Fabrication Properties Research Articles

Thermoelastic transient memory response analysis of non-localized nano-piezoelectric plates based on Moore-Gibson-Thompson thermoelasticity theory

With their abilities to induce electric charge, stress or deformation in response to external forces as well as the ease of fabrication, design flexibility and excellent electromechanical properties, piezoelectric materials have been widely used in actuators, sensors and even in nano/micro-electro-mechanical systems. With the rapid advancement of nano/micro-technology, from the perspective of theoretical analysis, the priority is to develop applicable models to describe the piezoelectric-thermoelastic responses of piezoelectric nano/micro-structures suffering transient heat conduction by taking the size-dependent effect and the memory-dependent effect into consideration. In this work, a new model based on the existing piezoelectric-thermoelastic model is established by introducing the nonlocality into the constitutive equations and the memory-dependent derivative into Moore-Gibson-Thompson (MGT) heat conduction equation respectively. Then, this new model is applied to investigating the dynamic responses of a piezoelectric nanoplate subjected to thermal shock. The corresponding governing equations are formulated and then solved by Laplace transform and its numerical inversion. In calculation, the influences of the time delay factor and the kernel function of MDD and the non-local parameter on the thermal, electric and elastic fields in the piezoelectric nanoplate are examined. Meanwhile, the predictions of transient response among different thermoelastic models are compared. The numerical results are illustrated graphically and discussed in detail. The obtained results show that MDD has a significant effect on the transient response, where the effect of the kernel function is more pronounced. This work may provide a theoretical reference for strength design, thermal protection and thermal processing strategies for piezoelectric nanodevices.

Tannins as Biobased Molecules for Surface Treatments of Flax Wrapped Rovings for Epoxy/Flax Fabrics Biocomposites: Influence on Mechanical Properties through a Multi-Scale Approach

The present study examined the effect of biobased molecules grafted onto wrapped flax rovings on the mechanical properties of fabrics designed for epoxy-based biocomposites, aiming to optimize fiber/matrix adhesion. Biobased solutions, such as tannins from quebracho, were used to treat wrapped flax rovings in comparison to a non-biobased aminosilane solution used as a reference. The chemical treatment is performed using an innovative lab-scale impregnation line. The influence of the solution concentration has been investigated. SEM-EDX and FT-IR confirmed the grafting efficiency of molecules on wrapped rovings. Plain and 5-harness satin fabrics were then manufactured at lab scale with the resulting functionalized rovings. Tensile tests were carried out on rovings and on fabrics. A concentration of 1% silane is sufficient to improve the mechanical properties of rovings and fabrics. The addition of NaOH to tannins strengthens flax fiber rovings more than tannins alone, and the weave pattern influences mechanical performance.

Functionalization of fabrics by Ag-TiO2 Nanoparticles deposition by sol-gel method

Nanotechnology's expanding global applications, especially in textiles, integrate various disciplines within textile engineering. Research primarily concentrates on incorporating nanomaterials, like titanium dioxide and silver, into textile substrates for enhanced functionalities such as self-cleaning, UV protection, and antimicrobial properties. Metal oxide nanoparticles, particularly Ag and TiO2, exhibit remarkable efficacy in combating microorganisms. Sol-gel techniques play a crucial role in surface modification, facilitating better adhesion of nanomaterials and enabling diverse applications in materials science. This study focuses on utilizing silver and titanium nanoparticles for antimicrobial and dirt-repellent properties in lightweight fabrics, showcasing a preliminary step towards uniform incorporation for subsequent evaluation.

A One-Step Approach for a Durable and Highly Hydrophobic Coating for Flax Fabrics for Self-Cleaning Application.

Highly hydrophobic flax fabrics with durable properties were prepared using the "dip-coating" method for self-cleaning application. Flax fabrics were coated with a polysiloxane coating via a hydrosilylation reaction with a Karstedt catalyst at room temperature. The coated fabrics displayed highly and durable hydrophobic properties (contact angle and sliding angle of about 145° and 23°, respectively) with good self-cleaning ability for certain pollutants and excellent durability. Moreover, the influence of the coating process on the mechanical properties of fabrics was investigated. A decrease in E modulus and an increase in tensile stress at maximum force and elongation at maximum force has been observed. Furthermore, this influence of the coating process can be easily controlled by adjusting the proportion of curing agent in the treatment solution.

Study of Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polypyrrole-Coated Three-Dimensional Spacer Fabric

In this study, the liquid phase oxidative polymerization method was utilized to prepare polypyrrole conductive three-dimensional spacer fabrics. By controlling pyrrole solution, oxidant FeCl3 solution, dopant p-toluene sulfonic acid concentration and reaction time, the optimal process for the preparation of conductive spacer fabrics was obtained. This led to the best preparation process of polypyrrole-coated three-dimensional spacer conductive fabric (polypyrrole/three-dimensional spacer fabrics) being obtained. The results showed that the conductive properties of polypyrrole/three-dimensional spacer fabrics were the best when 0.10 mol/L pyrrole, 0.40 mol/L oxidant FeCl3 solution, and 0.40 mol/L dopant p-toluene sulfonic acid were prepared within a 2-h reaction time. The properties of polypyrrole/three-dimensional spacer fabrics were analyzed using the results from surface resistance, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, mechanical properties, and stability tests. The results showed that polypyrrole was well attached to the three-dimensional spacer fabric surface, and the concentration of polypyrrole in the fabric exhibited an inverse correlation with changes in surface resistance. The mechanical properties of polypyrrole/three-dimensional spacer fabrics after treatment exhibit superior performance, with consistent changes in the meridional and zonal electrical properties during tensile testing and can maintain excellent long-term electrical stability in atmospheric environments.

A unique Vietnam's red clay-based brick reinforced with metallic wastes for γ-ray shielding purposes: Fabrication, characterization, and γ-ray attenuation properties

A unique brick series based on Vietnamese clay was manufactured at 114.22 MPa pressure rate for γ-ray attenuation purposes, consisting of (x) metallic waste & (90%-x) red clay mineral & 10% (hardener mixed with epoxy resin), where (x) is equal to the values 0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 70%. The impacts of industrial metal waste ratio in the structure and radiation protective characteristics were evaluated experimentally. The increase in metallic waste doping concentrations from 0% to 70% was associated with an increase in the manufactured brick's density (ρ) from 2.103 to 2.256 g/cm3 while the fabricated samples' porosity (Φ) decreased from 11.7 to 1.0%, respectively. Together with a rise in fabricated brick's density and a decrease in their porosities, the manufactured bricks' γ-ray attenuation capacities improved. The measured linear attenuation coefficient (μ, cm−1) was improved by 30.8%, 22.1%, 21.6%, and 19.7%, at Eγ equal to the values respectively 0.662, 1.173, 1.252, and 1.332 MeV, when the metallic waste concentration increased from 0% to 70%, respectively. The study demonstrates that manufactured bricks exhibit superior radiation shielding properties, with radiation protection efficiencies of 88.4%, 90.0%, 91.7%, 92.1%, and 92.4% for bricks with industrial metal waste contents of 0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 70%, respectively, at γ-ray energy (Eγ) of 1.332 MeV.

Performance of Fabrics with 3D-Printed Photosensitive Acrylic Resin on the Surface.

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional printing (3DP), has been widely applied to various fields and industries, including automotive, healthcare, and rapid prototyping. This study evaluates the effects of 3DP on textile properties. The usability of a textile and its durability are determined by its strength, washability, colorfastness to light, and abrasion resistance, among other traits, which may be impacted by the application of 3DP on the fabric's surface. This study examines the application of photosensitive acrylic resin on two fabric substrates: 100% cotton and 100% polyester white woven fabrics made of yarns with staple fibers. A simple alphanumeric text was translated into braille and the braille dots were 3D printed onto both fabrics. The color of the printed photosensitive acrylic resin was black, and it was an equal mixture of VeroCyanV, VeroYellowV, and VeroMagentaV. The 3D-printed design was the same on both fabrics and was composed of braille dots with a domed top. Both of the 3DP fabrics passed the colorfastness to washing test with no transfer or color change, but 3D prints on both fabrics showed significant color change during the colorfastness to light test. The tensile strength tests indicated an overall reduction in strength and elongation when the fabrics had 3DP on their surface. An abrasion resistance test revealed that the resin had a stronger adhesion to the cotton than to the polyester, but both resins were removed from the fabric with the abrader. These findings suggest that while 3DP on textiles offers unique possibilities for customization and design, mechanical properties and color stability trade-offs need to be considered. Further evaluation of textiles and 3D prints of textiles and their performance in areas such as colorfastness and durability are warranted to harness the full potential of this technology in the fashion and textile industry.

The Influence of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Particle Size and Crystalline Form on the Microstructure and UV Protection Factor of Polyester Substrates.

The inclusion of particles in a polymeric substrate to achieve certain properties is a well-known practice. In the case of textile substrates, this practice may deeply affect the structure of the produced yarns, as even a filament with no textile applications can be obtained. In this manuscript, titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were incorporated into polyester (PET) chips and the influence of these fillers on the properties of yarn and fabric, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was assessed. For this purpose, rutile and anatase crystalline forms of TiO2, as well as the size of the particles, were evaluated. Moreover, parameters such as mechanical properties, orientation of the macromolecules and thermal behavior were analyzed to ensure that the textile grade is maintained throughout the production process. The results showed that the inclusion of micro- and nanoparticles of TiO2 decreases the molecular weight and tenacity of PET. Also, although orientation and crystallinity varied during the textile process, the resulting heatset fabrics did not present important differences in those parameters. Finally, the attainment of textile-grade PET-TiO2 fabrics with UPF indexes of 50+ with both rutile and anatase and micro- and nano-sized TiO2 forms was demonstrated.

A comparative study of physical properties of nonwoven fabrics produced by uni- and bi-directional needles using response surface methodology

In the production of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics, the direction of needle barbs is towards the tip of the needle. When the needle penetrates into the fabric, the barbs carry some fibres into the fabric and when it returns the barbs are empty. This means that, the needle works when it penetrates into the fabric and doesn’t work when it returns. Using a bi-directional barb needle in the needle-punch process was proposed as an idea with the theory that, the needle also works when returning (leaving the layer). This study investigates the physical properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics produced with unidirectional and bi-directional needle types. Effects of needle penetration depth (NPD), strokes per minute (SPM), and needle type (N1, N2) on properties such as gram per square meter (GSM), thickness, fabric density (FD), and static puncture resistance (SPR) are examined. An experiment with 19 runs was designed using response surface methodology and optimal design with two quantitative factors, including NPD and SPM, and one qualitative factor containing needle types. In addition, four responses were measured and reported, including GSM, thickness, FD, and SPR. Test results show that needle N2 produces a fabric with lower FD, higher GSM, thickness, and SPR in comparison to needle N1, and was selected in optimization process with a desirability value of 0.872 against 0.688 for needle N1. The improved fabric properties of needle N2 may be exploited for the economic benefits of the nonwoven fabric producers or textile industry.

Evaluation of drying performance of sports bras

Introduction
 Fabrics used for manufacturing sports bras have to be lightweight, breathable, have fast drying behaviour, and moisture management properties (Uttam, 2013). Therefore, thermo-physiological comfort is an important quality criterion for sports bras (Carneiro et al., 2017). In addition, sports bras have to provide support to stabilize breasts during various physical activities (Ancutiene et al., 2017). These requirements lead to challenges in finding the best sports bra fabric, as bra support (Norris et al., 2021) and thermo-physiological comfort require contrasting fabric properties (Carneiro et al., 2017).
 This work aims to compare drying characteristics of different sports bras types (compression, encapsulation and combination) and fabrics used. A newly developed methodology to investigate the drying behaviour of sports bras in the lab has been taken for their examination.
 Methods
 The measurement set-up was built up in a climatic chamber (at 23°C and 50% RH). It consists of the upper body part of a female manikin, the air channel with fans and a balance to measure the weight change of the sports bra over time (indicative of the amount of moisture evaporated). The Infrared (IR) camera was used to record local surface temperature. Based on these measurements, the local and general drying performance of the sports bras were assessed based on dry fabric weight, moisture uptake, moisture absorption, drying time and drying rate.
 Results
 The results show that type of sports bra and material composition can have influence on better drying performance studied. The range of drying time for the different sport bra types was observed between 13 and 66 min for compression bras, 25 and 42 min for encapsulation bras, and between 35 and 43 min for combination bras. The moisture uptake was detected in a range between 6% and 15% for compression bras, 13% and 15% only for encapsulation bras, while between 7% and 19% for combination bras.
 Discussion/Conclusion 
 We were able to show that there is a significant difference in drying performance between sports bras. In combination with additional data about sensorial comfort and breast support, these findings provide a scientific basis for developing sports bras meeting specific requirements for various sports.
 References
 Ancutiene, K., Koldinska, M., & Havelka, A. (2017). Investigation of tensile resilience properties of stretch denim fabrics. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 42, 175-182.
 Carneiro, L. P., Miranda, T. M. R., & Catarino, A. A. (2017). Comparative thermophysiological study in sport bras for running. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 254(7), Article 072006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/254/7/072006
 Norris, M., Blackmore, T., Horler, B., & Wakefield-Scurr, J. (2021). How the characteristics of sports bras affect their performance. Ergonomics, 64(3), 410-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1829090
 Uttam, D. (2013) Active sportswear fabrics. International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research, 2(1), 34-40.

Enhancing Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Conductive Textile for Wearable Embedded Systems Through Copper Electroplating

Wearable electronics, particularly electronic textiles, hold promise for significant advancements, yet their limited electrical conductivity hinders widespread application. This study examines the application of copper electrodeposition to enhance the electromechanical attributes of textronics. The conductive fabric undergoes copper electroplating for varying durations, assessing the increase in electrical conductivity relative to copper thickness. Experimental conditions span current densities from 0.2 to 20 A dm−2. Additionally, the research evaluates the mechanical resistance of the resulting interconnection with conventional electronic components. Voltammetric measurements, sheet resistance, and microscope observations establish optimal copper deposition conditions. As hypothesized, an inverse proportionality between the sheet resistance of the electrodeposited fabric and the thickness of the copper layer has been observed. This improvement raises a query: does the electromechanical reliability of e‐textiles improve with the addition of only a few micrometers of copper? The study reveals the significant enhancement of the mechanical resistance of soldered interconnections with rigid components after a few seconds of electrodeposition as well as an improvement of the quality factor of a textile antenna. In conclusion, electroplating significantly improves the electromechanical properties of textronics without compromising their wearability. This discovery paves the way for novel applications such as wireless fast charging with textile antennas.

Investigation of the role of fluorine on fabrication, physio-optical and radiation shielding properties of aluminum barium borate (ABB) glasses containing Er2O3

Investigation of the role of fluorine on fabrication, physio-optical and radiation shielding properties of aluminum barium borate (ABB) glasses containing Er2O3

Effect of Number of Layers on Tensile and Flexural Behavior of Cementitious Composites Reinforced with a New Sisal Fabric

The use of fabric in reinforcing cement-based materials expands their applications for various types of construction elements. Additionally, employing renewable sources of plant-based fabrics contributes to reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry. However, the variability in the properties of plant fibers and fabrics necessitates prior studies to confirm their effectiveness as reinforcement materials. In this study, a new sisal fabric was produced and utilized as reinforcement in cement-based matrix composites. The sisal fibers, yarns, and fabrics produced were tested under direct tension. Five composites were manufactured by manual lamination, with reinforcement ranging from one to five layers, and were subjected to direct tension and flexural testing. The results indicate that, while the fiber shows brittle failure, the yarn and fabric exhibit a gradual loss of strength after reaching the maximum tension. All composites display strain-hardening and deflection-hardening behavior, with multiple cracking and an increase in tension and deformation before rupture. The mechanical properties exhibited improvement with an increase in the number of layers, and composites with four and five layers displayed distinct behavior, demonstrating increased stiffness after the occurrence of multiple cracking and a better mechanical performance, qualifying them for use as a construction element.

UV-blocking and photocatalytic properties of Ag-coated cotton fabrics with Si binders for photo-degradation of recalcitrant dyes in aqueous solutions under sunlight

Textile wastewater laden with dyes has emerged as a source of water pollution. This possesses a challenge in its effective treatment using a single functional material. In respond to this technological constraint, this work presents multifunctional cotton fabrics (CFs) within a single, streamlined preparation process. This approach utilizes the adherence of Ag NPs (nanoparticles) using Si binder on the surface of CFs, resulting in Ag-coated CFs through a pad dry method. The prepared samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray electroscopy (SEM-EDS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR). It was found that the FT-IR spectra of Ag NPs-coated CFs had peaks appear at 3400, 2900, and 1200 cm−1, implying the stretching vibrations of O–H, C–H, and C–O, respectively. Based on the EDX analysis, the presence of C, O, and Ag related to the coated CFs were detected. After coating the CFs with varying concentrations of Ag NPs (1%, 2% and 3% (w/w)), they were used to remove dyes. Under the same concentration of 10 mg/L and optimized pH 7.5 and 2 h of reaction time, 3% (w/w) Ag-coated CFs exhibited a substantial MB degradation of 98 %, while removing 95% of methyl orange, 85% of rhodamine B, and 96% of Congo red, respectively, following 2 h of Vis exposure. Ag NPs had a strong absorption at 420 nm with 2.51 eV of energy band gap. Under UV irradiation, electrons excited and produced free radicals that promoted dyes photodegradation. The oxidation by-products included p-dihydroxybenzene and succinic acid. Spent Ag-coated CFs attained 98% of regeneration efficiency. The utilization of Ag-coated CFs as a photocatalyst facilitated treated effluents to meet the required discharge standard of lower than 1 mg/L mandated by national legislation. The integration of multifunctional CFs in the treatment system presents a new option for tackling water pollution due to dyes.

Synergistic Effect of Silk Fibroin/Chlorogenic Acid/Citric Acid on Anti-ultraviolet and Antibacterial Properties of Cotton Fabric

Abstract In order to obtain a durable anti-ultraviolet and antibacterial cotton fabric, silk fibroin, honeysuckle extract (chlorogenic acid) and citric acid were used to prepare a compound environment-friendly finishing agent, and then the cotton fabric was modified in this paper. Micro-morphology and properties were compared between cotton fabrics finished with a composite solution of silk fibroin/chlorogenic acid/citric acid and those finished first with silk fibroin then chlorogenic acid. Results showed that amidation and esterification crosslinking reactions occurred between the compounds and cotton fibers. Cotton fabric treated with the composite solution had higher UPF value (>90 after 30 launderings) and antibacterial rates (>95% for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). There existed strong covalent bonds and good synergistic effects among silk fibroin, citric acid and chlorogenic acid, which could endow the cotton fabric with more durable anti-ultraviolet and antibacterial properties.

Spider-Silk-like Fiber Mat-Covered Polypropylene Warp-Knitted Hernia Mesh for Inhibition of Fibrosis under Dynamic Environment.

Hernia surgery is a widely performed procedure, and the use of a polypropylene mesh is considered the standard approach. However, the mesh often leads to complications, including the development of scar tissue that wraps around the mesh and causes it to shrink. Consequently, there is a need to investigate the relationship between the mesh and scar formation as well as to develop a hernia mesh that can prevent fibrosis. In this study, three different commercial polypropylene hernia meshes were examined to explore the connection between the fabric structure and mechanical properties. In vitro dynamic culture was used to investigate the mechanism by which the mechanical properties of the mesh in a dynamic environment affect cell differentiation. Additionally, electrospinning was employed to create polycaprolactone spider-silk-like fiber mats to achieve mechanical energy dissipation in dynamic conditions. These fiber mats were then combined with the preferred hernia mesh. The results demonstrated that the composite mesh could reduce the activation of fibroblast mechanical signaling pathways and inhibit its differentiation into myofibroblasts in dynamic environments.

Characterization of decorticated fibres from agricultural waste of the Curcuma longa plant and their non-woven fabric properties

Characterization of decorticated fibres from agricultural waste of the <i>Curcuma longa</i> plant and their non-woven fabric properties

Thermal Comfort Properties of 100% Cashmere Knitted Fabrics

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of knitting type (plain, rib, purl), knitting tightness (three different loop lengths), and plied-yarn (single-ply, two-ply and three-ply) on the thermal comfort properties of cashmere knitted fabrics. Thermal comfort properties of the sample fabrics were measured using Alambeta, Permetest, Textest 3300. Subsequently, the results were statistically evaluated with SPSS program. The findings of this research revealed that the knitting type, knitting tightness and plied-yarn usage significantly affect certain thermal comfort properties of cashmere knitted fabrics. Specifically, the plain knitted fabric exhibits the lowest thermal resistance value and the highest relative water vapor permeability value. The loose knitted fabric demonstrates the highest air permeability, while the fabric knitted with single-ply yarn has the lowest thermal conductivity and thermal resistance values, as well as the highest relative water vapor permeability and air permeability values.

The Development and Performance of Knitted Cool Fabric Based on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene

In order to withstand high-temperature environments, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers with cooling properties are being increasingly used in personal thermal management textiles during the summer. However, there is relatively little research on its combination with knitting. In this paper, we combine UHMWPE fiber and knitting structure to investigate the impact of varying UHMWPE fiber content and different knitting structures on the heat and humidity comfort as well as the cooling properties of fabrics. For this purpose, five kinds of different proportions of UHMWPE and polyamide yarn preparation, as well as five kinds of knitted tissue structures based on woven tissue were designed to weave 25 knitted fabrics. The air permeability, moisture permeability, moisture absorption and humidity conduction, thermal property, and contact cool feeling property of the fabrics were tested. Then, orthogonal analysis and correlation analysis were used to statistically evaluate the properties of the fabrics statistically. The results show that as the UHMWPE content increases, the air permeability, heat conductivity, and contact cool feeling property of the fabrics improve. The moisture permeability, moisture absorption and humidity conductivity of fabrics containing UHMWPE are superior to those containing only polyamide. The air permeability, moisture permeability, and thermal conductivity of the fabrics formed by the tuck plating organization are superior to those of the flat needle plating and float wire plating organization. The fabric formed by 2 separate 2 float wire organization has the best moisture absorption, humidity conduction, contact cool feeling property.

Effect of core material draft ratio and denier on core spun yarn and denim fabric properties pre and post washing

Core-spun yarn (CSY) is utilized for better fabric characteristics like stretchability, durability, and comfortability. The study aims to investigate the influence of spandex drafts of core-spun yarn on denim fabric characteristics before and after washing treatment. Two types of denim fabrics were produced from two types of core-spun yarn, namely 16 + 40D, and 16 + 70D by applying 2.8, 3.0, 3.20 spandex drafts for 16 + 40D, and 3.40, 3.50, 3.60 spandex drafts for 16 + 70D. Prepared denim fabrics were desized, and acid-washed and the properties of denim fabric before and after washing were investigated as a function of spandex drafts and deniers. Accurate count, twist, and better elongation percentage were observed at 2.80 draft for 16 + 40D CSY and 3.4 draft for 16 + 70D CSY, but a higher imperfection index (IPI) value was obtained on those drafts. The strength of the denim fabric prepared with 16 + 40D CSY and 16 + 70D CSY were higher at 2.8 and 3.6 drafts, respectively. Higher shrinkage (%), ends per inch (EPI), and fabric weight of denim fabric was obtained after washing compared to before washing. The width of both fabrics decreased when the fabric was washed. Exploring various drafts of core material and their correlations with yarn and fabric properties provides valuable insights for textile manufacturers seeking to produce denim fabrics with optimum quality.