Fabrication Of Nanopores Research Articles

High-Throughput Nanopore Fabrication and Classification Using Xe-Ion Irradiation and Automated Pore-Edge Analysis.

Large-area nanopore drilling is a major bottleneck in state-of-the-art nanoporous 2D membrane fabrication protocols. In addition, high-quality structural and statistical descriptions of as-fabricated porous membranes are key to predicting the corresponding membrane-wide permeation properties. In this work, we investigate Xe-ion focused ion beam as a tool for scalable, large-area nanopore fabrication on atomically thin, free-standing molybdenum disulfide. The presented irradiation protocol enables designing ultrathin membranes with tunable porosity and pore dimensions, along with spatial uniformity across large-area substrates. Fabricated nanoporous membranes are then characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging, and the observed nanopore geometries are analyzed through a pore-edge detection and analysis script. We further demonstrate that the obtained structural and statistical data can be readily passed on to computational and analytical tools to predict the permeation properties at both individual pore and membrane-wide scales. As an example, membranes featuring angstrom-scale pores are investigated in terms of their emerging water and ion flow properties through extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We believe that the combination of experimental and analytical approaches presented here will yield accurate physics-based property estimates and thus potentially enable a true function-by-design approach to fabrication for applications such as osmotic power generation and desalination/filtration.

Double-sided plasmonic metasurface for simultaneous biomolecular separation and SERS detection

Porous membrane-based nanofiltration separation of small biomolecules is a widely used biotechnology for which size-based selectivity is a critical parameter of technological relevance. Efficient determination of size selectivity calls for an advanced detection method capable of performing sensitive, rapid, and on-membrane examination. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is such a detection method that has been widely recognized as an ultrasensitive technique for trace-level detection with sensitivity down to the single-molecule level. In this work, we for the first time develop a double-sided hierarchical porous membrane-like plasmonic metasurface to realize high-selectivity bimolecular separation and simultaneous ultrasensitive SERS detection. This highly flexible device, consisting of subwavelength nanocone pairs surrounded by randomly orientated sub-5 nm nanogrooves, was prepared by combining customized “top-down” fabrication of conical nanopores in an ion-track registered polycarbonate membrane and self-assembly of nanogrooves on the membrane surface through physical vapor deposition. The unique tip-to-tip oriented conical nanopores in the device enables excellent size-based molecular selectivity; the hierarchical groove-pore structure supports a peculiar cascaded electromagnetic near-field enhancement mechanism, endowing the device with SERS-based molecular detection of ultrahigh sensitivity, uniformity, repeatability, and polarization independence. With such dual structural merits and performance enhancement, we demonstrate effective nanofiltration separation of small-sized adenine from big-sized ss-DNA and synergistic SERS determination of their species. We experimentally demonstrate an ultrasensitive detection of 4-mercaptopyridine down to 10 pM. Together with its unparalleled mechanical flexibility, this double-side-responsive plasmonic metasurface membrane can find great potential in real-world molecular filtration and detection under extremely complex working conditions.

Bioinspired superwettability: From interfacial materials to chemistry

<p indent="0mm">Interfacial wettability is one of the fundamental problems in material science. The research on wettability regulation is of great significance in exploring new knowledge and creating new applications. Learning from nature, Prof. Jiang has summarized three basic principles of superwettability: (1) The static wetting is determined by the cooperative effect of nanostructure and surface energy; (2) the transition point of the superlyophilicity and superlyophobicity on the nanostructure is the lyophilicity-lyophobicity limitation; (3) the direction of liquid transport is regulated by chemical composition gradient, rough gradient, curvature gradient, etc. Based on these principles, he further extended the superwettability interfacial material systems to interfacial chemistry. He established a superwetting interfacial material system including 64 combinations, and expanded to various liquid systems with different pressure and temperature ranges, leading and promoting the global development of this field. In this paper, we will introduce the design of superwetting interface and the new law of liquid/gas/solid three-phase interfacial wettability. Based upon the new law of three-phase interfacial wettability, we state the application of water-oil separation, pesticide spraying, electrochemical sensors, and photoelectric material patterning. And the recent research and application prospect in the field of quantum-confined superfluid are discussed. In the part of water-oil separation, focusing on the key issue of constructing membrane materials with both fine pore structure and super-wetting properties, without changing the traditional separation membrane preparation process, the micro-nano multi-level structure of the membrane surface is constructed through structure-induced tuning, and the surface is chemically modified. Synergistic action is used to realize the regulation of membrane transport behavior of water droplets or oil droplets, and a series of novel structural membrane separation materials have been successfully prepared, realizing high-precision and high-throughput separation of oil-water emulsions under low driving pressure. In-depth research on the relationship between the molecular structure of surfactants and the kinetic behavior and thermodynamic state of droplets on specially wetted surfaces has led to the discovery of a very cheap anionic surfactant (sulfosuccinic acid) capable of forming vesicles. Sodium dioctyl ester (AOT) can inhibit the ejection and sputtering of pesticide droplets on the surface of superhydrophobic plants at a very low concentration (3/1000 mass concentration). Aiming at the historical problem of “deficient oxygen” during the use of electrochemical enzyme sensors, we proposed and constructed an oxygen-enriched enzyme electrode with solid/liquid/gas three-phase coexistence. The three-phase electrode will greatly improve the detection performance of existing sensors, has extremely broad application prospects in future disease monitoring, and provides a new design idea for the development of high-efficiency enzyme sensors. We exploit the principle of “liquid bridge confinement assembly” by inducing site-specific condensation and crystallization of small organic molecules by exploiting asymmetric wettability interfaces, fabricating one-dimensional arrays of organic polymer semiconductors by exploiting highly adhesive three-phase interfaces, and exploiting superwetting The micro-nano interface controls the three-dimensional dewetting process and realizes the preparation of highly oriented one-dimensional single-crystal nanowires. These three methods are the key issues to realize one-dimensional micro-nano materials from material preparation to device application. Since 2008, we have successfully achieved the fabrication of smart nanopores that mimic ion channels in biomembranes. This channel has properties similar to biological ion channel switching, selection and rectification. Furthermore, by imitating the mechanism of energy conversion in living systems, the design of energy conversion systems driven by chemical potential gradients based on biomimetic nanopores and the design of nanopore-based sensing devices are realized. Since 2018, we focused on dynamic superwetting. The concept of ionic/molecular superfluid is proposed, which promotes the understanding of the realization of ultra-low energy conversion and information transmission in biological systems and provides new ideas for the study of ultra-low energy chemical synthesis in biological systems. It is believed that future research on ionic/molecular superfluidity will promote the development of neuroscience and brain science, develop quantum ion technology, develop future chemical and chemical reactors with high flux, high selectivity and low energy consumption, and will produce a series of disruptive technologies.

Localized Nanopore Fabrication via Controlled Breakdown.

Nanopore sensors provide a unique platform to detect individual nucleic acids, proteins, and other biomolecules without the need for fluorescent labeling or chemical modifications. Solid-state nanopores offer the potential to integrate nanopore sensing with other technologies such as field-effect transistors (FETs), optics, plasmonics, and microfluidics, thereby attracting attention to the development of commercial instruments for diagnostics and healthcare applications. Stable nanopores with ideal dimensions are particularly critical for nanopore sensors to be integrated into other sensing devices and provide a high signal-to-noise ratio. Nanopore fabrication, although having benefited largely from the development of sophisticated nanofabrication techniques, remains a challenge in terms of cost, time consumption and accessibility. One of the latest developed methods—controlled breakdown (CBD)—has made the nanopore technique broadly accessible, boosting the use of nanopore sensing in both fundamental research and biomedical applications. Many works have been developed to improve the efficiency and robustness of pore formation by CBD. However, nanopores formed by traditional CBD are randomly positioned in the membrane. To expand nanopore sensing to a wider biomedical application, controlling the localization of nanopores formed by CBD is essential. This article reviews the recent strategies to control the location of nanopores formed by CBD. We discuss the fundamental mechanism and the efforts of different approaches to confine the region of nanopore formation.

Localised solid-state nanopore fabrication via controlled breakdown using on-chip electrodes

Controlled breakdown has recently emerged as a highly accessible technique to fabricate solid-state nanopores. However, in its most common form, controlled breakdown creates a single nanopore at an arbitrary location in the membrane. Here, we introduce a new strategy whereby breakdown is performed by applying the electric field between an on-chip electrode and an electrolyte solution in contact with the opposite side of the membrane. We demonstrate two advantages of this method. First, we can independently fabricate multiple nanopores at given positions in the membrane by localising the applied field to the electrode. Second, we can create nanopores that are self-aligned with complementary nanoelectrodes by applying voltages to the on-chip electrodes to locally heat the membrane during controlled breakdown. This new controlled breakdown method provides a path towards the affordable, rapid, and automatable fabrication of arrays of nanopores self-aligned with complementary on-chip nanostructures.

Controllable Shrinking Fabrication of Solid-State Nanopores.

Nanopores have attracted widespread attention in DNA sequencing and protein or biomarker detection, owning to the single-molecule-scale detection accuracy. Despite the most use of naturally biological nanopores before, solid-state nanopores are widely developed with strong robustness, controllable sizes and geometries, a wide range of materials available, as well as flexible manufacturing. Therefore, various techniques typically based on focused ion beam or electron beam have been explored to drill nanopores directly on free-standing nanofilms. To further reduce and sculpt the pore size and shape for nano or sub-nano space-time sensing precision, various controllable shrinking technologies have been employed. Correspondingly, high-energy-beam-induced contraction with direct visual feedback represents the most widely used. The ability to change the pore diameter was attributed to surface tension induced original material migration into the nanopore center or new material deposition on the nanopore surface. This paper reviews typical solid-state nanopore shrinkage technologies, based on the careful summary of their principles and characteristics in particularly size and morphology changes. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods have also been compared completely. Finally, this review concludes with an optimistic outlook on the future of solid-state nanopores.

Electrochemically nano-engineered titanium: Influence of dual micro-nanotopography of anisotropic nanopores on bioactivity and antimicrobial activity

Early establishment of integration between the implant and the surrounding bone tissue is crucial for the long-term stability of orthopedic and dental implants. To this end, surface modification of titanium-based implants have been performed to achieve augmented bioactivity and local therapy. We hereby propose the fabrication of dual micro-nano anisotropic titania nanopores (TNPs) on micro-machined titanium via electrochemical anodization towards enhanced osteoblast performance. An in-depth analysis of the surface topographical and chemical characteristics of the nanopores was followed by a culture of primary human osteoblasts to investigate proliferation, attachment, cytoskeleton alignment, and expression of different osteogenic gene markers. Next, the influence of dual micro-nanotopography on the formation of biofilm was evaluated using an oral salivary biofilm model. The study found that the topography and surface chemistry changes influenced protein adsorption and modulated osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, RT-qPCR studies showed that the nanoporous structure significantly enhanced the expression of the osteogenesis markers RUNX2, OCN, OPN, and ALP. Finally, it was observed that the anodized nano-engineered Ti did not influence the formation of oral biofilm.

Preparation of nanoporous flake molybdenum powder by sol-gel reduction method

Due to the unique microstructure, nanoporous materials, have great potential application in the fields of catalysis, sensing and fabrication of advanced materials. This study mainly focuses on the thermal decomposition mechanism of ammonium paramolybdate and nanoporous flake molybdenum powder fabrication. The decomposition process was clarified and verified. The approximate molar formation enthalpy and some thermodynamic data of ammonium paramolybdate and its related decomposition products under experimental conditions were estimated by enthalpy change values of decomposition reaction in the various stages. Nanoporous flake molybdenum powder was fabricated by sol-gel reduction method at different pH values. The mechanism of transition from ammonium paramolybdate to molybdenum powder was elucidated. The results show that the morphology of products in each stage is hereditary. With the increase of pH value, the reaction was complete and the powder morphology gradually became flake and the shape distribution was uniform and distribution. When the pH is 5, through inert gas passivation treatment, the final molybdenum powder has a uniform particle size of about 65 nm and a specific surface area of about 7.5 m 2 /g. The nanoporous powder with such a special morphology and microstructure has potential prospects in the field of functional materials such as catalysis. • Heredity was found in the mechanism of AHM to Mo transformation. • CA can not only be used as complexing agent, but also control the pH value of the solution. • The morphology of MoO 3 and Mo particles gradually became flakes with the increase of pH value. • Inert gas passivation can reduce and concentrate the PSD and decrease agglomeration. • Nanoporous flaky Mo powder was prepared by sol-gel reduction method with high specific surface area.

Recent Advancements in the Fabrication of Functional Nanoporous Materials and Their Biomedical Applications.

Functional nanoporous materials are categorized as an important class of nanostructured materials because of their tunable porosity and pore geometry (size, shape, and distribution) and their unique chemical and physical properties as compared with other nanostructures and bulk counterparts. Progress in developing a broad spectrum of nanoporous materials has accelerated their use for extensive applications in catalysis, sensing, separation, and environmental, energy, and biomedical areas. The purpose of this review is to provide recent advances in synthesis strategies for designing ordered or hierarchical nanoporous materials of tunable porosity and complex architectures. Furthermore, we briefly highlight working principles, potential pitfalls, experimental challenges, and limitations associated with nanoporous material fabrication strategies. Finally, we give a forward look at how digitally controlled additive manufacturing may overcome existing obstacles to guide the design and development of next-generation nanoporous materials with predefined properties for industrial manufacturing and applications.

Two-dimensional nanoporous and lamellar membranes for water purification: Reality or a myth?

• Progress in 2D nanoporous and lamellar membranes is critically reviewed. • Sub-nanoporous membranes can achieve high water permeance and rejection. • Lamellar membranes provide effective rejection of dye molecules at high water flux. • Enhanced ion rejection by lamellar membranes requires 2D material functionalisation. • Research is required on scalability, stability, fouling and pore size engineering. Wastewater contains only ∼ 1% impurities that are required to be separated precisely for water recycling and reuse applications, particularly in water scare regions. Membrane-based separation has been recognised as an environmentally-friendly and energy-efficient process for effective pollutant removal and clean water production. To further improve the selectivity and water flux of membranes, two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and those exhibiting graphene-like properties, have been intensively studied for nanoporous and lamellar membrane fabrication in the last decade. Herein, we critically review the progress in 2D membranes for water purification and uniquely discuss the performance governing factors and research gaps from the standpoint of environmental and material chemists, which are critical to realize 2D membrane commercialization. The major points of this review are: (1) among the six types of reviewed 2D membranes, graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide membrane have been predominantly studied for water treatment. (2) atomically thin nanoporous membranes with a defined pore size can achieve excellent water permeance and selectivity but large-scale fabrication of nanoporous membranes with uniform shape and size of nanopores remains a challenge. (3) salt separation performance of the pressurized lamellar membranes may not be comparable to commercial nanofiltration membranes. (4) functionalization or crosslinking of 2D materials is inevitable to stabilize 2D membrane pore structure and/or improve molecule separation. (5) membranes fabricated using emerging 2D materials such as born nitride and MXene appear to show better stability than graphene oxide membranes. (6) several aspects, particularly membrane stability, long-term performance, and membrane fouling propensity need attention to realize commercial application of 2D membranes in water treatment.

Fabrication of Nanopore in MoS2-Graphene vdW Heterostructure by Ion Beam Irradiation and the Mechanical Performance.

Nanopore structure presents great application potential especially in the area of biosensing. The two-dimensional (2D) vdW heterostructure nanopore shows unique features, while research around its fabrication is very limited. This paper proposes for the first time the use of ion beam irradiation for creating nanopore structure in 2D vdW graphene-MoS2 heterostructures. The formation process of the heterostructure nanopore is discussed first. Then, the influence of ion irradiation parameters (ion energy and ion dose) is illustrated, based on which the optimal irradiation parameters are derived. In particular, the effect of stacking order of the heterostructure 2D layers on the induced phenomena and optimal parameters are taken into consideration. Finally, uniaxial tensile tests are conducted by taking the effect of irradiation parameters, nanopore size and stacking order into account to demonstrate the mechanical performance of the heterostructure for use under a loading condition. The results would be meaningful for expanding the applications of heterostructure nanopore structure, and can arouse more research interest in this area.

Detection of small-sized DNA fragments in a glassy nanopore by utilization of CRISPR-Cas12a as a converter system.

The fabrication of nanopores with a matched pore size, and the existence of multiple interferents make the reproducible detection of small-sized molecules by means of solid-state nanopores still challenging. A useful method to solve these problems is based on the detection of large DNA nanostructures related to the existence of small-sized targets. In particular, a DNA tetrahedron with a well-defined 3D nanostructure is the ideal candidate for use as a signal transducer. Here, we demonstrate the detection of an L1-encoding gene of HPV18 as a test DNA target sequence in a reaction buffer solution, where long single-stranded DNA linking DNA tetrahedra onto the surface of the magnetic beads is cleaved by a target DNA-activated CRISPR-cas12 system. The DNA tetrahedra are subsequently released and can be detected by the current pulse in a glassy nanopore. This approach has several advantages: (1) one signal transducer can be used to detect different targets; (2) a glassy nanopore with a pore size much larger than the target DNA fragment can boost the tolerance of the contaminants and interferents which often degrade the performance of a nanopore sensor.

Nucleation and growth of stacking-dependent nanopores in bilayer h-BN.

The nucleation and growth of well-defined nanopores are presented under electron irradiation in h-BN bilayers with various stacking angles. The pores are initiated by the formation of boron vacancies in each basal layer, and then evolve into either triangular or hexagonal pores, which is dependent on the relative rotation between BN layers. The result may shed light on the rational design and fabrication of nanopores.

Nanoporous scaffold fabrication for biomedical application by employing probe sonication

The study aimed to develop nanoporous scaffolding (NPS) for various biomedical applications. NPS was developed using hydrophilic, biodegradable polymers by employing the lyophilization method. Four different gel bases of chitosan (Molecular weight: 85,000 Da), methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (K4M), and polyvinyl alcohol (Molecular weight: 1,25,000 Da) of 3% were prepared, respectively using a fluorescent dye. The dye-loaded gels were divided into three samples, one for probe sonication, one for bath sonication, one for centrifugation, and were coded as Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C, respectively. The gel bases were transferred into a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube, sample A was probe sonicated at 30% amplitude for 10 min. Sample B was subjected to bath sonication for 30 min and sample C was centrifuged to remove the excess air bubbles. Prepared samples were lyophilized for 48 h. The lyophilized samples were assessed with respect to porosity, pore visualization analysis by fluorescent microscopy. Further pore size and volume of the optimized batch of the scaffold were determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The process of probe sonication resulted in the formation of NPS. The porosity was more in the case of sample A (probe sonicated sample) compared to samples B and C. The BET analysis of the sample showed pores size of < 2 nm.

Nanoporous membrane fabrication by nanoimprint lithography for nanoparticle sieving.

An isoporous membrane with strictly controlled pore size, shape and distribution could provide an efficient, precise and mild sieving of particles in nanotechnology and biomedical applications. However there is a lack of highly porous polymeric membranes combining isoporosity and high permeance in the range below 500 nm. Track-etched membranes are practically the only commercial option. Membranes prepared by phase inversion typically have a broad pore size distribution. Most nanofabrication methods have limited the preparation of membranes with pores in the micrometer range. In this work, we present a nanotechnology-based fabrication methodology to manufacture a stable and flexible nanoporous polymeric membrane with 300 nm isopores using UV nanoimprint lithography. The highly porous membrane has a pore density of 4 × 109 pores per cm2 and stable permeance of 108 000 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. Uniform ZIF-8 nanoparticles were synthesized and the isoporous membrane successfully demonstrated as high as 100% rejection and size-based sieving performance of nanoparticles.

Fabrication and optical dispersions of three-dimensional hierarchical plasmonic nanostructures

This paper describes a facile method for the design and fabrication of hierarchical nanopatterns via aluminum anodization with an application for creating plasmonic crystals. Fabrication of highly-ordered anodized aluminum oxide nanopores requires an applied electric potential for anodization, which is typically set to match the pitch of nanoindentations on Al. This study reports a new voltage regime for Al anodization conditions where the process yields satellite pores of various shapes, periodicities, and sizes around the main pores. These new nanopatterned platforms provide an easy route to fabricate hierarchical metal nanostructures whose energy dispersions are shaped by the mode superposition of the surface plasmon polaritons originating from multiple periodic lattices.

Time-Resolved Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy for Three-Dimensional Tracking of Nanoscale Cell Surface Dynamics.

Nanocharacterization plays a vital role in understanding the complex nanoscale organization of cells and organelles. Understanding cellular function requires high-resolution information about how the cellular structures evolve over time. A number of techniques exist to resolve static nanoscale structure of cells in great detail (super-resolution optical microscopy, EM, AFM). However, time-resolved imaging techniques tend to either have a lower resolution, are limited to small areas, or cause damage to the cells, thereby preventing long-term time-lapse studies. Scanning probe microscopy methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) combine high-resolution imaging with the ability to image living cells in physiological conditions. The mechanical contact between the tip and the sample, however, deforms the cell surface, disturbs the native state, and prohibits long-term time-lapse imaging. Here, we develop a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) for high-speed and long-term nanoscale imaging of eukaryotic cells. By utilizing advances in nanopositioning, nanopore fabrication, microelectronics, and controls engineering, we developed a microscopy method that can resolve spatiotemporally diverse three-dimensional (3D) processes on the cell membrane at sub-5-nm axial resolution. We tracked dynamic changes in live cell morphology with nanometer details and temporal ranges of subsecond to days, imaging diverse processes ranging from endocytosis, micropinocytosis, and mitosis to bacterial infection and cell differentiation in cancer cells. This technique enables a detailed look at membrane events and may offer insights into cell–cell interactions for infection, immunology, and cancer research.

Nickel salts-induced microstructure modification of B–N co-doped porous carbons for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes

Herein, we report a facile strategy for microstructure modification of B–N co-doped porous carbons induced by nickel salts. Nickel chloride mainly plays a pore-forming role in the formation of resultant BNHC-L, leading to a high surface area (SSA) of 1000 m2 g−1, and favors high-level heteroatom doping and enhancement of graphitization degree simultaneously. Contrastively, nickel acetate facilitates the generation of Ni–B–N multi-doping porous carbon (BNHC-Y) but seriously hinders the fabrication of nanopores. BNHC-L exhibits superior specific capacitance of 342 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in the three-electrode system due to higher SSA and heteroatom content, and enhanced electrical conductivity than BNHC-Y. BNHC-Y shows better rate performance with a capacitance retention of 60.4% from 0.5 to 100 A g−1 based on its higher mesopore ratio and better wettability than BNHC-L. Notably, as supercapacitor electrode with commercial-level mass loading (~180 µm, ~13 mg cm−2), BNHC-L2Y2 prepared with the dual nickel salts can deliver a high specific capacitance of 245 F g−1 at 0.05 A g−1, superior capacitance retention of 86.1% at 5 A g−1, and excellent cycling stability (94.8% of its initial specific capacitance after 10,000 cycles) because of its considerable SSA, optimal PSD, suitable surface chemistry and enhanced electrical conductivity.

Enhancement of heavy ion track-etching in polyimide membranes with organic solvents

The effect of organic solvents on the ion track-etching of polyimide (PI) membranes is studied to enhance the nanopore fabrication process and the control over pore diameter growth. To this end, two approaches are employed to investigate the influence of organic solvents on the nanopore fabrication in PI membranes. In the first approach, the heavy ion irradiated PI samples are pretreated with organic solvents and then chemically etched with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution, resulting up to ∼4.4 times larger pore size compared to untreated ones. The second approach is based on a single-step track-etching process where the etchant (NaOCl) solution contains varying amounts of organic solvent (by vol%). The experimental data shows that a significant increase in both the bulk-etch and track-etch rates is observed by using the etchant mixture, which leads to ∼47% decrease in the nanopore fabrication time. This enhancement of nanopore fabrication process in PI membranes would open up new opportunities for their implementation in various potential applications.

(Invited) Single Molecule Sensing Using Engineered Biological Nanopores

A specially engineered biological nanopore directly resolves a large variety of analytes including inorganic ions, small molecules, nucleic acids or even proteins. This high resolution enables the biological nanopore as an ideal sensor to directly monitor single molecule analytes, which include but not limited to the probing of carcinogenic DNA damages, cisplatin modifications to DNA and small molecule interactions with ion channels. O6-carboxymethyl guanine, which is a highly carcinogenic base damage related to the development of rectum cancer, were identified by a nanopore sequencing assay with no ambiguity. By taking a tetrachloroaurate(III) as an atomic adaptor inside a biological nanopore, we report a novel concept of nanopore fabrication with a bio-inorganic interface, which immediately discriminate between cysteine, homocysteine and glutathione via direct nanopore readouts. Emerging optical single channel recording (oSCR) techniquesand its simplified form DiffusiOptoPhysiology (DOP) has also significantly improved the measurement throughput of nanopore via fluorescence microscopy instead of a patch clamp which lacks a desired throughput. Figure 1