Fabrication Of Nanomaterials Research Articles

Copper(II) Perfluorinated Carboxylate Complexes with Small Aliphatic Amines as Universal Precursors for Nanomaterial Fabrication.

Copper(II) carboxylate compounds with ethylamine and isopropylamine of the general formula [Cu2(RNH2)2(µ-O2CRf)4], where R = Et, iPr, and Rf = CnF2n+1, n = 1–6, were characterised in the condensed and gas phases by electron impact mass spectrometry (EI MS), IR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. A mass spectra analysis confirmed the presence of metallated species in the gas phase. Among the observed fragments, the pseudomolecular ions [Cu2(RNH2)2(µ-O2CRf)3]+ were found, which suggests the dimeric structure of the studied complexes with axially N-coordinated ethyl- or isopropylamine molecules and bridging perfluorinated carboxylates. TGA studies demonstrated that copper transfer to the gas phase occurs even under atmospheric pressure. The temperature range of the [Cu2(RNH2)2(µ-O2CRf)4] and other copper carriers detection, observed in variable temperature infrared spectra, depends on the type of amine. The possible mechanisms of the decomposition of the tested compounds are proposed. The copper films were produced without additional reducing agents despite using Cu(II) CVD precursors in the chemical vapor deposition experiments. The layers of the gel-like complexes were fabricated in both spin- and dip-coating experiments, resulting in copper or copper oxide materials when heated. Dinuclear copper(II) carboxylate complexes with ethyl- and isopropylamine [Cu2(RNH2)2(µ-O2CRf)4] can be applied for the formation of metal or metal oxide materials, also in the nanoscale, by vapour and ‘wet’ deposition methods.

Engineering the shape of one-dimensional metallic nanostructures via nanopore electrochemistry

The architecture of nanostructures is pivotal to determine material properties at the nanoscale, indicating the importance of harnessing sophisticated nanochemistry to elicit desirable material morphology with uniformity. The simplicity of template-assisted electrodeposition makes it a promising strategy for the fabrication of anisotropic nanomaterials. However, a challenge it faces is the complexity of the materials. This study presents a facile strategy and fabrication mechanism to synthesize nanotubes or nanocoils by selecting additives such as vanadyl ions and L-ascorbic acid. Vanadyl ions stick to the protonated anodized aluminum oxide surface, paving the way for electronic conduction. When a higher electrical field is applied, linear sweep voltammetry implies surface conduction mode is dominant in the spatially confined template. As L-ascorbic acid is included in the electrolyte, the nanostructure can be regulated from nanotubes to nanocoils. The nanocoils consist of numerous nanocrystalline primary particle considered as building blocks, and their relationship affects the final structures. The reaction product, vanadyl ascorbate, acts as a hurdle by partially hindering surface conduction and a helical modifier, inducing the formation of primary particle and their nanocoil assembly. Finally, a state diagram is provided to illustrate the diverse nanostructures at optimized applied current and additive ratio conditions.

Hall and ion‐slip effects on nanofluid transport from a vertical surface: Buongiorno's model

AbstractThe non‐linear, non‐isothermal, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) laminar convection flows of Buongiorno's nanofluid past a vertical surface with Darcy‐Forchheimer model is mathematically investigated in the present article. Keller's Box implicit finite difference technique is utilized to solve the dimensionless conservation equations. Graphical and tabulated results are analyzed to study the behavior of primary and secondary velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction, shear stress rate, heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate for various emerging thermos‐physical parameters. The Hall current and ion‐slip current effects are also considered. Validations of earlier solutions in the literature is also included. The study finds applications in nanomaterial fabrication processing, biomedical, polymer processing, chemical engineering, crude oil purifying, etc.

Synthesis of a Magnetic Co@C Material via the Design of a MOF Precursor for Efficient and Selective Adsorption of Water Pollutants

3D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be appropriate templates for the fabrication of nanomaterials due to they have active sites exposed on the channel or surface, which thus provide them with improved catalytic performance. In this study, a 3D cobalt-based MOF [Co(H2bpta)]n (Co-MOF), where H4bpta denotes 2,2′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, has been constructed with the use of a ligand with a high carbon content. On this basis, a 2D magnetic carbon-coated cobalt nanoparticle composite (Co@C) was prepared by using the title MOF under different temperatures. Magnetic Co@C can readily absorb dye from the solution and can thus act as an inexpensive and fast-acting adsorbent. Moreover, we have explored the adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of the anion dyes in detail. The adsorption capacity of the Co@C-800 for investigated methyl orange (MO) and congo red (CR) dyes were 773.48 and 495.66 mg g−1, respectively. It is noteworthy that MO adsorption is higher in existing materials. Thermodynamic studies suggest that the adsorption processes are spontaneous and exothermic. This study opens a new insight into the synthesis and application of carbon-based materials that enable the selective removal of organic dyes.Graphical AbstractA Co-MOF has been solvothermal synthesized and structurally characterized, which was used as a combined catalyst and carbon source for the synthesis of magnetic Co@C. Interestingly, the as-grown Co@C-800 exhibits high-performance selective adsorption of anionic dyes (MO and CR) with high adsorption capacities.

Synthetic Approach to Rice Waste-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications

The utilization of biomass waste to produce valuable products has extraordinary advantages as far as both the economy and climate are concerned, which have become particularly significant lately. The large-scale manufacturing of agricultural waste, mainly rice by-products (rice husk, rice straw, and rice bran), empowers them to be the most broadly examined biomasses as they contain lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Rice waste was first used to incorporate bulk materials, while the manufacturing of versatile nanostructures from rice waste at low cost has been developed in recent years and attracts much consideration nowadays. Carbon-based nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, fullerenes, and carbon nanofibers have tremendous potential in climate and energy-related applications. Various methods have been reported to synthesize high-value carbon nanomaterials, but the use of green technology for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials is most common nowadays because of the abundant availability of the starting precursor, non-toxicity, low fabrication cost, ease of modification, and eco-friendly nature; therefore, reusing low-value biomass waste for the processing of renewable materials to fabricate high-value products is remarkable. Carbon nanomaterials derived from rice waste have broad applications in various disciplines owing to their distinctive physicochemical, electrical, optical, mechanical, thermal, and enhanced biocompatibility properties. The main objective of this review and basic criteria of selecting examples and explanations is to highlight the green routes for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials—i.e., graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots—from rice biomass waste, and their extensive applications in biomedical research (bio-imaging), environmental (water remediation), and energy-related (electrodes for supercapacitors, Li-ion battery, fuel cells, and solar cells) applications. This review summarizes recent advancements, challenges, and trends for rice waste obtained from renewable resources for utilization in the fabrication of versatile carbon-based nanomaterials.

Metal Sulfide Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Polymer Microgels for Biomedical Applications.

The development of nanomaterials with therapeutic and/or diagnostic properties has been an active area of research in biomedical sciences over the past decade. Nanomaterials have been identified as significant medical tools with potential therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities that are practically impossible to accomplish using larger molecules or bulk materials. Fabrication of nanomaterials is the most effective platform to engineer therapeutic agents and delivery systems for the treatment of cancer. This is mostly due to the high selectivity of nanomaterials for cancerous cells, which is attributable to the porous morphology of tumour cells which allows nanomaterials to accumulate more in tumour cells more than in normal cells. Nanomaterials can be used as potential drug delivery systems since they exist in similar scale as proteins. The unique properties of nanomaterials have drawn a lot of interest from researchers in search of new chemotherapeutic treatment for cancer. Metal sulfide nanomaterials have emerged as the most used frameworks in the past decade, but they tend to aggregate because of their high surface energy which triggers the thermodynamically favoured interaction. Stabilizing agents such as polymer and microgels have been utilized to inhibit the particles from any aggregations. In this review, we explore the development of metal sulfide polymer/microgel nanocomposites as therapeutic agents against cancerous cells.

Metal-Organic-Frameworks: Low Temperature Gas Sensing and Air Quality Monitoring

As an emerging class of hybrid nanoporous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention as promising multifunctional building blocks for the development of highly sensitive and selective gas sensors due to their unique properties, such as large surface area, highly diversified structures, functionalizable sites and specific adsorption affinities. Here, we provide a review of recent advances in the design and fabrication of MOF nanomaterials for the low-temperature detection of different gases for air quality and environmental monitoring applications. The impact of key structural parameters including surface morphologies, metal nodes, organic linkers and functional groups on the sensing performance of state-of-the-art sensing technologies are discussed. This review is concluded by summarising achievements and current challenges, providing a future perspective for the development of the next generation of MOF-based nanostructured materials for low-temperature detection of gas molecules in real-world environments.

Synthesis of novel demulsifier nano-materials and their application in the oil industry

Nanotechnology is a scientific discipline that has a wide range of applications in practically every aspect of modern life, particularly in the fabrication of nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Due to the importance of this sector economically and in terms of energy supply, one of the most important applications of nanomaterials is their large scale use to remove or minimize the hurdles that the oil and gas industry faces. The hydrothermal method was used to prepare novel Rhodium borate nanoparticles, which were made by first obtaining Rhodium oxide from Rhodium acetate, then reacting with boric acid and other cofactors. The efficiency of the process for generating Rhodium borate nanoparticles was extremely high. The efficiency of the process for generating Rhodium borate nanoparticles was extremely high. The validity of the obtained results was confirmed by the diagnostic and estimation procedures utilized in this work (XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM). One of the most critical processes in petroleum processing is demulsification. To avoid issues during oil transportation and handling, oil emulsions must be broken down. Because of the water content and dissolved salts in the aqueous phase of the emulsion, the presence of water in the crude oil is undesirable and can lead to pipeline corrosion and increased transportation costs. The physical and chemical features of crude oil from the Halfaya oil field in southern Iraq, which is known to contain a certain percentage of water, have been investigated. Rhodium borate (Rh2O3. B2O3·H2O) (DF1) nanoparticles were utilized in this work to separate water from crude oil emulsions. Effective aggregates exist in the synthesized Rhodium borate nanoparticles, allowing them to operate as demulsifying agents. The separation of water from the emulsion by the produced rhodium borate (DF1) and the standard demulsifier (RP96BQ) used in the same oil field at constant temperature (60 °C) and with varying concentrations was compared in this study using crude oil samples. A high separation efficiency was obtained for the prepared nano demulsifier with a percentage of up to (84.2%) compared with the standard demulsifier (RP96BQ).

Solvent‐Assisted Anisotropic Cleavage of Transition Metal Carbide into 2D Nanoflakes

2D Transition Metal Carbides Nanoflakes In article number 2100039, Yu-Long Tang, Qiang Wang, Hao-Li Zhang, and co-workers fabricate 2D nanoflakes from nonlayered transition metal carbides by a solvent-assisted anisotropic cleavage method utilizing the intrinsic anisotropic hardness properties. The nonlayered 2D nanoflakes are successfully applied in ultrafast photonic as saturable absorbers. This method paves a new way for the fabrication of novel 2D nanomaterials.

Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Perovskite Particles for Optical Application

Conventional chemical synthesis methods for nanomaterials fabrication do not always provide precise reproducible synthesis with controllable physicochemical parameters. A better control over the resultant properties of nanomaterials can be achieved by scaling down the synthesis approach to the microlevel. This can be realized by means of microfluidics. In this work, a microfluidic approach is applied for the controllable synthesis of perovskite particles with defined cubic morphology. The structural characterization of perovskite particles is performed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. All the synthesized particles demonstrate photoluminescence.

From Monolayer to Multilayer: Perylenediimide Diazonium Derivative Acting Either as a Growth Inhibitor or a Growth Enhancer.

Fine control of electrografting kinetics of diazonium salts is of paramount importance, particularly when considering the application of diazoniums for the fabrication of 2D nanomaterials. In this work, we develop controlled grafting of a perylenediimide (PDI) moiety separated with a 12-carbon aliphatic chain from aryldiazonium. The particular design of the diazonium cation synthesized for this study allows for fine tuning of the surface coverage by simple adjustment of the applied potential. Indeed, according to the potential imposed at the working electrode, the PDI moiety can either enhance the charge propagation within the growing layer or consume the diazonium salt in the bulk solution via redox cross-reaction. With this approach, the surface functionalization can be restricted to a monolayer or a multilayer in a robust and elegant manner, obeying Langmuir or first-order kinetics of electrografting, respectively. The experimental observations are supported with in situ spectroelectrochemical investigations aimed to differentiate the reduction of PDI moieties in the deposited layer and the bulk solution. A tentative mechanistic scheme is proposed, and numerical simulations are undertaken to rationalize the data.

Synthesis of Value Added Nanoparticles from Biomass Resources

The utilization of sustainable biomass materials provides a versatile route for the development of new alternatives to replace traditional petro-materials for a variety of purposes such as green energy, paint, food packaging and biomedical applications. This study reviews the potential use of various sustainable biomass materials for the production of low-cost, highvalue- added materials for practical applications including bio-printing, drug delivery/controlled release, tissue engineering, energy storage and biosensing. This study highlights the fabrication of novel nanomaterials from various biowastes including crop residue, food waste and industrial waste (e.g. spent battery waste and polythene waste) through physical, chemical, or biological methods.

Synthesis of emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials – Advances, challenges and prospects

Adoption of future industrial innovations, from two-dimensional material (2D) on wafer size to large-scale integrated circuit fabrication is the biggest issue in present era. Optoelectronic technologies for the 4th generation require nanocrystals with large surface areas and excellent quality. Enormous efforts have been made to develop materials that can be automatically thinned into two-dimensional sheets with large dimensions, regulated thicknesses, parallel crystal domains and minimal defects. Recently emphasis has focused on the extraordinary mechanical, thermal and optoelectric properties of 2D materials. As a result, more study need on the appropriate synthesis and fabrication of laminar 2D nano-materials, as well as their integration into a vast range of applications. Moreover, several techniques and procedures for orchestrating high-quality and ultrathin nanosheets have emerged, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks in 2D nanomaterial design. Some examples of new 2D materials are transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), mono-natural 2D sheets, carbides, and nitride-based materials. A good number of scholars have put huge efforts on the 2D unique novel nano-structures. A discussion of forthcoming manufacturing possibilities, present and novel usage, and the remaining problems of 2D materials has been produced as a consequence of this comprehensive study. In addition, 2D nanomaterials with enhanced optical performance are also discussed in this comprehensive article. Finally, a few standouts and improved material production methods, as well as prospects in these fascinating and fast-paced fields have been demonstrated.

Review: Development of SARS-CoV-2 immuno-enhanced COVID-19 vaccines with nano-platform.

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine development approaches consist of viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, live attenuated virus, and recombinant proteins, which elicit a specific immune response. The use of nanoparticles displaying antigen is one of the alternative approaches to conventional vaccines. This is due to the fact that nano-based vaccines are stable, able to target, form images, and offer an opportunity to enhance the immune responses. The diameters of ultrafine nanoparticles are in the range of 1–100 nm. The application of nanotechnology on vaccine design provides precise fabrication of nanomaterials with desirable properties and ability to eliminate undesirable features. To be successful, nanomaterials must be uptaken into the cell, especially into the target and able to modulate cellular functions at the subcellular levels. The advantages of nano-based vaccines are the ability to protect a cargo such as RNA, DNA, protein, or synthesis substance and have enhanced stability in a broad range of pH, ambient temperatures, and humidity for long-term storage. Moreover, nano-based vaccines can be engineered to overcome biological barriers such as nonspecific distribution in order to elicit functions in antigen presenting cells. In this review, we will summarize on the developing COVID-19 vaccine strategies and how the nanotechnology can enhance antigen presentation and strong immunogenicity using advanced technology in nanocarrier to deliver antigens. The discussion about their safe, effective, and affordable vaccines to immunize against COVID-19 will be highlighted.

Mini‐pillar Based Multi‐channel Electrochemical Platform for Studying the Multifactor Silver Electrodeposition

AbstractHere, we demonstrated a mini‐pillar based multi‐channel electrochemical platform that can efficiently adjust multiple electrochemical deposition parameters in the microdroplet arrays to control and predict the final structures of silver nanomaterials. Each mini‐pillar is capable of anchoring microdroplet to form a separate microreactor, and the electrodes are integrated to achieve a multi‐channel electrochemical electrodeposition platform. We systematically investigated the multiple deposition parameters of silver nanostructures and summarized the relevant experience of electrochemical silver deposition to guide silver nanostructure preparation. Such the mini‐pillar based microdroplet platform provides an approach for further high‐throughput and intelligent nanomaterial fabrication.

Nickel nanoparticles derived from the direct thermal reduction of Ni-containing Ca–Al layered double hydroxides for hydrogen generation via ammonia decomposition

The fabrication of nanomaterials is a crucial issue in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, nickel nanoparticles of different particle sizes were derived from the direct thermal reduction of a Ni-containing Ca–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH). Using various characterization methods, such as XRD, TEM, SEM, and TPR-MS, it was found that nickel precursors notably influenced the final morphology of Ni metallic nanoparticles. Ni(NO3)2 can attend reassembling of reassemble CaAl–NO3− LDH in water and facilitate the dispersion of Ni in the lamellar structure of the LDH, resulting in the formation of uniform and small Ni metallic nanoparticles (ca.4.7 nm) on CaAlOx via the rapid decomposition of Ni(NO3)2 in the reduction atmosphere. However, large Ni nanoparticles (ca.14.3 nm) were formed on the CaAlOx catalyst when NiCl2 was used as the precursor and Cl-remained on the final catalyst. The kinetic study and NH3-TPSR results further indicate that smaller Ni metallic nanoparticles enclosed by CaAlOx exhibited stronger interactions with adsorbed NH3 and facilitated the recombinative desorption of N and H atoms from the catalyst surface. Ni/CaAlOx (NO3−)-R exhibited the highest activity among the investigated samples.

Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Environmental Science Applications of Cellulose Nanofibril-Based Functional Materials.

Cellulose is one of the important biomass materials in nature and has shown wide applications in various fields from materials science, biomedicine, tissue engineering, wearable devices, energy, and environmental science, as well as many others. Due to their one-dimensional nanostructure, high specific surface area, excellent biodegradability, low cost, and high sustainability, cellulose nanofibrils/nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely used for environmental science applications in the last years. In this review, we summarize the advance in the design, synthesis, and water purification applications of CNF-based functional nanomaterials. To achieve this aim, we firstly introduce the synthesis and functionalization of CNFs, which are further extended for the formation of CNF hybrid materials by combining with other functional nanoscale building blocks, such as polymers, biomolecules, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional (2D) materials. Then, the fabrication methods of CNF-based 2D membranes/films, three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels, and 3D aerogels are presented. Regarding the environmental science applications, CNF-based nanomaterials for the removal of metal ions, anions, organic dyes, oils, and bio-contents are demonstrated and discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and outlooks in this promising research field are discussed. It is expected that this topical review will guide and inspire the design and fabrication of CNF-based novel nanomaterials with high sustainability for practical applications.

Novel Approach to Synthesize Nanostructured Gallium Oxide for Devices Operating in Harsh Environmental Conditions

The importance of Ga2O3-based material for harsh environmental applications has attracted the interest of researchers in exploring various fabrication and growth techniques of Ga2O3-based nanomaterials using effective and low-cost processes. Herein, a demonstration to improve the wettability of liquid gallium on a rough silicon surface is presented. To control the roughness process, the silicon surface was patterned and groove-shape structures on the silicon were created using a photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching technique. Gallium oxide nanostructures were grown by thermal oxidation from liquid Ga in the presence and the absence of a silver thin film used as a catalyst. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of the nanostructures grown on the roughed surface of the silicon substrate. The conformal deposition of Ga2O3 nanostructures inside the grooves of the PEC etched silicon surface was observed. The presence of Ag catalyst was found to completely change the morphology of Ga2O3. This method is recommended for the sustainable and low-cost synthesis of nanostructured gallium oxide for applications, including gas sensing.

Photo-Responsive Self-Assembly of Plasmonic Magnetic Janus Nanoparticles.

Stimuli-responsive self-assembly of nanoparticles is a versatile approach for the bottom-up fabrication of adaptive and functional nanomaterials. For this purpose, anisotropic building blocks are of particular importance due to the unique shapes and structures that can be obtained upon self-assembly. Here, we demonstrate the photo-responsive self-assembly of plasmonic magnetic "dumbbell" Janus nanoparticles (Au-Fe3O4) via the host-guest interaction of the supramolecular host cyclodextrin and the molecular photoswitch arylazopyrazole. We developed efficient ligand exchange procedures that enable the introduction of functional ligands, respectively, to the surface of the gold or magnetite core of the dumbbell. Our results indicate that distinct nanoparticle superstructures arise in aqueous solutions if nanoparticle aggregation is crosslinker-induced or self-induced and that the reversible formation and fragmentation of the superstructures can be modulated with light.

Digital Numbers Constructed by Fine Patterned Polydopamine on DNA Templates.

Using DNA nanostructures as templates to synthesize shape-controlled polydopamine (PDA) is a promising strategy to realize the fabrication of exquisite PDA nanomaterials. However, previous studies using small DNA tiles as templates could only afford very simple structures such as lines and crosses due to the limited space on the template and the relatively low resolution of the PDA nanopatterns. Therefore, the best resolution of the PDA nanostructures that can be achieved by this technique is carefully investigated. And by connecting several DNA tiles together, larger DNA templates are built up and achieve the synthesis of complicated digital nanopatterned PDA structures.