Fabric Samples Research Articles

Investigation of effect of recycled polyester ratio and draw frame passages on flame retardancy of chenille fabric properties

PurposeIn this study, both flame retardancy and sustainability properties were combined in the chenille yarn so that functional and sustainable upholstery fabrics can be produced with optimum energy consumption. The chenille yarn samples were produced from recycled polyester (rPET)-blended binder yarns and fully drawn yarn (FDY) polyester pile yarn. While the pile component of the chenille samples was kept constant, the lock yarns were manufactured as 50% r-PET-50% virgin polyester (PES), 100% r-PET and 100% PES. The binder yarns were also produced in two groups. In the first group, a 2-passage draw frame was used, while a 3-passage draw frame was used in the second group. The chenille yarn samples were applied flame-retardant (FR) finishing.Design/methodology/approachThe knitted upholstery fabric samples were produced from chenille yarn samples via flat knitting machines. The knitted fabrics were applied flame retardancy, bursting strength and abrasion resistance tests according to related standards.FindingsThe test results were analysed, and so the effect of r-PET ratio and draw frame passage number on upholstery fabric flame retardancy, bursting strength and abrasion resistance performance properties were revealed. It was concluded that the number of draw frame passages and the recycled fibre content have no important effect on the flame retardancy. On the other hand, it has been observed that the bursting strength decreases as the recycled fibre content increases and bursting distention results are close to each other. It was seen that the draw frame passage number has no significant effect on both bursting strength and distention. It was revealed that both r-PET fibre content and draw frame passage number have significant effect on abrasion resistance. The samples with 2 draw frame passages provide higher abrasion resistance compared to those with 3 draw frame passage. The lowest abrasion resistance was obtained with 100% r-PET fibre content and the highest abrasion resistance was obtained with 50% r-PET-50% PES.Originality/valueThe results will provide enough knowledge for sustainable chenille yarn design. The recycled fibre content and draw frame passage number can be optimised, and so sustainable chenille yarns can be produced with less energy consumption. Future studies will involve producing chenille yarns with different linear densities and varying draw frame combinations, such as 1, 2 and 3 passages.

The comparative analysis of energy dissipation behaviour of woven and UD para-aramid fabrics

This research examines how impact energy spreads across para-aramid fabrics, comparing woven and unidirectional types, using 2-D Thin Plate Spline analysis. The experiment involved dropping a weighted hemisphere onto fabric samples and measuring their deformation across different layer counts. To assess how yarn orientation affects energy dispersion, panels with 0º/90º and 0º/90º/±45º configurations were tested. By analysing the fabric's shape changes under impact, the study revealed patterns of energy propagation. Calculations of bending energy and expansion factors provided insights into this behaviour. The findings indicate that unidirectional fabrics outperform woven structures in distributing impact energy across their surface. Moreover, incorporating ±45º fibre reinforcements in both fabric types enhances energy dispersion and mitigates impact effects.

Improved Adhesion of Bacterial Cellulose on Plasma-Treated Cotton Fabric for Development of All-Cellulose Biocomposites

Cellulose produced by bacteria (BC) is considered a promising material for the textile industry, but the fragile and sensitive nature of BC membranes limits their broad applicability. Production of all-cellulose biocomposites, in which the BC is cultivated in situ on a cotton fabric, could solve this problem, but here a new issue arises, namely poor adhesion. To overcome this challenge, cotton fabric was modified with low-pressure oxygen plasma in either afterglow, E-mode, or H-mode. All-cellulose biocomposites were prepared in situ by placing the samples of cotton fabric in BC culture medium and incubating for 7 days to allow BC microfibril networks to form on the fabric. Modification of cotton fabric with oxygen plasma afterglow led to additional functionalization with polar groups, and modification with oxygen plasma in H-mode led also to etching and surface roughening of the cotton fibers, which improved the adhesion within the biocomposite. In addition, these biocomposites showed higher deformation capacities. Modification of the cotton fabric over a longer period in E-mode was found to be unsuitable, as this caused strong etching, which led to the defibrillation of cotton fibers and poor adhesion of BC. This study highlights the potential of low-pressure plasma treatment as an environmentally friendly method to improve the performance of cellulose-based biocomposites.

3D Bristle-Structured, Knitted-Fabric-Based Triboelectric Sensors for Machine Learning-Based Motion Recognition.

With the development of electronic technology, triboelectric-based sensors have been widely researched in fields such as healthcare, rehabilitation training, and sports assistance due to their manufacturing convenience and self-powering advantages. Among them, 3D fabric-based triboelectric sensors not only possess advantages such as easy mechanized production, good breathability, and ease of wearing but also their unique 3D structure enhances the specific surface area, thereby amplifying the sensitivity. This study proposes a 3D bristle-structured fabric made by a digital knitting technology that has not been studied widely for triboelectric devices. By applying the 3D bristle structure with a large specific surface area to the single jersey fabric, the effective contact area during friction can be increased, resulting in a higher surface charge density. Additionally, the microcapacitor-like effect provided by the numerous microstructures allows the device to store more surface charge, further improving the output performance. The study systematically investigates the output performance of four different structures assembled by single jersey and 3D bristle-structured fabrics. The optimal sample exhibits a 57% higher output voltage than that of the reference 2D fabric sample. The 3D bristle-structured fabric demonstrates linear high sensitivity and distinct output performance when used as a sensor. Finally, a machine learning integration is applied to judge motion to assist a baseball pitcher in a self-training system.

Quantitative analysis of the color accuracy and reproducibility in digital textile printing: Discrepancies within color reproduction media

In this study, the overall color reproducibility of a digital textile printing (DTP) process was investigated within a wide range of color gamuts, and the design color factors influencing color reproduction in the initial design stage of DTP were analyzed. During the DTP process, digital image samples, display samples, and fabric samples, each representing 1296 colors, were created. The color reproduction ranges of these samples and the discrepancies in their lightness, chroma, hue, and overall color were analyzed. It was found that the display samples exhibited the widest color reproduction range, particularly in terms of lightness and chroma. In contrast, the fabric samples showed the narrowest color reproduction range. Furthermore, it was shown that color reproducibility was significantly reduced when the medium transitions from display to fabric during the DTP process, with an average overall color difference of 24.34 Δ E*ab being detected between the display and fabric samples. The low color reproducibility of this DTP process was particularly influenced by the K ratio and the L*10 and C*ab,10 values of the initial design. More specifically, the K ratio and the L*10 value of the initial design imparted significant effects on the lightness reproducibility, whereas the C*ab,10 value of the initial design had a significant impact all on the lightness, chroma, hue, and overall color reproducibilities.

Polarized spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function in visible band based on Cauchy’s empirical dispersion equation

The polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) can describe the changes between the Stokes vectors of incident and reflected light. The existing model can only describe the spatial distribution of the target’s polarization characteristics at a single wavelength, so further research is needed for the description of the target’s polarized spectral characteristics. In this paper, a modified three-component polarized spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pSBRDF) is proposed, which combines Fresnel equation in the specular reflection component with Cauchy’s empirical dispersion equation, by introducing the wavelength variable and dispersion constants that do not change with wavelength. The degree of the linear polarization (DoLP) of two types of coated fabric samples was measured at three incident angles and 400 to 760 nm wavelength. The error of the model in describing the spectral and the spatial distribution of DoLP are controlled within 0.00743 and 0.0757 respectively, which proves the accuracy of the model. This research provides the model basis for analysis of the target’s polarization characteristics and the theoretical basis for the application of polarization detection.

Study on theoretical model and actual deformation of weft-knitted transfer loop based on particle constraint

Abstract In order to derive the structural properties and deformation behavior of the weft-knitted transfer fabric, a multilayer spring-mass geometric circle model with weft-knitted transfer loop is provided in conjunction with the fabric samples’ image. Eight type-value points were utilized to control the transfer loop’s morphological structure. Connections between the type-value points and the particle system were established. Non-uniform rational B spline curves and texture mapping were utilized to create the three-dimensional impression of the weft-knitted transfer loop. By measuring the offset of the type-value points in conjunction, the actual deformation of the weft-knitted transfer fabric was determined. Utilizing a cylindrical envelope box for collision detection, the possible unreasonable interpenetration phenomenon in the simulation was solved, and thus a stable weft-knitted transfer loop structure was obtained. Using Microsoft Visual Studio and C#, the deformation of the weft-knitted transfer fabric was simulated, the simulated weft-knitted transfer fabric’s deformation pattern accurately depicts the fabric’s three-dimensional structure and deformation behavior while also matching the structural characteristics of the fabric sample. The findings demonstrate that the theoretical structural model of weft-knitted transfer fabric constructed can accurately represent the loop’s structure, and the actual deformation of the simulated weft-knitted transfer fabric is consistent with the deformation characteristics of the fabric sample. Weft-knitted transfer fabric’s deformation behavior may be effectively reflected by the multilayer spring-mass geometric circle model, allowing for the modeling of the fabric’s morphology and 3D structure.

Textiles from the Ust-Voikary Hillfort Site (Based on Materials from 2012–2016 Excavations)

The article describes 366 samples of clothing (some of them attributable), collected in 2012–2016 from cultural layers of the 15th to middle 18th centuries at the Ust-Voikary hillfort site in the subarctic zone of Western Siberia. We provide technological characteristics: size, state of preservation, color, properties of threads and fibers, interlacing system, technological errors, cut, and traces of repair. Both animal and plant fibers are present, and plain and twill weaving are attested. Ethnographic and zoological data provide information on the textile technologies used by residents of the polar zone of Western Siberia, and allow us to compare them with those known from other sites. We conclude that types of textiles for clothing remained virtually the same from the 15th to the 18th centuries. Fabrics, mostly woolen, were imported.

A New Approach for Improving Flame Retardancy of Automotive Interior Upholstery

This study presents the flame retardant (FR) performance of chemically treated automotive upholstery fabrics using two different impregnation methods of Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Referring to the related standards, untreated seat fabric obtained from seat upholstery of a bus (neat fabric, NF) and treated fabric samples underwent burning rate (BR) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests to compare effect of treatment and impregnation methods on FR performance. Thermal analysis was also conducted on the samples considering onset degradation temperatures and char yields. The results showed that BR and LOI of all samples were in acceptable range and treatment provided enhancement in FR performance of NF. The treated sample using scCO2 method gave the highest LOI value of 32% and the lowest BR of 21 mm/min subtending to 18.5% increase in LOI and 30% reduction in BR compared to those of NF. The performance of treatment in RTM was worse than that of scCO2 and better than that of NF. The results confirm that both treatment and methods used in this study give promising results for safety against fire in transportation vehicles.

Studies on the effect of reactive dye on jute and jute blended fabrics

Jute is generally not dyed with reactive dye though it is a cellulosic fiber. While jute is dyed with basic dye, but cotton, viscose, and other cellulosic fibers are frequently dyed with reactive dye. In this study, a novel method for dying blended jute fabrics with reactive dye after bleaching them is presented. Two different reactive dye colors were used to treat this blended jute fabric. By contrasting samples of non-dyed grey blended jute fabric, the GSM, Water uptake percentage, and FTIR of dyed fabric were examined. It has been observed that the dyed sample's GSM (average 76) is higher than the grey fabrics GSM (average 65) due to the chemical modification of grey blended jute fabric. Blended jute fabric has a lower water absorption percentage while dyed sample has a higher absorption percentage such as 150% in 40 min and 145% in 140 min. Due to chemical modification of the surface of the blended jute fabrics, the FTIR spectrum report reveals that –OH group peak appeared in the wave number of 3291 cm−1 and the dyeability of the fabric is significant based on peak analysis.

Efficient Fabric Classification and Object Detection Using YOLOv10

The YOLO (You Only Look Once) series is renowned for its real-time object detection capabilities in images and videos. It is highly relevant in industries like textiles, where speed and accuracy are critical. In the textile industry, accurate fabric type detection and classification are essential for improving quality control, optimizing inventory management, and enhancing customer satisfaction. This paper proposes a new approach using the YOLOv10 model, which offers enhanced detection accuracy, processing speed, and detection on the torn path of each type of fabric. We developed and utilized a specialized, annotated dataset featuring diverse textile samples, including cotton, hanbok, cotton yarn-dyed, and cotton blend plain fabrics, to detect the torn path in fabric. The YOLOv10 model was selected for its superior performance, leveraging advancements in deep learning architecture and applying data augmentation techniques to improve adaptability and generalization to the various textile patterns and textures. Through comprehensive experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of YOLOv10, which achieved an accuracy of 85.6% and outperformed previous YOLO variants in both precision and processing speed. Specifically, YOLOv10 showed a 2.4% improvement over YOLOv9, 1.8% over YOLOv8, 6.8% over YOLOv7, 5.6% over YOLOv6, and 6.2% over YOLOv5. These results underscore the significant potential of YOLOv10 in automating fabric detection processes, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and productivity in textile manufacturing and retail.

Cinnamon and Eucalyptus Extracts: A Promising Natural Approach for Durable Mosquito-Repellent Fabrics with Multifunctionality.

Mosquitoes are highly important carriers of diseases, such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and various other life-threatening illnesses. Traditionally, many chemicals, such as plant extracts, oils, and smoke, have been employed for the purpose of repelling mosquitoes. Various plants possess essential oils and chemicals that have been proven to be good insect repellents and are commonly regarded as weeds. The present study focused on the development of eco-friendly, nonhazardous mosquito-repellent fabrics using cinnamon and eucalyptus extracts. First, eucalyptus and cinnamon extracts were produced separately using ethanol and water as solvents with and without heating. Forty-eight different fabric samples were prepared by applying these extracts at three levels of process application temperature. A steam dye bath sampling machine was utilized to execute the extraction application process on fabric samples. The mosquito repellency performances of all of the samples were evaluated using the cage test method. The cage test revealed that all of the samples of eucalyptus and cinnamon extract-applied fabrics showed mosquito repellency performance at some level. However, the fabric samples treated with the heated extract of eucalyptus ethanol (EE-H) at 60 °C showed the best results in terms of mosquito repellency (85.56%) among all combinations. In addition to repellency, the impact of washing durability, UV shielding, and antibacterial performance was also evaluated. This research demonstrated a new method for creating a fabric that repels mosquitoes and has effective antibacterial properties as well as promising ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) rating. This fabric protects the wearer from the significant health risks posed by mosquitoes and harmful UV radiation while also maintaining its cleanliness. Moreover, the utilization and implementation of plant-derived coatings on textiles contribute to the advancement of sustainable methods (SDG 9 and SDG 12) in the chemical processing industry of textiles, ultimately leading to a reduction in their environmental footprint.

Recovery of pure PET from wool/PET/elastane textile waste through step-wise enzymatic and chemical processing

Textile waste is mostly incinerated because few recycling processes are available to recover valuable materials. In this work, a feasible chemo-enzymatic recycling process of wool/polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/elastane blends to recover pure PET is for the first time successfully demonstrated. Two novel enzyme formulations were selected for wool hydrolysis, whereas the recovered amino acids were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography and two assays (Ninhydrin and Folin–Ciocalteu). Kinetic studies on the amino acid formation alongside reaction observations by scanning electron microscopy proved sufficient removal of wool within 8 hours with the new enzyme formulation, marking an acceleration compared to previous studies. Finally, elastane was separated with a non-hazardous solvent to obtain pure PET. Tensile tests on the recovered PET fibres reveal only slight changes through the enzymatic treatment and no changes induced by the applied solvent. The enzyme formulation was successfully tested on five different post-consumer wool/PET textile waste samples. This valorization approach enhances the circular economy concept for textile waste recycling.

Sensitive analysis of some detrimental volatile organic compounds in fabric, carpet and air freshener using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene are known to be lethal environmental contaminants that have carcinogenic and mutagenic influences in human being while styrene and benzaldehyde have a neurotoxic effect. In other hand, the constituents of air freshener considered as a probable source of volatile organic compound. In the present work, a solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique has been optimized and applied to the fabric, carpet and air freshener samples to determine the trace amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene and benzaldehyde. The SupelcleanTM ENVITM - 18 cartridge with dichloromethane extracting solvent were found to be the optimal procedures. The system presented excellent performance in terms of limit of detection (0.08-0.61 ng/mL), coefficient of determination (0.994-0.997), precision with the relative standard deviation values ranging from 0.05-2.57%. According to the results, the concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene and benzaldehyde in fresheners’ samples was found in the range 0.03-53.27, 0.03-7.12, 0.02-6.51, 0.05-96.44, 0.04-7.06 and 0.22-23.02, respectively. The excellent recovery values were also obtained up to 99.93%. The SupelcleanTM ENVITM - 18 GC-MS system was found to appropriate for the monitoring of analytes in fabric, carpet, air freshener samples, and other samples of the similar constituents. KEY WORDS: BTEX, Styrene, Benzaldehyde, Air freshener, Solid phase extraction, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(6), 1543-1556. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.4

Dyeing kinetics and thermodynamics of mono-chlorotriazine reactive dye in recycled wastewater

Purpose This study aims to elucidate the dyeing kinetics and thermodynamic relationships of CI Reactive Red 24 (RR24) on cotton fabrics, achieve the recycling of inorganic salts and water resources and obtain comprehensive data on color parameters, fastness and other characteristics of fabrics dyed with the recycled dyeing residual wastewater. Design/methodology/approach The dyeing wastewater obtained through advanced oxidation technology was used as a medium for dyeing cotton fabrics with RR24. The absorbance value of the dyeing residue served as an evaluation index, and the relevant kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on this absorbance. The color parameters and fastness of the fabric samples were measured to compare the performance of different dyeing media. Findings Dyeing cotton with RR24 in both media follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. When dyeing with wastewater media, the dye adsorption in the first 45 min increased by 0.082–1.29 g/kg compared with conventional dyeing. Furthermore, the half-dyeing time was shortened by 4.19–11.99 min and the equilibrium adsorption amount was reduced by 0.277–0.302 g/kg. The adsorption of RR24 on cotton fabrics conformed to the Freundlich model. Fabrics dyed using recycled wastewater exhibit a deeper color, with reduced red light and enhanced blue light, resulting in an overall deeper apparent color. Originality/value These dyeing kinetics and thermodynamic properties are beneficial for comprehending and interpreting the dyeing performance and behavior of reactive dyes in dyeing wastewater. They lay a theoretical foundation for the treatment and recycling of dyeing wastewater.

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis as a useful tool in identifying fibre composition in mixed post-consumer textile waste

The progress of textile recycling is significantly impeded by the absence of adequate methodologies for determining the composition of fibres in textile blends. The examination of textile mixtures poses considerable difficulties, particularly due to the presence of elastane fibres, which in their limited quantities cannot be easily detected using conventional analytical techniques. Further, the undetected elastane fibres pose difficulty in separation during recycling of the textiles as they end up as impurities in cases where dissolution of the fibres is employed. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to explore new analytical tools that possess the capability to identify the primary fibres in post-consumer waste. In the current investigation, we conducted a study to assess the capabilities of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Pyrolysis coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) for the characterization of postconsumer textile fabrics. A comprehensive pyrolysis database was established encompassing prevalent pure fibres commonly employed in textile production. In addition, an examination was conducted on three textile blends with predetermined compositions, and the findings were subsequently compared with data obtained through the utilization of ATR-FTIR. The data derived from the original fibres was ultimately utilized for the examination of post-consumer fabric samples acquired from a waste landfill. The utilization of Py-GC/MS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ATR-FTIR enabled to discern fibre compositions of mixtures even those that contained relatively low fibre content.

Detection of gasoline residues on household materials up to 60 days: Comparison of two extinguishing methods

Detection of ignitable liquid residues in a fire scene is essential for determining the origin. Although studies are focused on the detection of residues of accelerants depending on time or matrices, the time-dependent effect of the water extinguishing method in a fire has not yet been investigated. Experimental studies are needed to determine how long ignitable liquid residues can be detected in water-extinguished evidence compared to the smothering method. In this study, the effects of both extinguishing methods on gasoline residues were investigated after burning of carpet, sofa fabric, tablecloth, and towel by Solid Phase Micro Extraction- Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) technique. Four mandatory and 14 additional compounds were considered to prove the gasoline residue after the monitoring of possible interferences. Results showed that gasoline residues on the burned carpet and sofa fabric samples were successfully detected in both extinguishing methods up to 60 and 30 days after fire exposure, respectively due to multi-layered structures of related substrates. Additionally, the prolonged detection time of the water-extinguishing method made it particularly beneficial for single-layered products like tablecloths, where gasoline residues were found after an hour in this substrate. This is the first study investigating the effects of the extinguishing methods depending on time for textile products, which are the most used materials in houses. In addition, the fact that acrylamide-containing sofa fabric was investigated for the first time and that gasoline residues in carpet samples can be detected up to 60 days makes this study stand out.

KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC ADSORPTION STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL AND TREATMENT OF TEXTILES EFFLUENTS USING ACTIVATED CARBON DERIVED FROM DIOSPYROS MESPILLIFORMIS SEEDS.

An agricultural waste Diospyros mespiliformis seeds were treated, and activated with 30% of 0.3M sodium hydroxide base, to obtain an activated carbon employed in an adsorption process. It was utilize to treat effluent textile water sample from African Textile Manufacturers Limited in Dala, Kano State, Nigeria. Various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and proximate analysis were employed to investigate the adsorption process. The adsorbent was able to remove the dark red color to colorless found in textile effluents and shown a higher removal affinity for zinc ( 99.4%) and least affinity for nickel (0.11%), also Chromium (Cr) reduced by 39.4%, Copper (Cu) reduced by 20.9%, Iron (Fe) reduced by 91.9% , Manganese (Mg) reduced by 79.3%, are reduced significantly, the PH change from acidic PH 6.4 to neutral PH 7.1, turbidity decrease from 131 to 14 NTU , electrical conductivity change from 723 to 110 ?s·cm?1 .Diospyros mespiliformis seeds activated carbon was used for removal of congo red and malachite green from an aqueous solution. The effect of adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration and contact time on the process of adsorption was investigated. The optimum dosage was found to be 0.5g had a percentage removal of 98.1% for congo red and 94.4% for malachite green. 10mg/l and 80minute was found to optimum concentration and optimum time in adsorption of congo red and malachite green. The equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the dyes removal were also investigated. The experimental data were modeled using linear regression method of analysis. The correlation coefficient was used as a criterion for model adequacy and acceptance. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was found to best correlate the experimental data with R2 of 0.9523 for CR and 0.9297 for MG. The experimental data were investigated at three different temperature, 305k, 325k and 335k were found to follow the Langmuir model with R2 of 0.9679, 0.9662 and 0.989 for CR and 0.9529, 0.9662 and 0.994 for MG. also were found to follow Temkinp model with with R2 of 0.9549, 0.9318 and 0.9952for CR and 0.9885, 0.9443 and 0.9209 for MG. The negative free gribbs energy indicated that the adsorption processes were spontaneously feasible. The positive values of +31.66KJ/mol and +92.3KJ/mol on both CR and MG indicate that adsorption process has been found to be endothermic in nature. The removal of congo red was found to be more spontaneous and feasible than the removal of malachite green on the adsorbent. From the study, it was deduced that the Diospyros mespiliformis seeds activated with sodium hydroxide was found to be a good adsorbent for the treatment of textile wastewater containing Congo red and Malachite green.

Mining of thermophilic biosurfactant producers for solid-state fermentation

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is an emerging technology for organic waste valorisation to marketable bio products. SSF scale-up is hindered by heat transfer problems that could be diminished operating under thermophilic conditions. Compost samples collected from food waste composting facility in a primary school in Barcelona and textile industry sample from Faisalabad Pakistan were subjected to isolation of thermophilic biosurfactant producing microorganisms. Altogether 43 isolates were screened through biosurfactant qualitative screening, but 18 isolates dominated with promising results which were further shortlisted under solid-state culture to select the five significant performers belonging to Bacillus sp., Aspergillus sp., and Streptomyces sp. The performance of the five isolates in SSF was assessed in time course studies in 0.5-L packed bed bioreactor using winterization oil cake (WOC), wheat bran and glucose as substrates combined with wheat straw as support material. All five isolates colonized the substrate well in SSF systems and exhibited considerable glucose consumption and adaptation within the SSF setup. The fermentation extracts indicated promising surface-active properties as observed by emulsification and oil displacement analysis. These findings provide an effective enrichment strategy for screening of thermophilic biosurfactant producers and can aid establishment of the scale up for the enhanced metabolite production.

ANTIVIRAL TEXTILES AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY TESTING - THE USE OF BACTERIOPHAGE SURROGATE FOR ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY TESTING

The risk of dissemination of highly contagious viral diseases (as COVID-19, Ebola) led in the increasing need to develop functional textiles and surfaces with antiviral effect. Antiviral textiles are designed to reduce the viability and infectivity of viruses on their surfaces and by this way to reduce the cases of infection (including re-infection or cross-infection with contaminated textiles). Different antiviral agents and diverse techniques of their application are used for functionalized textiles manufacturing. The most often used antivirals are metallic and ionic silver and copper, iron oxide, quaternary ammonium salts. The aim of the process is to prepare textiles with long-term durable finishing effective in viral activity inhibition. The basic step of functionalized antiviral textiles development is antiviral effectivity testing. The safe method of testing with the use of Phi6 bacteriophage, SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola virus surrogate, was modified for antiviral textiles testing. The samples of textiles with antiviral finishing were tested by the bacteriophage-based method and excellent antiviral activity was detected for all tested materials. The woven cotton was used as reference untreated material, the different textile cotton structures with similar square weight were compared and no statistically significant difference was found between the resulting antiviral efficacy values. A simple and quickly feasible screening method for determining the antiviral properties of textiles, especially with leaching-type of treatment, was also designed and tested.