Fabric Samples Research Articles

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF Ag-TiO2 NANOPARTICLES FOR APPLICATION IN SELF-CLEANING FABRICS

In this work, the Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite was prepared by sol-gel method and characterized using the Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The Ag+/Ti4+ ratio significantly influences the phase transition of TiO2 from anatase to rutile in the nanocomposite: the anatase content decreases from 94.9% to 52.6% as this ratio increases from 1.0 to 4.0 %. The initial Ag+/Ti4+ ratio of 1.0 % was chosen for further research due the highest content of TiO2 in the anatase phase. The nanoparticles are fairly monodisperse and have a spherical shape with an average size of about 18-24 nm. Self-cleaning fabric polyester (PET) was modified successfully with Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles by an immersed method. The nanocomposite of Ag and anatase TiO2 was coated by binder in 100-200 nm in size which coating onto the surface of fabric demonstrated self-cleaning surface with different mechanisms: hydrophobic surface as “lotus leaf” effect, photocatalytic degradation Rhodamine B under solar irradiation. The PET fabric coated with the Ag-TiO2 composite demonstrates stronger antibacterial activity (inhibition zone of 1.3 cm) compared to the fabric coated with TiO2 alone (inhibition zone of 0.8 cm). The results showed that after 6 h of irradiation, the photocatalytic activity of the Ag-TiO2/PET fabric sample is significantly better than that of the TiO2/PET fabric sample. The ability to change from hydrophobic to hydrophilic is especially promising to the interest in self-cleaning surfaces, the textile industry, and environmental cleanup.

Predicting saturation for a new fabric using artificial intelligence (fuzzy logic): experimental part

Weaving saturation can have harmful consequences, such as problems with loom performance, accelerated wear of mechanical parts and loss of raw materials. To avoid these problems, when designing and creating new fabrics, the densities and yarn qualities must be carefully matched with the weaves to ensure successful testing. To facilitate this task, this study focuses on the development of a practical fuzzy logic model for predicting the saturation of new fabrics. An experimental part was carried out to validate this fuzzy model. The fabric samples used in this study came from three different types of weaves, namely plain, twill and satin. These samples also included five weft counts (Nm) and eight different densities. The results obtained using the fuzzy logic model developed were compared with experimental values. The prediction results were satisfactory and precise, demonstrating the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic model developed. The mean absolute error of the calculated fuzzy model was 1,97 %. It was therefore confirmed that this fuzzy model was both fast and reliable for predicting the saturation of new fabric

Istraživanje nekih svojstva površinske hrapavosti tkanina proizvedene od održivih prediva

Biodegradable polymers have attracted attention in recent years owing to increased sensibility to waste management. Polylactic acid (PLA) fibers have been recently utilized in textile products owing to its being biodegradable with low environmental impact. PLA fibers decompose into simpler compounds, thereby minimizing their environmental impact. Woven fabrics produced from sustainable yarns such as PLA or its blends may be good alternative textile products with a sustainable manner. This research was carried out to compare the surface roughness characteristics of some woven fabrics which are plain, 2/2 twill, and 5/1 satin woven samples. Fabric samples were woven with different weft yarns (polyester, polylactic acid, and recycled polyester/Trevira) at various weft yarn densities but with the same warp yarn properties. Surface roughness values of the samples including arithmetic average height (Ra), mean height of peaks (Rpm), mean depth of valleys (Rvm) and mean slope of the profile (Da) were analysed. Effect of different raw materials and fabric properties such as warp/weft density, weave pattern on surface roughness were tried to be analysed within the study.

Synthesis of trimethoprim vanillin anchored conjugate imprinted polymers for removal of bromocresol green and malachite green from aqueous media

Bromocresol green (BCG) and malachite green (MG) are water-soluble toxic organic dyes with adverse health and environmental implications. This study presented a conjugate imprinted adsorbent (CIA) synthesized by incorporating trimethoprim vanillin ligand into a highly crosslinked polymer, designed for the efficient removal of BCG and MG from wastewater. Characterization of CIA involved X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Batch adsorption processes were conducted to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of CIA, with focuses on the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) achieved removal efficiencies of 99.27% and 98.99% at equilibrium for BCG and MG adsorption, respectively. The non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) demonstrated BCG and MG adsorption efficiencies of 51.52% and 62.90% at equilibrium, respectively. Kinetic and isotherm models were employed to elucidate the BCG and MG adsorption mechanisms. The thermodynamic results indicated non-spontaneous and spontaneous reactions for BCG and MG adsorption on MIPs under the examined temperature conditions. The adsorbent exhibited sustained high removal efficiency through five reuse cycles, with no apparent reduction in adsorption performance. Validation of the adsorbent using real textile wastewater samples achieved BCG and MG removal efficiencies of 85.5%–87.5%. The adsorbent outperformed previously reported materials in BCG and MG adsorption. The synthesized CIA is a promising adsorbent for BCG and MG dye removal, contributing to water sustainability.

Technical and Technological Analyses of Excavated Textiles

Textiles are particularly complex and labor-intensive structures, thus their constructive elements, such as fibers and yarns, as well as the final textile products (e.g., threads, cords, fabrics, and applied decoration) reveal a range of important technical, technological, and sociocultural information. In this paper, we discuss the analysis of excavated textiles at two levels: 1) Technical analysis that offers basic information about the qualities of examined textile samples. 2) Technological analysis that provides insights into technology, social relations of production, and the level of craft specialization or production modes. Both analyses offer new evidence for environmental resources, sustainability, trade, and exchange, as well as transfer of technical knowledge, innovations, and expertise. Yet, excavated textiles, being formed of organic materials, survive poorly in archaeological contexts and thus represent environmentally limited remnants of the original pattern of textile consumption. Additionally, excavated textiles are often recovered in minute fragments, altered due to post-depositional processes and, therefore, their analysis is usually challenging. The scope of this paper is to provide an account of the current state of the technological analysis of excavated textiles looking back at its origins, and to offer a concise and clarified synopsis of the main methods and terms used to study and document the technological characteristics of excavated textiles.

Tunable spectral properties of PVB/WS2 impregnated fabrics in VIS, IR and RF part of the EMS

The application of nanomodified polymer impregnation on knitted polyester fabrics was studied to improve camouflage characteristics in VIS, IR, and RF domains to enhance multispectral camouflage protection. Nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide (WS2) were dispersed in an ethanol solution of poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) and applied as a thin impregnation on polyester fabrics already dyed in camouflage shades. A reference sample impregnated only with PVB, without WS2, was also prepared in the same way. Parallel to the impregnated fabrics, a neat knitted polyester textile sample was submitted to all the examination methods. Diffuse reflection, specular gloss, and color coordinates were measured for all the samples. Moreover, the samples were observed using IR thermography in medium and long-wavelength infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The best suppression (≥20%) in the IR range of EMS was achieved for the dark green shade sample by applying PVB alone and/or adding PVB/ WS2. RF domain measurement analysis of how impregnated fabrics influence effective Radar Cross Section (RCS), K band radar was used, with the measurements done in terrain conditions. The decrease of the mean RCS value between 11% and 41% was achieved. The obtained results indicate that the addition of WS2 has a positive effect on the observed characteristics and that there is a possibility of using this newly impregnated knitwear in the wider area of the EMS as a camouflage material.

The ballistic performance of plain-weave multi-ply systems: An experimental investigation

This paper studies the influence of the weave parameter on the ballistic performance of multi-ply systems. Three types of plain weaves were put into investigation, namely, A090, A200, and A400. Tensile and yarn pull-out tests were performed to investigate the responses of fabric upon quasi-static loading. Penetration tests were performed to characterize the energy absorption capability of different multi-ply systems at impacting velocities ranging from 250 m/s to 460 m/s. It was found that the strength of the fabric sample increased almost linearly with fabric areal density, and the coarser weaves exhibited a greater resistance against yarn pull-out. The ballistic limit ( V50) of finer weave 13A9, is around than 42.5% higher than coarser weave 3A4. In terms of hybrid systems, placing finer fabrics in front and coarser fabrics in the rear exhibits higher ballistic limits than the reversed sequence (8–20 m/s differences), while placing coarser fabrics in front exhibited greater energy absorption capability when the impact velocity is sufficient to cause instant and localized failure. It was also found that the ballistic performance of the hybrid systems does not alter significantly with the mass percentage of the coarser weaves at high impact velocities (greater than 400 m/s). The results indicate that replacing the expensive ballistic weaves with cheap materials in a hybrid system is a reasonable alternative to achieve cost reduction without significant performance degradation.

One pot application of a green chemistry-based finish for cotton fabric, providing hydrophobic, flame retardant, and antimicrobial properties.

Fluorinated and formaldehyde-based compounds impart excellent hydrophobicity and flame-retardant properties to cotton fabrics. However, they come with various health and environmental risks. A novel hydrophobic, flame retardant, and antimicrobial finishing agent free from fluorine and formaldehyde was synthesized. The diammonium phosphate octadecyl citrate (DAPOC) was synthesized by using stearic acid (octadecanoic acid), citric acid (propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid), and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. It was grafted onto the cotton fabrics by employing the conventional pad-dry-cure method. The results indicated that this newly developed finish could be chemically bonded to cotton fabrics through C-O-C covalent bonds. The contact angle of the cotton fabric finished with a 12% concentration of the finishing agent reached 151.9°. Additionally, the finished cotton fabrics displayed evident flame-retardant properties. After undergoing 20 laundering cycles, DAPOC maintained strong hydrophobic and flame-retardant characteristics, demonstrating its durability. The chemical structure of DAPOC was verified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the flame-retardant nature of the treated cotton fabric samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results demonstrated the successful grafting of the newly created finish onto the cotton fiber. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra depicted that the crystalline structure of finished cotton fabric remained mostly unaltered. Furthermore, the finished cotton fabric exhibited commendable antimicrobial properties due to the inclusion of citric acid.

A review on fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based additive manufacturing (AM) methods, materials and applications for flexible fabric structures

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an extrusion type additive manufacturing (AM) method in which a molten polymer is selectively extruded in layer-by-layer manner. Although there are several other AM techniques, FDM is a suitable method to produce fabric structures as it is capable of processing polymers and is widely used in various engineering applications. This article summarizes the current research works in characterization of FDM parts, advancements in materials used in FDM and latest works related to making fabric samples using FDM. The results show that the mechanical properties and surface quality are compromised in FDM parts. Strength and flexibility with better surface finishing are essential parameters in fabric structures. There are mainly two techniques that are explored by researchers to enhance the quality of the parts. The first is optimizing process parameters and the second is improving material quality. FDM process parameters like extrusion temperature, layer height, print speed and built orientation can significantly influence the quality of the parts. Optimizing these parameters can significantly enhance the strength of the fabric produced. Moreover, a great amount of impetus is given to improve material by reinforcing it and making polymer blends with specific qualities. There has been studies related to the development of fabric structures and deposition of polymers on fabrics with FDM. It is concluded that the major concern with such structures is strength and processability. To address these issues, optimizing process parameters and developing new filaments for exclusively making fabrics can be the future work in this area.

Making (Slowly) as Method: Piecing, Stitching and Steeping Metaphors for Multiple Methodologies

How and what do we make through method? This paper imagines the processes of designing and carrying out socio-environmental research through the lens of a slow, creative craft form: sewing a patchworked piece from hand-dyed fabric samples. In doing so, it contributes to thinking about how methodologies are pieced and stitched together from multiple parts. Based on early findings from an extended research project exploring the practice of natural textile dyeing in the UK, I offer a range of textile processes for thinking through the creative dimensions of the doing of methodological work. The quilt-like piece I am attempting to make from plant-dyed fabric is at once the object, objective, and method in this study. I draw on auto-ethnographic reflections on my attempts to begin learning natural dyeing and sewing skills, suggesting piecing, stitching, and steeping may be useful, tactile metaphors for thinking through the early, often messy and uncertain stages of multi-sited and multi-method qualitative research. As such, I build on and extend recent discussions about ‘patchwork ethnography’, an approach recognising that the realities of ethnographic research in practice are often fragmented, non-linear, and intricately shaped by researchers’ everyday lives and commitments. The paper also offers insight into the potentials and pitfalls of intentionally ‘slow’ scholarship that aims to disrupt the urgent temporalities of research projects as they are often imagined.

Enhancing Cotton Fabric Softness and Wrinkle Resistance through Optimized Formulation of Nano ZnO and Benzalkonium Chloride-Enriched RinseCycle Softener

This work attempts optimization of a multifunctional single rinse softener formulation for cotton fabric for domestic usage, catering to the growing customer demand for softeners with enhanced performance. Present section is part-I of the entire study. The primary objective is to determine the effects of optimized and developed formulation on softness and wrinkle resistance properties. We synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) stabilized nano-ZnO particles using the sol-gel method and characterized them using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, particle size analyser and X-ray diffraction. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were utilized for fabric sample analysis. Objective measurements using the Kawabata evaluation system, subjective softness assessments and crease recovery angle were recorded. The results demonstrated a significant enhancement in fabric softness, crease recovery and low stress mechanical properties through the application of this single rinse softener formulation. Any improving or diminishing effects on softness and crease recovery angle due to the presence of nano-ZnO (nano zinc oxide) and BAC (Bezalkonium chloride) were insightful.

High temperature oxidation behaviour of NiCrAlY clad developed on SS-304 through microwave irradiation

The current study investigates the underlying causes of the microstructural features, microhardness and high-temperature oxidation behaviour of the NiCrAlY powder cladded stainless steel (SS-304) substrate. The cladding was performed by utilizing an industrial multimode microwave apparatus, operating at 1.1 kW and 2.45 GHz with a 900 s processing time. The fabricated clad layer unveiled perfect metallurgical integration with the substrate and was noticed to be free from obvious flaws, including cracks or improper bonding at the clad-base material interface. The deposited clad layer revealed an equiaxed dendritic microstructure at the top while a typical columnar dendritic microstructure at the centre. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination of the clad sample revealed the existence of intermetallic compounds like γ′-Ni3Al, and Al5Y3O12 in addition to a solid solution of Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) enriched matrix. The microhardness of the clad layer was noticed to be higher than that of the uncladded SS-304 specimen. High-temperature oxidation investigation performed at 900 °C in air revealed weight gain by all the samples (bare and clad) in a parabolic fashion, initially for around 10 cycles of oxidation, beyond which the weight gain is noticed to saturate. The maximum oxidation resistance exhibited by the clad sample was credited with having intensified α-Al2O3 in the surface layer.

Development of a colorimetric sensor based on the coupling of amicrofluidic paper-based analytical device and headspace microextraction for determination of formaldehyde in textile, milk, and wastewater samples.

A user-friendly, cost-effectively, portable, and environmentally friendly colorimetric sensor for the quantitative determination of formaldehyde was developed based on the combining ofmicrofluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD), headspace microextraction (HSME), and digital image colorimetry. Coupling HSME and μPAD led to enhancements in selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor through sample cleanup and analyte enrichment. To construct the μPAD-HSME device, two pieces of paper as the sample and detection zone were placed facing each other so thata small common and sealed space was created between them. The color change occurred when the analyte in the gaseous form crossed this gap and reached the detection zone. Colorimetric sensing in the detection zone was performed based on the Hantzsch reaction. The color change in the detection zone was recorded by a smartphone and digital images were processed using image analysis software based on the RGB model. The influence of some key variables on the sensitivity of the method including derivatization reagent composition, sample volume, extraction temperature, and extraction time was studied and optimized. The linear dynamic range of the method was obtained in two ranges of 0.10-0.75 and 0.75-5.0 mg L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.03 mg L-1. The recoveries were in the range 80-126% for the quantification of formaldehyde in textile, milk, and wastewater samples.

Multi-Analytical Techniques for the Study of Burial Clothes of Polish King Sigismund III Vasa (1566-1633) and His Wife Constance Habsburg (1588-1631).

The subjects of this research are the burial clothes of Polish King Sigismund III Vasa and his wife Constance, which were woven and embroidered with silk and metal threads. Fragments of the textiles underwent spectroscopic, spectrometric, and thermogravimetric analyses. The hydrofluoric acid extraction method was improved to isolate various classes of dyes from the textile samples that had direct contact with human remains. High-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with diode array and tandem mass spectrometry detectors with electrospray ionization (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) facilitated the detection and identification of colorants present in the textiles. Cochineal, indigo-, madder-, orchil-, and tannin-producing plants were identified as the sources of dyes used. Scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDS) was employed to identify and characterize the silk fibers and mordants and the metal threads. The presence of iron, aluminum, sodium, and calcium in the silk threads suggests their potential use as mordants. The analysis of the metal threads revealed that most of them were made from flattened gilded silver wire, with only a few being cut from a sheet of metal. Typical degradation mechanisms of metal threads were shown, resulting from both burial environment and earlier manufacturing process, and the use of the textiles in clothing, i.e., a significant loss of the gold layer was observed in most of silver gilt threads, caused by abrasion and delamination. The results of the thermal analysis confirmed the presence of silk and silver threads in the examined textiles.

Electrochemical Analysis and Quantification of Anodic Oxidation on Activated Carbon Cloth Electrodes through Cyclic Voltammetry

Capacitive Deionization (CDI) has applications ranging from water purification to biofuels processing. For CDI to be a viable scalable technology, electrode stability is critical. In extended experiments the activated carbon cloth (ACC), used for the electrode, has been previously observed to degrade as a result of surface oxidation reactions. Carbon cloth oxidation can reduce the surface area and alter the pore structure, in turn reducing the adsorption capacity. While the behavior of oxidation is known, a reliable method of quantifying the extent of degradation is lacking. To quantify it, cyclic voltammetry was explored to measure the capacitance of pristine and oxidized carbon cloth samples. A three-electrode electrochemical cell was used to quantify capacitance of activated carbon cloth in 1M NaCl solution. The specific capacitance of carbon cloth that underwent anodic oxidation was lower than cathodic and pristine carbon cloth. Further tests analyzed the change in the severity of the anodic degradation on whether the initial CDI separations were performed on organic or inorganic ions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was utilized to verify and quantify surface oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry is demonstrated as a simple and reliable method for analyzing and quantifying anodic oxidation on activated carbon cloth electrodes in CDI stacks.

Hybrid knitted fabric for electromagnetic radiation shielding: thermo-physical properties

Textile materials for protection against electromagnetic radiation are used now not only for special purposes but in everyday clothing too. In this regard, the thermo-physical properties of such materials are very important. In this study, the hybrid knitted fabrics with electromagnetic shielding properties manufactured on 8E flat-bed machine from 0.12 mm stainless steel wire and 30 × 2 tex cotton yarn have been tested. Fabric samples differ by variant of stainless steel wire incorporation (separately or along with cotton yarn) and their positioning in the structures (loop and/or tuck). Hybrid fabric formed by the alternation of two courses of rib 1 × 1 from cotton yarn and two courses from steel wire has higher porosity and therefore higher relative water vapor permeability and lower thermal conductivity compared with fabric formed from cotton yarn and a steel wire simultaneously. The research results showed that the introduction of stainless steel wire along with cotton yarn into the knitted structure leads to changes in stitch density and therefore in the area of porosity compared with cotton fabric. The thermal conductivity coefficient and evaporative resistance of these fabrics are similar to cotton 1 + 1 rib fabric. Thus, the studied hybrid knitted fabrics with shielding properties against electromagnetic radiation can be recommended for clothing manufacturing. The half-Milano rib fabric knitted from cotton yarn and a steel wire with the greatest electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness has a good level of comfort similar to cotton fabric.

Fabric Defect Detection Method Using SA-Pix2pix Network and Transfer Learning

This paper proposes a fabric defect detection algorithm based on the SA-Pix2pix network and transfer learning to address the issue of insufficient accuracy in detecting complex pattern fabric defects in scenarios with limited sample data. Its primary contribution lies in treating defects as disruptions to the fabric’s texture. It leverages a generative adversarial network to reconstruct defective images, restoring them to images of normal fabric texture. Subsequently, the reconstituted images are subjected to dissimilarity calculations against defective images, leading to image segmentation for the purpose of defect detection. This approach addresses the issues of poor defect image reconstruction accuracy due to the limited ability of remote dependency modeling within the generator’s convolutional neural network. It also tackles deficiencies in the generative adversarial network’s loss function in handling image details. To enhance the structure and loss function of the generative adversarial network, it introduces self-attention mechanisms, L1 loss, and an improved structural loss, thus mitigating the problems of low defect image reconstruction accuracy and insufficient image detail handling by the network. To counteract the issue of declining model training accuracy in the face of sparse complex fabric defect samples, a channel-wise domain transfer learning approach is introduced. This approach constrains the training of the target network through feature distribution, thereby overcoming the problem of target network overfitting caused by limited sample data. The study employs three methods to experimentally compare and investigate five distinct complex pattern fabric defects. The results demonstrate that, when compared to two other defect detection methods, the approach advocated in this paper exhibits superior detection accuracy in scenarios with limited sample data.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CORRESPONDING TO COMFORT FEEL OF BEDDING FABRICS

The market for bedding products in Thailand now offers a wide range of physical attributes (fiber types, structures, fabric densities, thicknesses, and weights) that produce a variety of tactile sensations and comfort qualities. This study investigated the comfort properties of bedding fabrics in Thailand. Twenty-one bedding fabric samples were collected and measured for their mechanical and surface properties based on the Kawabata evaluation system for fabric (KES-F) as well as the horizontal wicking test and abrasion resistance, air permeability, wrinkle recovery, and thermal resistance (Qmax). The primary hand value (HV) and total hand value (THV) were calculated using the Kawabata hand evaluation equation KN-201-LDY describing women's thin dress fabric, using 5 different properties from the KES-F (tensile, shear, bending, compression, and surface friction). The principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis of the physical properties of fabric samples showed that the samples could be placed in 4 groups. The first group was mostly cotton woven samples. The second group consisted of 2 samples that were both knitted, while the third group was mostly mixed (M) fabric samples. The last group contained cotton and M cotton samples. The first cluster was considered to provide the best hand-feel characteristics of all 4 clusters, while the second cluster was considered the least desirable based on hand-feel. The findings of this study should assist the bedding textile sector in developing new products.

Examination of the influence of hydrothermal treatment of textile materials on their physical and mechanical properties and development of innovative technology

Relevance. Investigation in the field of textile materials and the effect of processing on their properties, is relevant, as it helps to develop more effective processing methods and increase the resistance of textile materials to the influence of various factors, which is important for both manufacturers and consumers. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of hydrothermal processing of textile materials on their physical and mechanical properties, develop a technology for the production of clothing using a new method (device) of press equipment for hydrothermal processing of composite material. Methodology. The analysis method was used during the study, and an experiment was also conducted in which the temperature of the steam that did not fall below 160°C was used when processing the selected fabric samples, and the temperature of the working bodies of the press for forming the back was at least 110°C. Results. As a result, the influence of hydrothermal treatment on the properties of textile materials was examined in detail and established. Having analysed the existing method of hydrothermal treatment using a vacuum unit, it was established that the conventional method of treatment leads to a substantial decrease in fabric thickness, breaking load and air permeability. It was also noted that during the hydrothermal treatment of the material, it is exposed under the influence of pressure. This leads to densification and flattening of the threads inside the material, creating flat areas, which causes adverse changes in the physical and mechanical characteristics of the fabric. Conclusions. These factors indicate a potential deterioration in the quality and durability of textile products, which can increase the percentage of defects and negatively affect consumer satisfaction. This study also points to the prospects of using a vacuum installation in hydrothermal treatment, which allows preserving the desired properties of materials, improving the quality of the final products. The practical importance of the results of this study lies in the possibility of improving the quality of textile products and reducing the damage to materials, which is important for ensuring longer operation of textile products and increasing consumer satisfaction

Fabric Attractiveness Using Four Sensory Evaluators

Abstract All senses elicit emotional responses to goods, services, and the environment. They also play an important role in the process of fashion design and its evaluation. This research is a continuation of several preliminary studies we conducted online to define three attractive and three unattractive colors, textures, smells, sounds, and tastes. In the present study, a sample of textile engineering and fashion design students and experts (N = 54) assessed four groups of 6 fabric samples (sensory evaluators) selected based on the results of the preliminary studies. Each group of fabrics was assessed in one of four sensory modalities (except taste). Two semantic differentials were used to assess each sensory modality: attractive/unattractive and boring/interesting in the case of color, insensitive/sensitive in the case of texture, disturbing/calming in the case of sound, and cheap/luxurious in the case of smell. We found that among the fabrics in six different colors, the pink fabric was the most attractive. Of the six textures presented, the knitted rib texture was found to be the most attractive to touch. The scent of lemon essential oil was perceived as the most attractive among the six scents used, and the friction sound of suede leather was perceived as the most attractive among the six friction sounds of fabrics. Cluster analysis showed that the attractiveness of scents and colors of six fabric samples was highly differentiated and (almost) each sample was perceived as unique, while the attractiveness of the texture and sound of different samples was less differentiated and the samples were divided into only two groups. This suggests that discrimination of fabric attractiveness may be better in some sensory evaluators/modalities than in others. The results of this study will be useful for further research on the integration of different sensory modalities in fabric perception and garment preferences.