IRI for the purpose of improving the description of the topside ionosphere made by IRI.

Novel design of honeycomb hybrid sandwich structures under air-blast

In this study, dynamic explicit analysis was performed to examine the air-blast performance of various hybrid sandwich designs in terms of face plate deflections and energy dissipation capacity under the conventional weapons effects program (CONWEP) air-blast loads ranging from 3 kg to 8 kg trinitrotoluene for stand-off distance ranges from 150 mm to 200 mm. The blast resistance of honeycomb sandwich configurations was evaluated using steel honeycomb with different core topologies, crushable Al foam-filled steel honeycomb, and steel or steel with 3D Kevlar/polypropylene laminate employing fiber metal laminate (FML) front face. For an accurate prediction of the deformation mechanism of all steel parts, the Johnson-Cook (J-C) model was used. The composite failure criteria of Hashin, Puck, and Matzenmiller were implemented to accurately examine the fiber and matrix damage behavior. The novel hybrid design of the honeycomb sandwich structure’s blast resistance is improved by the employment of foam-filled honeycomb, an FML front face, and a circular honeycomb core. In comparison to other sandwich configurations, a novel designed hybrid sandwich construction composed of foam filled circular honeycomb with FML front facing and steel back facing (FCH-1KP0.5) achieved the highest blast resistance due to its lowest face deflection with the smallest plastic dissipation energy.