Fabrication Of Anode Research Articles

Fabrication of Efficient Composite Anode Based on SiC for Direct Carbon Fuel Cell

Fabrication of Efficient Composite Anode Based on SiC for Direct Carbon Fuel Cell

Resource-Efficient Electrodes with Metallized Woven-Glass-Grid Current Collectors for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

A novel class of resource-efficient, woven-glass-grid current collectors (CCs) for Li-ion batteries is introduced. These CCs are based on ultra-light multifilament glass threads, woven to a grid and surrounded with a thin metal layer (equivalent to a 1 μm-thick metal foil) in a roll-to-roll physical vapor deposition process. This saves >90 % of the required Cu and Al metals and reduces the mass of the CCs by >80 %. At the same time, the gravimetric capacity of anodes with graphite and cathodes with LiCoO2 active material increases by 48 % and 14 %, respectively, while full cells are characterized by an increase of 26 %. Thus, the specific energy can be improved by 25 %. A complete anode and cathode fabrication process from preparing the CCs and electrodes to cells is described and demonstrated in coin cell format. Coin cells with woven-glass-grid CCs achieved 300 cycles with a capacity retention of 93 %, a Coulombic efficiency of >99.9 %, and a higher rate capability until a C-rate of 3 C. This technology opens up new possibilities for designing ultralight CCs with dedicated surface properties for Li and beyond Li batteries.

Highly Aligned Graphene-Based Anodes Via Microfluidic Pulse Freezing Method

Over the past decades, there has been a notable surge in the adoption of renewable energy sources and techniques for storage. Despite this growth, advancements in energy storage devices have been somewhat limited. Among the various renewable energy options like solar, hydrogen, hydropower, and thermal energy, lithium-ion batteries stand out as a promising solution due to their rapid discharge, stability, capacity, and durability. However, as demands increase for applications such as electric vehicles and smaller electronic devices, which necessitate higher specific capacity, faster charging/discharging rates, and enhanced stability, considerable efforts and resources are being dedicated to developing new and efficient battery materials.Nanocarbon materials, renowned for their chemical stability and conductivity, have been extensively studied for decades as both cathode and anode components. Their ability to form a conjugated 3D porous network holds great promise for enhancing the kinetic and chemical properties of lithium-ion batteries. In this project, a novel approach is proposed to create a free-standing conjugated 3D porous carbon system utilizing modified graphene and its analogous materials. A new fabrication technique based on microfluidic methods has been developed to reliably produce the 3D aligned porous structure of nanocarbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Various 3D free-standing films were produced by optimizing conditions such as precursor suspension concentration, flow rate, and microfluidic channel dimensions. Through comprehensive characterization employing techniques it was confirmed that the 3D porous films possessed anisotropic vertical alignment and macro-porosity, significantly enhancing battery performance.Notably, the fabricated batteries exhibited substantially increased specific capacity and cyclability compared to those utilizing commercial or unmodified anodes. For instance, by using our 3D free-standing anodic film of MXene/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite, the resulting battery achieved a specific capacity over 400% higher than its counterparts. This achievement represents a novel advancement, as the preparation of vertically aligned anisotropic 3D free-standing films with suitable dimensions for battery applications, coupled with their superior performance as battery anodes, has not been previously reported.Thus, the development of the modified microfluidic method, along with the structural and compositional innovations outlined in this project, holds significant potential for revolutionizing the fabrication of high-performance and durable anodes for the lithium-ion battery industry.

Solid-State Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum to Copper for Bimetallic Anode Fabrication.

The diffusion-bonding technique has been utilized to join various Al alloys (AA1060, AA2024, AA3003) to Cu for bimetallic anode application. This process aims to achieve robust metallic continuity to facilitate electron transfer, while carefully managing the growth of the intermetallic layer at the bonding interface. This control preserves the active volume of aluminum and prevents excessive brittleness of the anode. Optimization efforts have focused on different pressures, surface treatments of parent materials, and bonding parameters (temperature 450-500 °C and time 5-60 min). The optimal conditions identified include low bonding pressures (8 MPa), surface treatment involving polishing followed by chemical cleaning of the surfaces to be bonded, and energetic bonding conditions tailored to each specific aluminum alloy. Preliminary electrochemical characterization via cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests has demonstrated high reversibility intercalation/deintercalation reactions for up to seven cycles. The presence of the different alloying elements appears to contribute significantly to maintaining the high intercalation/deintercalation reaction reversibility without considerable modification of the reaction potentials. This effect may be attributed to alloying elements effectively reducing the overall alloy volume expansion, potentially forming highly reversible ternary/quaternary active phases, and creating a porous reaction layer on the exposed aluminum surface. These factors along with the influence of the Cu parent material collectively reduce the stress during volume expansion, which is the responsible phenomenon of the anode degradation in common Al anodes.

An interfacial dual-regulation strategy for ultra-stable 3D Zn metal anodes

The development of Zn metal-batteries, which are viewed as one of the most potential alternatives to lithium ion batteries, is severely hindered by sluggish ion diffusion kinetics and uncontrollable dendritic growth for anodes. Herein, we propose an interfacial dual-regulation strategy for the fabrication of 3D Zn anode through the direct in-situ treatment of benchmark Zn foil. Both rapid ion migration dynamics and homogeneous bottom-up Zn2+ deposition are achieved due to the unique open nanoarray structure with superhydrophilic and zincophilic interface to the electrolyte. Theoretical calculations and finite element simulations reveal this design can effectively redistribute Zn2+ and increase ion flux with a long-lasting 3D diffusion mode, enabling exceptional reversibility during Zn plating/stripping. The as-prepared anode therefore achieves an ultralong lifespan over 3000 h along with high rate capability even at 40 mA cm−2 (depth of discharge ≈ 68.4%). Furthermore, its practical feasibility is validated by a superior capacity retention of 92.5% after 1000 cycles for full cell and high capacity of 112.2 mAh g−1 for pouch cell. This study opens up new opportunities for the development of dendrite-free anodes for aqueous metal batteries.

Designing tortuous gas diffusion path for hydrogen oxidation reaction and stability of solid oxide fuel cell: An engineered microstructural aspect in anode functional layer

Commercialization of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is restricted due to long term performance degradation. SOFC is activated by diffusion of gasses through porous electrodes to the electrochemical active sites termed as triple phase boundary (TPB). Among all other parameters, tortuosity influences the functionality of TPB and is responsible for gas transport which relates its bulk diffusion and its migration through the porous electrode. The novelty of present research lies in designing of optimum tortuous gas diffusion path for effective hydrogen oxidation reaction through engineered morphology of anode functional layer. The study involves the fabrication of anode for planar SOFC using four configurations. Configuration A and B involves anode monolith synthesized through conventional route [(40 vol % Ni in dispersed-8 mol % Yttria stabilized zirconia (SZ)] and functional core-shell Ni@SZ. Configuration C (trilayer anode, TLA) is designed to have graded matrix with conventional Ni-SZ (fuel inlet side), 28 vol% Ni@SZ acting as active layer and 32 vol % Ni@SZ sandwiched in between. Configuration D consists of Ni@SZ as the active layer onto conventional Ni-SZ support. TLA is found to have minimum tortuosity (τ = 2) with maximum cell endurance for 2000 h (2.06–8.2 %/1000 h@800 °C under load). Ni@SZ with unimodal pore distribution is capable of reducing the activation barrier for charge migration (14 kJmol-1) compared to Ni-SZ (32 kJmol-1) with multimodal pores. This results in higher redox tolerance for Configuration B-D (4–7 % conductivity degradation/20 cycles) compared to Configuration A (27% conductivity degradation/20 cycles). Post mortem analyses of microstructure support the retention of core-shell morphology of Ni@SZ with lower deterioration.

Ultrahigh Pyridinic/Pyrrolic N Enabling N/S Co-Doped Holey Graphene with Accelerated Kinetics for Alkali-Ion Batteries.

Carbonaceous materials hold great promise for K-ion batteries due to their low cost, adjustable interlayer spacing, and high electronic conductivity. Nevertheless, the narrow interlayer spacing significantly restricts their potassium storage ability. Herein, hierarchical N, S co-doped exfoliated holey graphene (NSEHG) with ultrahigh pyridinic/pyrrolic N (90.6at.%) and large interlayer spacing (0.423nm) is prepared through micro-explosion assisted thermal exfoliation of graphene oxide (GO). The underlying mechanism of the micro-explosive exfoliation of GO is revealed. The NSEHG electrode delivers a remarkable reversible capacity (621 mAhg-1 at 0.05 Ag-1), outstanding rate capability (155 mAhg-1 at 10 Ag-1), and robust cyclic stability (0.005% decay per cycle after 4400 cycles at 5 Ag-1), exceeding most of the previously reported graphene anodes in K-ion batteries. In addition, the NSEHG electrode exhibits encouraging performances as anodes for Li-/Na-ion batteries. Furthermore, the assembled activated carbon||NSEHG potassium-ion hybrid capacitor can deliver an impressive energy density of 141 Whkg-1 and stable cycling performance with 96.1% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles at 1 Ag-1. This work can offer helpful fundamental insights into design and scalable fabrication of high-performance graphene anodes for alkali metal ion batteries.

Enabling Si‐Dominant Anodes: Influence of Neutralization Degree of Polyacrylic Acid on Low‐Cost Micron‐Sized Silicon Anode in High‐Energy Li‐Ion Full Cell

AbstractMicron‐sized silicon is a promising low‐cost, abundant material to increase the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries. Nevertheless, significant volume change and therefore excessive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth lead to fast capacity fading. In this work, polyacrylic acid (PAA) with different neutralization degrees is used for the fabrication of Si anodes for practical applications. The electrochemical performance in full pouch cells reveals that the increase in neutralization degree of PAA up to 70 % enhances the overall performance by improved electrode properties, higher first cycle efficiency (FCE up to 78.1 % at C/3) and better capacity retention (85.4 % after 150 cycles at 1 C) over cycling, while with even higher neutralization degrees (such as 80 %) the performance declines. Since proper mixing of the slurry is another important factor, we optimized the mixing procedure by increasing the solid content of the slurry, which has shown positive influence on the electrochemical performance and electrode properties. To summarize, this work shows full cell 1 C cycling until capacity retention of 85 % after 150 cycles with pure Si microparticle anodes for 70 % neutralized PAA as well as increased C‐rate performance up to 5 C. Post‐mortem, less degradation on electrode and particle level is observed.

Preparation of spherical NiO-8YSZ composite powder through spray drying

Homogeneous sphere NiO-8YSZ composite powder with a narrow size distribution is significant for the fabrication of high-quality solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes. In this study, spray drying was used to prepare evenly distributed and spherical NiO-8YSZ composite particles used for the fabrication of SOFC anodes. The result showed that the particles prepared with a solid content of 65 wt %, atomizing pressure of 60 kPa, drying temperature of 180 °C, and sintering at 1200 °C for 2 h exhibited the best holistic quality with high sphericity (90 % over 0.84), narrow size distribution (D10 = 27.78 μm, D90 = 45.49 μm), high collection rate (70 %), and low content of unstable phases. The influence of these main parameters on the quality of the prepared particles was investigated and discussed as well. It was found that the solid content and the atomizing pressure demonstrated opposite effects on the particle size, with the former showing a positive correlation and the latter showing a negative correlation. The drying temperature decided the agglomeration degree of the prepared powder, which was involved in the presence of grape-like particles. In addition, the collection rate appeared to be positively correlated with the solid content and the atomizing pressure. The atmospheric plasma sprayed coating fabricated using the sprayed-dried powder prepared with the optimal parameters demonstrated significantly improved micromorphology and structure when compared with the coating fabricated using the mechanical mixed composite powder, which proved the prominent advantage of the powder produced through this spray drying method. All these progresses were considered good instructions for the studies on powder granulation and its applications in manufacturing high-quality coating materials.

Fabrication and characterization of zinc anode on nickel conductive cloth for high-performance zinc ion battery applications

The development of advanced materials for energy storage is critical to addressing global energy challenges. Zinc-ion batteries offer a promising solution due to their safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. In this study, we enhanced the conductivity of cotton by coating it with electroless nickel, followed by zinc electroplating, to create a flexible material suitable for zinc-ion battery applications. Cotton was coated with electroless nickel at temperatures ranging from 40°C to 60°C for 1 min to 13 min. Subsequently, zinc electroplating was performed with current densities of 0.02 A·cm‒2 for 60 min, 0.03 A·cm‒2 for 40 min, and 0.04 A·cm‒2 for 30 min. The resulting material was used to assemble a battery with an (NH4)2V10O25·8H2O (NVO) cathode. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) confirms the electroless nickel-coating on cotton fabric at 50°C for 9 min resulted in a low electrical resistance of 15 ohms. Subsequent zinc electroplating at 0.03 A·cm‒2 for 40 min fully interconnected zinc particles. This research demonstrates the significant potential for further development in the field of textile materials for electrical conductivity. It also makes it possible to incorporate materials like silk cloth and other materials in battery components, which will help build more sustainable energy sources in the future.

High Loading Micro-Si anode with Oxidation Controlled Carbon Nanotube Scaffolds: Towards Pouch Cell Fabrication in Industrial Level

Silicon (Si) emerges as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LiB) due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity and cost-effectiveness. However, the large-scale fabrication of high-loading Si anodes remains rarely documented. Herein, we developed large-scale oxidation-controlled carbon nanotube (CNT) scaffolds with high electrical conductivity by regulating oxidation conditions. The oxidation-controlled CNTs are self-assembled into an interwoven network, facilitating their incorporation with micro-Si particles and a polymer binder to form a stable aqueous slurry. We investigated the feasibility of scalable electrode coating through rheological analysis, revealing the viscoelastic slurry suitable for industrial-scale shear-coating. Utilizing the bar-coating method, we fabricated a large-scale electrode (30 cm x 40 cm) and confirmed the uniformity of the electrode layer via statistical quality control charts, demonstrating scalability for industrial production. In terms of electrochemical performance, the optimized Si anode surpassed previously reported Si-based anodes, exhibiting a high areal capacity of 3.9 mAh cm−2 and exceptional capacity retention (94 %) after 50 cycles. Finally, we validated the development of the Si anode, nearing industrial-level standards with exceptional pouch cell performance. The oxidation-controlled CNT scaffolds not only enable scalable coating of electrode materials but also effectively mitigate the expansion of micro-Si particles by uniformly covering the Si surface.

A facile superlithiophilic 3D host with a transition metal oxide heterostructure for ultrastable zero-volume-expansion lithium metal anodes

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are widely recognized as the candidate for next-generation energy devices due to their unprecedented capacity and low electrochemical potential. Nonetheless, their practical implementation has been hindered by the dendrite formation and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI). In this study, we introduce a novel approach involving the in-situ growth of a ZnO–CuO heterostructure within a crack shield construction on a three-dimensional (3D) copper foam host. Computational COMSOL simulations reveal remarkable improvements in homogenizing lithium ion flux subsequent to decoration. Through galvanostatic measurements, the Li@ZnO-CuO-CF electrode exhibits an exceptionally low 0.2 V hysteresis, no volume expansion and uniform lithium deposition in symmetry cells under a 50 mA cm−2 current density. Furthermore, the electrode retains 95.4 % initial capacity after 600 cycles at 0.5C and 85.5 % initial capacity after 220 cycles at 1 C when coupled with a LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathode. This work sheds light on the facile fabrication of practical Li metal anodes for high-energy-density LMBs.

Silver-Assisted Chemical Etching for the Fabrication of Porous Silicon N-Doped Nanohollow Carbon Spheres Composite Anodes to Enhance Electrochemical Performance.

Silicon (Si) shows great potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, it experiences significant expansion in volume as it undergoes the charging and discharging cycles, presenting challenges for practical implementation. Nanostructured Si has emerged as a viable solution to address these challenges. However, it requires a complex preparation process and high costs. In order to explore the above problems, this study devised an innovative approach to create Si/C composite anodes: micron-porous silicon (p-Si) was synthesized at low cost at a lower silver ion concentration, and then porous silicon-coated carbon (p-Si@C) composites were prepared by compositing nanohollow carbon spheres with porous silicon, which had good electrochemical properties. The initial coulombic efficiency of the composite was 76.51%. After undergoing 250 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A·g-1, the composites exhibited a capacity of 1008.84 mAh·g-1. Even when subjected to a current density of 1 A·g-1, the composites sustained a discharge capacity of 485.93 mAh·g-1 even after completing 1000 cycles. The employment of micron-structured p-Si improves cycling stability, which is primarily due to the porous space it provides. This porous structure helps alleviate the mechanical stress caused by volume expansion and prevents Si particles from detaching from the electrodes. The increased surface area facilitates a longer pathway for lithium-ion transport, thereby encouraging a more even distribution of lithium ions and mitigating the localized expansion of Si particles during cycling. Additionally, when Si particles expand, the hollow carbon nanospheres are capable of absorbing the resulting stress, thus preventing the electrode from cracking. The as-prepared p-Si utilizing metal-assisted chemical etching holds promising prospects as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Plasma Coupled Electrolyte Additive Strategy for Construction of High-Performance Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Li Metal Anodes.

High-performance lithium metal anodes are crucial for the development of advanced Li metal batteries. Herein, this work reports a novel plasma coupled electrolyte additive strategy to prepare high-quality composite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li metal to achieve enhanced performance and stability. With the guidance of calculations, this work selects diethyl dibromomalonate (DB) as an additive to optimize the solvation structure of electrolytes to modify the SEI. Meanwhile, this work groundbreakingly develops DB plasma technology coupled with DB electrolyte additive to construct a combinatorial SEI: inner plasma-induced SEI layer composed of LiBr and Li2CO3 plus additive-reduced SEI containing LiBr/Li2CO3/organic lithium compounds as an outer compatible layer. The optimized hybrid SEI has strong affinity toward Li+ and good mechanical properties, thereby inducing horizontal dispersion and uniform deposition of Li+ and keep structure stable. Accordingly, the symmetrical cells exhibit enhanced cycling stability for 1200h at an overpotential of 23.8mV with average coulombic efficiency (99.51%). Additionally, the full cells with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode deliver a capacity retention of 81.7% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C, and the pouch cell achieves a volumetric specific energy of ≈664Wh L‒1. This work provides new enlightenment on plasma technology for fabrication of advanced metal anodes for energy storage.

Large-Scale Fabrication of Stable Silicon Anode in Air for Sulfide Solid State Batteries via Ionic-Electronic Dual Conductive Binder.

The construction of a continuous ionic/electronic pathway is critical for Si-based sulfide all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with the advantages of high-energy density and high-cycle stability. However, a significant impediment arises from the parasitic reaction occurring between the ionic sulfide solid-state electrolyte and electronic carbon additive, posing a formidable challenge. Additionally, the fabrication of electrodes necessitates stringent operational conditions, further limiting practical applicability. Herein, an ionic-electronic dual conductive binder for the fabrication of robust silicon anode under ambient air conditions in the absence of high-cost and air-sensitive sulfide solid-state electrolyte for ASSBs is reported. This binder incorporates in situ reduced silver nanoparticles into a high-strength polymer rich in ether bonds, establishing a conductive pathway for lithium ions and electrons. With the binder-composited Si anode, the half-cell exhibits a remarkable capacity of 1906.9mAhg-1 and stable cycling for 500 cycles at a current density of 2C (4.4mAcm-2) under a low stack pressure of 5MPa. The full cell using Ni0.9Co0.075Mn0.025O2 (NCM90) exhibits a remark cycling stability within 2000 cycles at 5C (8mAcm-2). This work presents an inspired design of functional binders for large-scale manufacture and mild operation in a low-cost way for Si anodes in ASSBs.

Single-crystal TiNb2O7 materials via sustainable synthesis for fast-charging lithium-ion battery anodes

TiNb2O7 (TNO) has emerged as a promising fast-charging anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, research on TNO anode materials has been mostly restricted to synthesis of polycrystalline with limited associated mechanistic studies. Herein, we report a novel scalable aqueous synthesis method yielding sub-micron size single-crystal TNO particles following calcination that enables fast-charging anode fabrication. The sustainable co-precipitation process yields amorphous intermediate hydroxides which upon thermal conversion induced crystallization form single crystals. The obtained TNO monocrystalline anode material under 900 °C calcination (TNO-900C) delivers a high gravimetric capacity (279 mAh/g at 1st cycle) and a high volumetric capacity (351.7 mAh/cm3 at the initial cycle) at 0.5C rate. Additionally, the TNO anode delivers a remarkable capacity of 223 mAh/g at 5C and a high retention of 81.4 % after 200 cycles. In addition, TNO-900C illustrates outstanding fast-charging performance with a reversible capacity of 200 mAh/g at 10C. The intercalation mechanism and diffusion behavior of the monocrystalline TNO anodes are elucidated by electrochemical kinetic analysis (GITT, CV, and EIS). The remarkable fast charging Li-ion storage performance can be attributed to a high Li+ diffusion coefficient (1.37 × 10−13 cm2/s), low polarization, and high structural stability.

A multi-strategic exploration towards significantly enhanced electrochemical performance of Co3O4-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Electroactive cobalt oxide (Co3O4) exhibits great promise as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) owing to its high theoretical capacity. However, its potential application faces challenges posed by low conductivity and poor cycling stability. In this study, a comprehensive multi-strategic approach was employed to fabricate a high-performance Co3O4-based anode. The approach involved utilizing Co–Cu bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) anchored on a stainless-steel mesh (SSM) as the precursor. The resulting free-standing anode comprises Cu-doped porous Co3O4 nanosheets, offering several advantageous characteristics such as being binder-free, possessing a hierarchically porous architecture, and demonstrating improved conductivity and structure stability. This combination of merits results in a material that exhibits significantly enhanced electrochemical performance, featuring high specific capacity, excellent cycling stability, and remarkable rate performance. This multi-strategic exploration of metal oxides with tailored surface area and pore size enables the precise design and fabrication of advanced anodes, specifically optimized for the demanding requirements of LiBs.

Combined Fe and Sr refining of Al-Si melt strategy for fabrication of hierarchical structure Si anodes

Both industrial and academic research societies have considered silicon (Si) as the most promising anode for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the huge volume changes of the Si matrix during the cycling processes damage the lifetime of Si anodes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the structure of the Si matrix is a vital factor affecting the cycling performance of the Si anodes. Herein, we propose a combined modification strategy by adding Sr and Fe into the Al-Si melt for the fabrication of refined hierarchical structure Si (HSSi-SrFe). Under the poisoning effect of Sr and refining effect of Fe, the morphology of the Si matrix was changed from a coarse flaky to a micron-sized hierarchical structure with 1D nano-secondary branches. As a result, the HSSi-SrFe delivers higher tap density, better dispersion and over 10 times conductivity compared with nano-Si. Meanwhile, the HSSi-SrFe@C electrode maintains a reversible capacity of ∼ 1000 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles, and the LCO || HSSi-SrFe@C full cell shows a 91 % capacity retention after 100 cycles with a high areal capacity. This work exhibits the practicality of the melt modification strategy to scalable production low-cost and high-quality hierarchical structure Si for the application of high energy density LIBs.

Synthesis strategies and obstacles of lignocellulose-derived hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries

In this perspective, we present an overview of the research and advancement of lignocellulose-derived hard carbon anodes and their pivotal role in the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries. Hard carbon anodes, sourced from lignocellulosic biomasses, exhibit considerable promise due to their widespread availability, economical viability, and environmentally friendly attributes with zero carbon-dioxide emissions. Given the intricate compositions and composite nature of lignocellulosic materials, it becomes imperative to prioritize factors crucial for the fabrication of hard carbon anodes that exhibit enhanced sodium-ion storage capabilities. Thus, our study offers an extensive overview of the structure and performance nuances of hard carbon anodes derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Furthermore, it delves into the fundamental principles governing synthesis methodologies and confronts the challenges inherent in producing lignocellulose-derived hard carbon anodes tailored specifically for sodium-ion batteries.Graphical

Application of murexide as a capping agent for fabrication of magnetite anodes for supercapacitors: experimental and first-principle studies

Application of murexide as a capping agent for fabrication of magnetite anodes for supercapacitors: experimental and first-principle studies