Fabrication Characterization Research Articles

Effect of ZnO Addition on The Characteristics of Cotton Fabric in The Batik Fabric Dyeing Process

For centuries, batik fabric has been a part of Indonesian culture and is recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Batik fabric is essential for daily use and has become a part of Indonesian people, e.g., birth to death ceremonies. Besides some advantages of batik fabric made from cotton, it also has disadvantages because it quickly grows bacterial. Hence, it is essential to develop antibacterial properties on batik fabrics. This study used ZnO as an antibacterial agent. The mechanical properties and the colorfastness of fabrics have been evaluated to study the effect of ZnO application. The results showed that applying ZnO affected the mechanical properties of batik fabric by increasing the tensile strength and elongation at break. The result also showed that the ZnO did not affect the colorfastness of rubber and light by the similar value of untreated batik fabric.

Hybrid Trefftz finite element method for heat conduction in cylindrical composite laminates

Laminated composites are made of continuous fibers and matrix which can provide required engineering properties. This paper proposed a hybrid Trefftz finite element method for the analysis of conductive heat transfer in cylindrical composite laminates by assuming two independent temperature fields. The non-conforming intra-element field which is approximated by a linear combination of T-complete solutions satisfying the governing equation and undetermined coefficients is defined within the element domain, while the auxiliary conforming frame field which is interpolated by standard one-dimensional shape functions is defined on the element boundary. Due to the fabrication characteristics of laminates, each layer can be treated as an orthotropic medium for which the hybrid functional is employed to enforce the continuity of temperature and heat flux across the interface of adjacent elements. The proposed method is tested on three numerical examples and compared with exact or ABAQUS solutions. It was found that the proposed method exhibits low sensitivity to mesh distortion and achieves more acceptable results compared with ABAQUS.

Rapid prediction model of effective thermal conductivity of plain weave fabric in space environment

The prediction of effective thermal conductivity of aerospace insulation materials is crucial for insulation design and radiation characteristics control of space targets. In this paper, a rapid and accurate prediction model is proposed for the effective thermal conductivity of plain weave fabrics in space environments. This model assumes that the cross-sectional shape and bending degree of yarns within aerospace fabrics remain unchanged. To represent the structural characteristics of the plain weave fabric, a dimensionless parameter called "f" is defined. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of fabric structure, temperature, and yarn thermal properties on the effective thermal conductivity of multilayer fabrics. Three parameters are identified as the most influential factors for the effective thermal conductivity of plain weave fabrics: the structural parameter f, and the axial and radial thermal conductivities of yarns. Based on extensive simulation data, an empirical equation is proposed for the rapid prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of plain weave fabrics. Moreover, polyester, cotton, and wool plain weave fabric samples are tested for their thermal conductivity in a vacuum environment. The predicted results from the empirical equation proposed in this study exhibit a deviation of less than 6 % when compared to experimental measurements. This study can provide valuable insights for the design of plain weave fabrics used in aerospace insulation materials.

Evaluation of physical and mechanical characteristics of three-thread fleece knit fabric for their structural changes

The aim of this research is to explore the variations that can arise when three-thread fleece (3- TFL) fabric is manufactured with the same yarn type, count, stitch length, knitting machine gauge, and diameter but in different structural configurations. The physical and mechanical properties of 3-TFL fabrics vary depending on their structural construction, which has a significant impact on their intended usage. For this study, four distinct types of three-thread fleece fabric structures were developed titled straight, three-butt diagonal, four-butt diagonal, and double tuck 3-TFL. Fabric weight, bursting strength, shrinkage percentage, spirality, pilling, stretch and recovery percentage tests were performed on the produced samples and the results were interpreted statistically. The ANOVA study revealed a strong association between the fabric design and its properties. Although all variants of fleece fabric showed better dimensional stability, the double tuck 3-TFL fabric demonstrated a relatively high dimensional change. In addition, double tuck 3-TFL fabric showed higher fabric weight, better pilling grade, and less spirality, whereas 4-butt diagonal 3-TFL fabric exhibited higher bursting strength. This research will assist commercial knit fabric producers in the textile industry to understand the effect of structural variations on fleece fabric qualities.

Ablation behavior, microstructure, phase evolution and in situ ceramization mechanism of ZrC-LaB6 modified carbon fiber/phenolic resin ceramizable composite

Carbon fiber/phenolic resin composite (CF/Ph) has drawn great interest in thermal protection for its characteristics of high specific strength and easy fabrication. However, oxidation failure limits further application of CF/Ph in hostile environments. Herein, a novel carbon fiber/phenolic resin ceramizable composite modified with ZrC and LaB6 was reported. The synergistic effects between ZrC and LaB6 on high-temperature thermal degradation behavior, oxidative corrosion and ablation resistance were systematically studied based on thermal analysis and oxyacetylene ablation experiment of the resulting ceramizable composite as well as microstructure evolution, phase evolution, and thermodynamic calculation analysis of the ablated surface. The resulting ceramizable composite exhibited excellent oxidative corrosion and ablation resistance, with the residue yield at 1500 °C as high as 32.8 % and the linear ablation rate at 4.3 MW/m2 for 30 s as low as -0.00231 mm/s, respectively. Further, the ablation mechanisms were revealed. Dense B-C-O-Zr-La ceramic layers with a mosaic structure, which acted as efficient thermal protection barriers, were constructed in situ, and significantly reduced corrosion to carbon. Moreover, an intense endothermic effect during the carbothermal reaction between ZrO2, B2O3 and PyC led to an abnormally better insulation capacity.

Superhydrophobic bilayer coating for passive daytime radiative cooling

Abstract Passive radiative cooling is an energy-free cooling method by exchanging thermal radiation with the cold universe through the transparent atmospheric window. Spectrum tailoring of the radiative cooler is the key to daytime radiative cooling in previously reported works. In addition, radiative coolers with large-scale fabrication and self-cleaning characteristics should be further developed to improve their industrial applicability. Herein, we propose a bilayer radiative cooling coating with the superhydrophobic property and a scalable process, by covering TiO2/acrylic resin paint with a silica/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (SiO2/P(VdF-HFP)) composite masking layer. The strong Mie scattering in TiO2/acrylic resin paint contributes to high solar reflection, while the SiO2/P(VdF-HFP) masking layer is responsible for superhydrophobicity and synergetic solar reflection in the ultraviolet band, resulting in an effective solar reflectivity of 94.0 % with an average emissivity of 97.1 % and superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 158.9°. Moreover, the as-fabricated coating can be cooled to nearly 5.8 °C below the temperature of commercial white paint and 2.7 °C below the local ambient temperature under average solar irradiance of over 700 W m−2. In addition, yearly energy saving of 29.0 %–55.9 % can be achieved after the coating is applied to buildings in Phoenix, Hong Kong, Singapore, Guangzhou, and Riyadh.

Copper-Doped Borate Glass Systems: Fabrication, Physical and Optical Characteristics, and Efficiency of Radiation Attenuation

Copper-Doped Borate Glass Systems: Fabrication, Physical and Optical Characteristics, and Efficiency of Radiation Attenuation

Experimental study of thermal characteristics of bio-based textiles integrating microencapsulated phase change materials

Experimental study of thermal characteristics of bio-based textiles integrating microencapsulated phase change materials

STUDY OF MOISTURE RECOVERY PROCESSES OF KNITTED FABRICS FOR THE BASE LAYER OF WINTER CLOTHING SETS

The article considers the problem of predicting the moisture exchange of textile materials in a wet state using the example of knitted fabrics for underwear. Based on the thermodynamic analogy of heat and moisture transfer processes, an experimental scale of the moisture transfer potential of a reference body was constructed. As a result of the study of the mass transfer system “sample – reference body”, the mass transfer characteristics of several knitted fabrics were obtained. Thermodynamic relations are obtained for calculating the intensity of moisture transfer of textile materials in a bag of clothes. The results of calculations are given on the example of the selected samples. The results of the calculations made it possible to establish the relation- ship between the moisture flux density from the sample and the value of the moisture transfer potential. Signifi- cant differences between these flows have been established. The data obtained make it possible to make a fore- cast about the operational efficiency of clothing with various options for the material of the linen layer.

Evaluation of the Moisture Management, Air and Water Vapour Permeabilities of Knitted Fabrics for Garments

The market today offers a variety of fabrics that may be utilised to create any style of clothing. Fabrics are periodically altered as a result of technology’s continual growth, to the point that it became difficult for clothes makers to assess the fabric characteristics related to thermal comfort. This paper reports some investigations on the moisture management and permeability properties of several commercial knitted fabrics intended for garment application. The fabric’s ability to manage moisture as well as its air and water vapour permeability were assessed. A fabric rating index was used to combine the results from each test to determine the fabric’s thermal comfort characteristics. Among the five knitted fabrics, the fabric comprised of nylon & polyester with jersey structure gave the highest assessment rating which is 5. The study serves as a future reference for future textile and garment industry, that implement the laboratory method used in this paper i.e moisture management, water vapour and air permeability in choosing the better thermal comfort qualities for general wear.

Topology optimization for material extrusion-based additive manufacturing processes with weak bead bonding

Topology optimization (TO) is a powerful design tool that has been used to design lightweight high-performing structures. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a favoured fabrication method for TO designs because of its high precision and flexibility to realize complex optimized structures. This paper describes a new TO approach that can account for fabrication characteristics and constraints of extrusion-based AM. The fabrication process is mimicked as the design is generated by enforcing a fixed radius feature size in design outputs, and introducing a secondary material between adjacent beads. Lowering the stiffness of this additional material allows for consideration of the weak bead bonds in extrusion-printed materials and promotes continuity of design features. The user can control the radius of the discrete feature size and the relative stiffness of the weak bond. The algorithm is demonstrated on benchmark TO problems in 2D. The design results contain both a description of the physical layout of the structure and a design variable distribution that can be used as a trace for the raster path. The design results are found to respond to user specifications on bead size and relative bond weakening. Continuity of the raster path increases as the stiffness of the bead bonding decreases.

Resolving tsunami wave dynamics: Integrating sedimentology and numerical modelling

AbstractTsunamis are a major hazard along many of the world's coastlines. To understand the impact of these events, a sufficiently long record of previous events is needed, which can be provided by their sedimentary deposits. A number of past events have left extensive sedimentary deposits that can be used to understand the hydrodynamics of the tsunami. The ca 8.15 ka Storegga submarine slide was a large, tsunamigenic mass movement off the coast of Norway. The resulting tsunami had estimated run‐up heights of around 10 to 20 m on the Norwegian coast, over 30 m in Shetland and 3 to 6 m on the Scottish mainland coast. New cores were taken from the Ythan Valley in North‐East Scotland, where Storegga tsunami deposits have previously been found. High‐resolution sedimentary analyses of the cores, combined with statistical (changepoint) analysis, shows signatures of multiple waves. Moreover, detailed CT scans of the erosional basal surface reveal sole marks called skim marks. Taken in conjunction with the grain size and sedimentary fabric characteristics of the tsunami deposits, this indicates that the flow exhibited a high‐concentration basal component, with an initial semi‐cohesive phase and that deposition was dominantly capacity driven. A multiple wave hypothesis is tested by creating a high‐resolution numerical model (metre‐scale) of the wave inundation, coupled to a previously published regional model. The inundation model confirms that multiple waves passed over the site in agreement with the sedimentological analysis. The sensitivity of the model to the reconstructed palaeocoastal geomorphology is quantitatively explored. It is concluded that local palaeogeomorphological reconstruction is key to understanding the hydrodynamics of a tsunami wave group in relation to its sedimentary deposit. Combining sedimentological data with high‐resolution inundation modelling is a powerful tool to help interpret the sedimentary record of tsunami events and hence to improve knowledge of their risks.

Optimization Rubbing Fastness in Lyocell and Silk Fabric Dyeing with Tinospora cordifolia using Box-Behnken Design and Citrus limon Extract with Potassium Aluminium Sulfate Mordants

The demand for environmentally friendly natural dyes has risen significantly. This study currently aims to assess the rub-fastness properties of silk and lyocell fabrics that have been dyed using Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts. This dyeing process involves the utilization of both Citrus limon and potassium aluminium sulfate as mordants. To achieve this objective, we have employed the Box-Behnken experimental research design for sample preparation. Our investigation delves into the influence of various processing factors, encompassing dye concentration, time duration, and temperature, on the rubbing fastness attributes of lyocell and silk fabrics treated with Citrus limon extract and alum mordant. The dye, sourced through an aqueous extraction method from Tinospora cordifolia stems, is subsequently employed in dyeing silk and lyocell fabrics, followed by mordanting using the meta-mordanting technique. The assessment of rubbing fastness quality is conducted using the standard test method AATCC 8 for both fabric types. Our experimental findings unveil a notable similarity in rubbing properties between lyocell and silk fabrics dyed with Citrus limon and those treated with potassium aluminium sulfate mordant. Intriguingly, fabric samples treated with Citrus limon mordants exhibit marginally enhanced rubbing (2 to 3 G to 5 G) results when juxtaposed with their counterparts treated with potassium aluminium sulfate mordant. Throughout the experimental course, it becomes evident that both temperature (35 °C, 50 °C, 65 °C) and time (40, 55 and 70 min) exert a significant influence on the wet and dry rubbing fastness characteristics of both silk and lyocell fabrics. Notably, as dyeing time and temperature increase, there is a corresponding rise in fabric dye uptake.

In Vitro Degradation of 3D-Printed Poly(L-lactide-Co-Glycolic Acid) Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications.

The creation of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering has faced significant challenges in developing constructs that can provide sufficient biomechanical support and offer suitable degradation characteristics. Ideally, such tissue-engineering techniques necessitate the fabrication of scaffolds that mirror the mechanical characteristics of the articular cartilage while degrading safely without damaging the regenerating tissues. The aim of this study was to create porous, biomechanically comparable 3D-printed scaffolds made from Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) 85:15 and to assess their degradation at physiological conditions 37 °C in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for up to 56 days. Furthermore, the effect of scaffold degradation on the cell viability and proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSC) was evaluated in vitro. To assess the long-term degradation of the scaffolds, accelerated degradation tests were performed at an elevated temperature of 47 °C for 28 days. The results show that the fabricated scaffolds were porous with an interconnected architecture and had comparable biomechanical properties to native cartilage. The degradative changes indicated stable degradation at physiological conditions with no significant effect on the properties of the scaffold and biocompatibility of the scaffold to HBMSC. Furthermore, the accelerated degradation tests showed consistent degradation of the scaffolds even in the long term without the notable release of acidic byproducts. It is hoped that the fabrication and degradation characteristics of this scaffold will, in the future, translate into a potential medical device for cartilage tissue regeneration.

A new approach to demonstrate the exothermic behavior of textiles by using a thermal manikin: Correction methods of manikin model

In high humidity environments, certain textile fibers, such as wool, viscose, cotton, and polyester, demonstrate a tendency for exothermic heat generation. Utilizing a comprehensive thermal manikin model, this study sought to examine the intricate heat flux patterns across the manikin's torso post an 1800-s transition under fluctuating humidity levels, ranging from 35% to 80%. Initial findings highlighted a dichotomy: some segments exhibited a marked decrease in heat, subsequently recovering, whereas others showed a rapid escalation. Notably, to maintain a skin temperature of 35 °C on the manikin, there was a transient heat reduction in select segments, emphasizing the pivotal role textiles play in ensuring thermal comfort during transient conditions. The research incorporated two distinct data correction methodologies: the first calibrated heat flux measurements based on steady-state values pre and post humidity alteration, and the second drew upon a consistent reference segment, such as the head, which remained unaffected by the fabric. Intriguingly, these heat flux behaviors correlate directly with a fabric's moisture buffering capability, with wool emerging as the most adept, showcasing a buffering efficiency 26%, 45%, and 96% superior to viscose, cotton, and polyester, respectively. Furthermore, the microclimate—a critical layer between garment and skin—plays a determinant role, with wool's microclimate witnessing a sharp 58% surge when external humidity reached 80% after the stipulated transition period. This investigation highlights the unique thermal insulation properties of wool in varying humidity contexts, providing a strong basis for future scholarly investigations into the intricate thermal characteristics of textiles.

Refinement and predicting formaldehyde concentrations of indoor fabric: Effects of temperature and humidity

Indoor air pollution resulting from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a significant health concern, especially formaldehyde. Therefore, predicting indoor formaldehyde concentration is essential for environmental control. In this research, the authors develop a thermal and wet coupling calculation model of porous fabric that considers the influence of different phases of wet components and the coupling effect of heat and humidity on formaldehyde migration. We propose a modified calculation method of the formaldehyde mass transfer characteristic parameters of fabric to obtain the diffusion coefficient D and partition coefficient K. The heat and humidity coupling model and formaldehyde mass transfer model of fabric are simultaneously solved, and the authors analyze the influence mechanism of fabric loading rate, fabric type, temperature, and humidity on indoor formaldehyde mass transfer characteristics. We study the variation trend of fabric formaldehyde mass transfer characteristics coefficient and the temporal and spatial distribution of indoor formaldehyde concentration. The theoretical model is applied to practical problems by pre-evaluating the indoor formaldehyde concentration of decorated residential buildings in typical climate areas of China before occupancy. The authors obtain the variation rule of indoor formaldehyde concentration of residential buildings under typical hot and humid climate conditions, building materials, furniture, and fabrics. To provide theoretical support for indoor environmental control and human health protection.

Multidimensional analysis for fabric drapability

This study analyzed fabric drapability in one, two, and three dimensions to provide an assessment method reflecting real conditions. One-dimensional analysis of drapability involved observing the fabric movement by reciprocating motion. The movement appeared differently depending on the fabric characteristics, and the shape and location of the node showed differently, which were considered to be influenced by the weight of the sample along with the drape coefficient. Two-dimensional analysis identified the significant factors for the drape information. This examination confirmed that, even if drape factors were similar, differences in draped shape were observed based on the factors related to node shapes. Three-dimensional analysis, using a 3D scanner, involved the use of the mean distances between draped samples and the standard truncated cone, their standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation was high in the groups wherein the shape of the drape was irregular. In the 3D analysis, the distances between samples and the standard truncated cone were expressed in colors to intuitively deliver the drape information. To determine a factor that could indicate drapability among the factors derived from each dimension, the existing drape coefficient was employed for correlation analysis. Three pairs of samples with similar drape coefficients but different drape shapes were selected to verify the above results. In conclusion, one-dimensional node location, two-dimensional standard deviation of node severity, and three-dimensional coefficient of variation were shown to effectively demonstrate the drape characteristic that the drape coefficient could not indicate.

Fabric anisotropy effects on static liquefaction under constant shear drained loading

Several case history failures of slope systems have highlighted that the instability onset in loose materials can be triggered under prevailed drained conditions and stress paths that can be represented by constant shear drained (CSD) loading. This study uses the anisotropic critical state theory (ACST) to assess the effect of fabric anisotropy and loading characteristics (e.g., Lode angle and principal stress direction) on the instability onset under CSD stress paths, comparing our numerical-based observations with available experimental information. Towards this end, the ACST-based SANISAND-F model’s performance under CSD stress paths is also assessed. In addition, multiaxial conditions are incorporated through the estimation of instability surfaces. The numerical simulations are useful in explaining that the instability onset under CSD loading is dictated by a trade-off of volumetric strain components. Moreover, the results show an important effect of fabric anisotropy on the instability stress ratio (ηf). For conditions representative of common experimental setups, ηf decreases with the increase of the Lode angle and the major principal stress inclination, and ηf increases with the increase of initial fabric intensity, consistent with available experimental evidence. However, these trends can change based on the interaction between the Lode angle and loading/fabric directions; hence, departing from typical experimental observations. Finally, we discuss the potential of a simplified approach to estimate ηf analytically, including fabric effects.

HT process for treatment of PET fabrics with chitosan containing recipes

Polyester is the leading man-made fiber in the field of textiles and clothing. Polyester is usually dyed and finished using a process temperature in the range of 120 to 135 ºC. Such a process is known as a high-temperature (HT) process. The application of chitosan on cellulosic materials is an interesting approach to textile functionalization. In contrast, the application of chitosan by the HT process for the functional treatment of polyester is less investigated. With this background, the present study is related to the surface characteristics of different polyester fabrics with implemented chitosan after performing the HT process.

HT process for treatment of PET fabrics with chitosan containing recipes

Polyester is the leading man-made fiber in the field of textiles and clothing. Polyester is usually dyed and finished using a process temperature in the range of 120 to 135 ºC. Such a process is known as a high-temperature (HT) process. The application of chitosan on cellulosic materials is an interesting approach to textile functionalization. In contrast, the application of chitosan by the HT process for the functional treatment of polyester is less investigated. With this background, the present study is related to the surface characteristics of different polyester fabrics with implemented chitosan after performing the HT process.