Fabric Bending Rigidity Research Articles

Predicting the Bending Rigidity and Formability of Plasma-Treated Spunbond Nonwoven Fabrics Using Artificial Intelligence

Nonwoven fabrics are used in many industries, and surface treatment by plasma can significantly change their physical and mechanical properties by changing the surface chemistry and morphology. In this paper, oxygen/argon plasma has been applied to the spunbond nonwoven fabrics to predict the obtained properties. Therefore, by using the central composite design and considering 4 independent factors including the fabric weight, fabric direction, plasma treatment duration and oxygen ratio, 51 various samples were prepared and their bending rigidity and formability were measured. SEM images showed that the surface roughness increases due to the plasma treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that all the mentioned independent factors have a significant effect on the measured parameters directly or reciprocally. Also, the use of a neural network model with two hidden layers optimized with a method according to the genetic algorithm can predict the bending rigidity and formability based on the independent factors with errors of less than 7% and 9%, respectively. The errors resulting from the surface response method for the same parameters with the same order are about 19% and 17%. The introduced method can be used as a tool to help researchers in the field of mechanical properties.

Machine learning in optimization of nonwoven fabric bending rigidity in spunlace production line

Spunlace nonwoven fabrics have been extensively employed in different applications such as medical, hygienic, and industrial due to their drapeability, soft handle, low cost, and uniform appearance. To manufacture a spunlace nonwoven fabric with desirable properties, production parameters play an important role. Moreover, the relationship between the primary response and input parameter and the relationship between the secondary response and primary responses of spunlace nonwoven fabric were modeled via an artificial neural network (ANN). Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization via genetic algorithm (GA) to find a combination of production parameters to fabricate a sample with the highest bending rigidity and lowest basis weight was carried out. The results of optimization showed that the cost value of the best sample is 0.373. The optimized set of production factors were Young’s modulus of fiber of 0.4195 GPa, the line speed of 53.91 m/min, the average pressure of water jet 42.43 bar, and the feed rate of 219.67 kg/h, which resulted in bending rigidity of 1.43 mN {mathrm{cm}}^{2}/cm and basis weight of 37.5 gsm. In terms of advancing the textile industry, it is hoped that this work provides insight into engineering the final properties of spunlace nonwoven fabric via the implementation of machine learning.

Evaluation of Bending Length, Rigidity and Modulus of Woven and Knitted Fabrics

Performance evaluation of textile materials is necessary to determine the use of an end-product. Woven and knitted materials are the most preferred manufacturing techniques due to their certain characteristics suitable for apparel and upholstery. The present study aims at determining the bending length, rigidity and modulus of fabrics through standardized test procedures to measure the draping behaviour of an end product. The results identified the phenomenon that specimens manufactured with woven fabrics were better in drapability compared with knitted fabrics. Moreover, it was identified that type of fiber also plays an important role in determining the stiffness of fabrics such as silk fiber showed excellent results. A comprehensive comparison was made between various types of fabrics. The study can be helpful for textile producers to make amendments to their construction parameters to present acceptable stiffness and draping qualities of fabrics to the end consumers.

Optimisation of bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics using hybrid DOE-NSGA-II approach

Bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics depend on various materials and structural parameters. Achieving low bending rigidity and high shear rigidity in woven fabrics is a challenging and complicated task. In this work, engineering design of woven fabrics was optimised with respect to bending and shear rigidities using design of experiments (DOE) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The relationships between input parameters (proportion of fibre, yarn count and fabric sett) and rigidities of fabrics were obtained using Box-Behnken DOE method. The NSGA-II was used to determine the Pareto optimal front for low bending rigidity and high shear rigidity. The user can choose any option from the Pareto optimal front based on the end-use requirement. For the validation of the proposed approach, two engineered fabrics were produced using the optimised values of input parameters. The results demonstrated that target values and achieved values of rigidities are reasonably close to each other with average error of 6.24% and 3.33%, respectively. The proposed method can pave the way for intelligent manufacturing of woven fabrics in industrial scale.

A statistical prediction model for pilling grades of blended worsted fabrics based on fabric bending rigidity

A laboratory statistical tool based on fabric bending rigidity and weft yarn count to predict fabric pilling grades of blended worsted fabrics is proposed. Multiple regression analysis is performed to obtain three dependent models as evaluation tools for pilling tendency. Three different materials of weft yarns; 60/40% blend of wool/polyester fibers, 35/65% blend of viscose/polyester fibers and 20/40/40% blend of viscose/polyester/acrylic fibers were considered. Moreover, four different counts of weft yarns, different ranges of picks per inch (44–50) and three structures of fabric weave (Plain, twill and satin) were used. Results showed that the first model recorded the best performance to predict fabric pilling grades when considering coefficient of regression analysis was (R2 = 0.92) and Mean Square Error was (MSE = 0.074). Moreover, measuring of fabric bending rigidity and counts of weft yarns is sufficient to be an indicator for predicting the fabric pilling tendency.

The Influence of Structure of Multilayer Woven Fabrics on Their Mechanical Properties

Multilayer woven fabrics used for conveyor belts must be characterized by high mechanical strength. The design process of multilayer woven fabrics for such application requires taking into account the structural characteristics of the fabric, which allows to adjust the final product properties to the dedicated use. The geometry of warp threads—means stuffer and binding is the decisive aspect, which influences the strength properties of multilayer woven fabrics and materials made with their use as well. The aim of this work was to examine the possibility of shaping mechanical strength and bending rigidity of multilayer woven fabrics by changing the order of introducing weft threads into individual layers. The eight variants of multilayer woven fabrics were manufactured using laboratory harness loom. They were produced using different structural models in two weft variants, then tested. The mechanical features were determined, such as breaking force, recovered and unrecovered elongations in cyclic tensile test, stiffness rigidity. The analysis of the obtained results confirmed, that both the model and the order in which the weft threads were introduced into individual layers influence the mechanical strength and bending rigidity of multilayer woven. It was found, that the strength properties characterized by the above mentioned indicators are influenced by the number of threads weaved as both the stuffer and binding warp.

Comparison of sewn fabric bending rigidities obtained by heart loop method: effects of different stitch types and seam directions

Sewing quality is an important factor that contributes to the overall quality of an end-product. Sewing quality compro - mises different components such as bending, seam strength, seam slippage, elasticity etc. Among these components, bending has a special importance because of causing changes in appearance, sensorial comfort and drape of a garment. Therefore, in this study, effects of stitch type and seam direction on the bending rigidities of sewn fabrics were evaluated and compared. A polyester woven fabric which is suitable for sportswear was sewn with three basic stitch types (lock stitch, chain stitch and overlock stitch), in 5 different directions (warp, weft, 30°, 45° and 60° angles). As reference, samples without stitches were tested, too. Bending properties of samples were determined via heart loop method. According to the results, sewing increased the fabric bending rigidity. The degree of bending rigidity increment was dependent on the stitch type. Highest bending rigidity values were obtained for overlock stitched samples those were approximately 4 times higher when compared to non-sewn reference samples. Thickness of sewn parts was in accordance with the bending rigidity results. For oriented seams, bias sewing especially for 45˚ oriented samples, showed the most advantageous bending results. This study showed the usability of heart loop method for sewn samples via consistent results for different stitch types and seam directions.

Engineering of sustainable clothing with improved comfort and thermal properties-A step towards reducing chemical footprint

Clothing is among the basic needs of human and this has led to tremendous growth in the textile sector. However, huge amounts of hazardous chemicals used in the clothing industry have raised concern in recent years. Due to the increasing awareness in regards to environmental pollution and personal health, particularly in the textile manufacturing, there has been a need for sustainable manufacture of clothing with reduced exposure to the toxic chemical. This research presents a new domain of core-spun yarn (hybrid structure), developed to improve fabric handle, comfort and thermal properties without the application of softening chemicals. Fabrics made up of spun over spun hybrid yarns (SSHY) exhibited remarkable reduction in fabric stiffness. There was approximately 50% reduction in fabric bending rigidity in the case of SSHY fabric in comparison with ring-spun conventional yarn (RSCY) fabric. Notably, there were improvements in the fabric tear strength and other physical parameters.

Low-Stress Mechanical Properties of Wool-Cotton Blended Fabrics

ABSTRACT Hand-spun and hand-woven textiles made of natural fibers are known as khadi fabrics. Khadi fabrics are known for their luxury, excellent handle, and comfort properties. These properties can not be obtained using the methods employed for machine-made textiles. The fabric handle is associated with low-stress mechanical properties. In this work, the low-stress mechanical properties of wool-cotton blended khadi fabrics are studied and the effect of different blend proportions of wool fibers and yarn count on the fabric properties is investigated. The combination of different wool varieties was spun using a hand-operated spinning machine (charkha) and used as weft, while the various cotton-wool blends were employed as warp. A total of 27 types of wool-cotton khadi fabrics were woven on a handloom. The low-stress mechanical properties were measured using the SiroFAST system. It was found that the extensibility, formability, shear rigidity, bending rigidity, relaxation shrinkage, and hygral expansions of fabrics were influenced by the proportions of wool blend/mix and yarn linear density. The shear and bending rigidity of wool-cotton fabric are significantly influenced by the wool content in wool-cotton blended warp yarn as well as the proportion of AM wool in weft yarn (p < .001). From a formability point of view, wool-cotton fabrics perform well during garment manufacturing irrespective of a wool type. Relaxation Shrinkage in wool-cotton fabric is higher in warp wise than weft wise and increases with increasing the amount of wool for each type of fabric. The wool dominant fabric has higher hygral expansion in the weft direction than the warp direction.

Optimization of bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics using desirability function

Banding and shear properties influence the drape and handle characteristics of woven fabrics. As bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics generally have high degree of association, it is difficult to design a woven fabric having low bending rigidity and high shear rigidity or vice versa. This paper deals with the optimization of bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics using the desirability function approach. Low stress mechanical properties such as bending rigidity and shear rigidity have been combined to represent ‘the overall desirability’ which is varying from 0 to 1. The overall desirability has been maximized against the target values of shear and bending rigidities. It was possible to attain overall desirability of 0.684 resulting from individual desirability of 0.662 and 0.707 for banding and shear rigidities, respectively. Experimental validation confirms that the applied method can be effectively used to optimize the woven fabric mechanical properties at low stress region.

New indicators on fabric drape evaluation based on three-dimensional model

To evaluate the ability of woven fabrics to drape in a more accurate way, a three-dimensional point cloud of a draped woven fabric was captured via an in-house drape-scanner. A new indicator, total drape angle (TDA), was proposed based on the three-dimensional fabric drape to characterize the ability of a woven fabric to drape. The relationship between TDA and the drape coefficient (DC) was analyzed to validate the performance of TDA. The result indicated that TDA is more stable and representative than the traditional DC in characterizing the ability of a woven fabric to drape. In addition, the drape angle distribution function (DADF) of the triangular mesh was employed to describe fabric drape, as well as to bridge the gap between drape configuration and the warp bending rigidity of woven fabric. The results showed that the correlation coefficient between the real warp bending rigidity value and what was predicted warp based on DADF and fabric weight was 0.952.

INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FABRICS WOVEN WITH TENCEL/ COTTON BLEND YARNS

This study aims to investigate mechanical properties of woven fabrics made from 100 % Tencel, combed cotton yarns and Tencel-cotton blended yarns with different blend ratios. For this purpose, the tensile properties, tearing strength, abrasion resistance, bending rigidity, drapability and wrinkle resistant properties of woven fabrics made from different ratios of Tencel and cotton yarns were tested. All the tests were carried out according to the standards, and the results obtained were assessed by means of SPSS statistical analysis program. The analyses of variance were carried out at 5% (0.05) level of significance. The results of the study show that the effects of the proportion of the Tencel fibres in the Tencel/cotton blended yarns on the tensile properties, tearing strength, abrasion resistance, bending rigidity and drape coefficient of woven fabrics are of statistical significance, and it was found that the tensile properties, tearing strength and drapability properties were observed to be improve with the increase of Tencel fibre proportion in the blend.

Investigation on bending and shear rigidities of plain woven fabrics having similar areal density

Purpose Bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics depend on fibre, yarn and fabric-related parameters. However, there is lack of research efforts to understand how bending and shear rigidities change in woven fabrics having similar areal density. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the change in bending and shear rigidities in plain woven fabrics having similar areal density. Design/methodology/approach A total of 18 fabrics were woven (9 each for 100 per cent cotton and 100 per cent polyester) keeping the areal density same. Yarns of 20, 30 and 40 Ne were used in warp and weft wise directions and fabric sett was adjusted to attain the desired areal density. Findings When warp yarns become finer, keeping weft yarns same, bending rigidity remains unchanged but shear rigidity increases in warp wise direction. When weft yarns are made finer, keeping the warp yarns same, both the bending and shear rigidities of fabric increase in warp wise direction. Similar results for fabric bending and shear rigidities were obtained in transpose direction. There is a strong association between fabric shear rigidity and number of interlacement points per unit area of fabric even when fabric areal density is same. Originality/value Very limited research has been reported on the low-stress mechanical properties of woven fabrics having similar areal density. A novel attempt has been made in this research work to investigate the bending and shear rigidities of woven fabrics having similar areal density. Besides, it has been shown that it is possible to design a set of woven fabrics having similar bending rigidity but different shear rigidity.

Mechanical properties and buckling analysis of woven fabric

The buckling of a woven fabric influences its performance throughout processing and during actual use. In addition, this phenomenon reflects on the recovery of the textile–polymer composites. The mechanics of the buckling behavior of woven, knitted or non-woven fabrics have a large number of different approaches, and the obvious inconsistency of applying the classical beam theory to the textile problem remains. The buckling of textile materials is a deciding factor of their drape and conformability. Fabric buckling also defines the ability of a fabric to fit to a different shape object without wrinkling. An empirical approach foundation to quantitatively compare the buckling of existing and new flexible textile materials, no matter what their composition, was developed. The buckling coefficient was found to be highly correlated to the fabric modulus of rigidity, fabric Young's modulus and fabric weave design. For the twill structure, the value of twill line angle to the direction of buckling force has a significant effect. In this paper, the buckling of woven fabric with or without holes was analyzed. It has been proven that major modes of deformation in the buckling of fabrics with holes are fabric bending rigidity, fabric design and the ratio of the volume of the hole to sample volume.

Evaluating the crease recovery performance of woven fabrics considering bending behaviour in various directions

Since the woven fabric is used on the 3D body, it encounters bending deformation and crease in various directions. Due to the prominence of these deformations in the appearance of the garment, the inspection of bending and crease recovery behaviour of fabric in different directions needs to be considered. In this paper, the evaluation of bending rigidity and crease recovery of fabrics is carried out in various directions. Analysis of the results revealed that fabric-bending rigidity could be expressed as a sinusoidal function of sample orientation towards warp direction. For all the studied fabrics, from warp axis to bias direction, bending rigidity follows a descending trend, however; crease recovery angle has an ascending tendency. Reverse variations were achieved for both properties from bias direction to weft axis due to the variant warp and weft yarn contributions in each direction. Hence, the lowest bending rigidity was obtained in the bias direction (45°), while the highest crease recovery angle was recorded for the mentioned direction. Moreover, an exponential function is utilized to express the non-linear relation between bending rigidity and the crease recovery in different directions of the fabric. The statistical analysis of the results clarified that the effect of fabric direction and structural parameters on the bending and crease recovery behaviour is significant in the confidence range of 95%.

Influence of flock coating on bending rigidity of woven fabrics

This work presents the preliminary results of our efforts that focused on the effect of the flock coating on the bending rigidity of woven fabrics. For this objective, a laboratory scale flocking unit is designed and flocked samples of controlled flock density are produced. Bending rigidity of the samples with different flock densities are measured on both flocked and unflocked sides. It is shown that the bending rigidity depends on both flock density and whether the side to be measured is flocked or not. Adhesive layer thickness on the bending rigidity is shown to be dramatic. And at higher basis weights, flock density gets less effective on bending rigidity.

Impregnation of Microencapsulated Aroma Oil on Ramie Blended Terry Textile and its Bending Rigidity

An aroma agent containing eucalyptus essential oil was used for the development of a smart terry textile. The performance of terry woven fabric with microcapsules in relation to varied amounts of binder as well as the weft density of the fabric was evaluated. By SEM analysis it was confirmed that microcapsules really covered the terry textile. The bending rigidity and coefficient of anisotropy of samples modified with microcapsules and untreated ones were assessed. Due to additive components such as microcapsules and binder, the bending rigidity of terry fabric increased by even 5.1-12.8 times in the weft direction and by 5.3-14.0 times in the warp direction compared with grey ones. The research developed an analysis and empiric mathematical model suitable for predicting of binding rigidity as well as designing new terry fabrics with required binding properties.

Objective and subjective performance evaluations of wet wipes including herbal components

In this study, wet wipes were produced for body applications with nonwoven fabrics consisting of polyester and cellulose (viscose and Tencel®). Fabrics were wetted by natural-based wetting solutions (rose water, olive oil) which were functionalized by sodium alginate and natural antibacterial agents (cinnamaldehyde and geraniol) without preservatives. Besides physical characteristics (weight, thickness, porosity, fiber orientation), bending rigidity, Handle-O-Meter measurements, and moisture management test parameters of the nonwoven fabrics were determined. Subjective hand and wiping performances of produced wipes were determined by subjective evaluations carried out on 10 female subjects. According to the results, 100% Tencel® and its blend with viscose have good absorption and moderate transfer characteristics. Polyester content up to 60% is acceptable for wet wipes for the body according to their liquid absorption, transfer, and subjective evaluation results if fabric weight is sufficient. Among the functionalized wetting solutions, antibacterial performance of the solution including olive oil, sodium alginate and cinnamaldehyde was the maximum and it has acceptable hand values according to objective Handle-O-Meter results and subjective evaluation results.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of bending rigidity of plain and twill woven fabrics

The study of bending behavior of woven fabrics is an important issue in textile scientific researches and its industrial applications. Different behavior of fabrics such as drape, comfort, and handling can be understood by this study. Bending rigidity of fabric depends on several factors such as weave geometry, bending rigidity of yarn, and yarn density. In this study, estimation of bending rigidity of woven fabric with different twill and plain structures, have been carried out using energy method. Generally, the woven fabric structure is divided into three different section lengths i.e. rigid, semi-rigid, and flexible sections. Thereafter, bi-component and tri-component models for predicting bending behavior of plain and twill woven fabric have been presented. Then, bending properties of fabric based on Shirley apparatus as well as weight per area as a physical property were measured. Good agreement between measured and predicted values, validated our theoretical models for obtaining bending rigidity, except considerable differences observed between experimental and predicted values using bi-component model of plain fabric. Therefore, using assumptions in calculation of the ratio of rigid section length to flexible section length (R1), the modified model of plain fabric has been proposed.

A Quasi-Fixed-Supported Beam Method for Characterizing Fabric Bending Rigidity and Drape Behaviour by Calculus of Variations

A Quasi-Fixed-Supported Beam Method for Characterizing Fabric Bending Rigidity and Drape Behaviour by Calculus of Variations