Eyelashes Research Articles

Efficacy of oxycodone or hydromorphone combined with propofol for colonoscopy

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of oxycodone or hydromorphone combined with propofol for colonoscopy. Methods A total of 150 patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, weighing 45-85 kg, of ASA physical status Ⅰor Ⅱ, undergoing colonoscopy, were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=50)using a random number table: fentanyl combined with propofol group(group F), oxycodone combined with propofol group(group O)and hydromorphone combined with propofol(group H). In F, O and H groups, fentanyl 1 μg/kg, oxycodone 0.1 mg/kg and hydromorphone 0.02 mg/kg were injected over 60 s, respectively, and then propofol 1.5 mg/kg was injected intravenously.After eyelash reflex disappeared, a colonoscope was placed.When body movement occurred during examination, half of the initial dose of propofol was added.The time for induction of anesthesia, operation time, emergence time, recovery time, occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events, nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression, and amount of propofol consumed were recorded. Results There was no significant difference between the three groups in the time for induction of anesthesia, operation time, emergence time, recovery time, adverse cardiovascular events, respiratory depression, and amount of propofol consumed.Compared with group F, the incidence of nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression was significantly decreased, and the degree was reduced in H and O groups.No significant difference was found between group O and group H in the incidence of nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression and the degree. Conclusion Oxycodone or hydromorphone combined with propofol can be safely and effectively used for colonoscopy and the efficacy is better than that of fentanyl combined with propofol. Key words: Oxycodone; Hydromorphone; Propofol; Colonoscopy

Region-based feature extraction from non-cooperative iris images using CDF 9/7 filter bank

In this paper, the authors have investigated the iris feature extraction technique using Cohen–Daubechies–Feauveau 9/7 (CDF 9/7) filter bank. Most of the iris recognition systems have been found to give near perfect performance in constraint environment. Unfortunately, the accuracy falls drastically when the constraints are relaxed during image acquisition process. These include dilation of pupil, occlusion due to eyelids and eye lashes, and most importantly non-orthogonal view of iris. These factors result in reduced accuracy of the overall system. In this work, a technique has been proposed to deal with segmentation failure and occlusion. The experimental studies deal with the superiority of CDF 9/7 filter bank over the frequency-based techniques.

Eyelashes serve as windbreak to shield eye

Eyelashes serve as windbreak to shield eye

From ‘Miss Dalrymple’ to ‘Daring Dolly’: A life of two historiographical episodes

She was, German readers learned in 1823, 'Namen Miss Dalrymple'. French-speakers were informed that she had 'une figure tres-agreable'. Her claim to international fame was, at this time, based purely on her physiology. When this description was first penned she was reportedly the oldest surviving of the children 'produced by an intercourse between the natives and the Europeans' in Van Diemen's Land. Moreover, she was 'the first child born by a native woman to a white man in Van Diemen's Land'. She was 'remarkably handsome', had skin that was 'light copper', 'rosy cheeks, large black eyes' with a touch of blue, good eye lashes, 'uncommonly white' teeth, and limbs which were 'admirably formed', 'wunderschon' even.

Isolated Long White Eyelash: An Underrecognized Trichologic Finding.

Isolated Long White Eyelash: An Underrecognized Trichologic Finding.

Comparison of induction, intubation and recovery characteristics of halothane + propofol V/S sevoflurane + propofol in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy

Purpose: General anaesthesia for oral surgeries in paediatric patients is always challenging for an anaesthesiologist. Aim was to compare halothane+propofol and sevoflurane+propofol in paediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy without muscle relaxant. Method: In a double blind manner, eighty patients of 3- 10 years were premedicated with inj. Atropine and randomly divided into two groups of forty each. In Group A, priming was done with 50% oxygen+50% nitrous oxide+4% halothane for 1 minute, after loss of eye lash reflex and centralisation of pupil intravenous cannulation done. Inj. midazolom, lignocaine and Propofol were given and trachea was intubated. Maintenance was done with 1-2% halothane+ nitrous oxide+ oxygen and continuous propofol infusion. Similar technique was used in group B except for priming done with sevoflurane 7% and maintenance with 2-3%. Both groups were compared for induction, intubating conditions, haemodynamics and emergence characteristics. Results: Induction was rapid in group B as time for loss of eye lash reflex and centralisation of pupil was less in group B (21.88±12.6 &114.40±28.8 seconds) as compared to group A (33.05±4.0 & 140.05±12.1 sec) p<0.001. Intubating conditions were excellent but mean intubation time was less in group B as compared to group A p<0.001. Heart rate and blood pressure remained on lower side in group A. Emergence was significantly rapid in group B. No side effect or complications were noted. Conclusion: Both groups provided excellent intubating conditions but sevoflurane+propofol group was better as it provided faster induction and rapid recovery from anaesthesia with more stable haemodynamics as compared to Halothane+propofol group.

Comparison the effect of supralaryngeal airway and endotracheal catheter on the eye during induction of general anesthesia

Objective To compare the effect of supralaryngeal airway (Slipa) and endotracheal catheter on the eye during induction of general anesthesia.Methods Fifty patients aged 20 ～50 years old with weight 45 ～70 kg and intraocular pressure (IOP) 12 ～18 mmⅡg received elective benign breast neoplasm resection surgery and were randomly divided into 2 groups:S group (Slipa) and C group (endotracheal catheter).Anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol and remifentanil until loss of the eyelash reflex.Cisatracurium was then administered.When the jaw was flabby,Slipa was inserted to trachea and the intubation was performed with mechanical ventilation.The IOP,mean arterial pressure (MAP),and heart rate (HR) were measured and recorded before anesthesia induction(T0),before intubation(T1),after intubation immediately(T2),at 1 min(T3),2 min(T4),5 min(T5) after intubation.Results Compared with TO,the IOP,MAP and HR were significantly lower than those at T1.Compared with T1 in group S,the IOP,MAP and HR in T2 ～ T5 were more stable.In group C,the IOP,MAP and HR significantly increased at T2,T3,T4.Compared with group S,the IOP,MAP and HR in group C were significantly higher at T2,T3,T4.The MAP was positively correlated with the IOP in group S and group C (r =0.832 and 0.829,respectively).Conclusion Supralaryngeal airway is better than endotracheal catheter in preventing the increase of IOP and keeping stable hemodynamic responses during induction of general anesthesia. Key words: Airway, supralaryngeal ; Intubation, intratracheal ; Pressure, intraocular

Erratum to: Bimatoprost for Eyelash Growth in Japanese Subjects: Two Multicenter Controlled Studies

The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s00266-014-0293-7.

A comparative study of induction characteristics of thiopentone, midazolam and propofol in elderly patients

Background Intravenous anaesthetic agents are used commonly to induce anaesthesia, as induction is usually smoother and more rapid than that associated with most of the inhalation agents. Thiopentone is the most widely used intravenous induction agent in current anaesthetic practice. Propofol (2,6 diisopropyl phenol) is a new rapidly acting intravenous anaesthetic. The rapid redistribution and metabolism of propofol, result in a short elimination half life. Midazolam is an imidazobenzodiazepine with relatively rapid onset of action and high metabolic clearance compared to other benzodiazepine. Objectives This prospective study was carried out to compare the induction characteristics of thiopentone, midazolam and propofol in elderly patients. Methods Ninety adult patients, aged between 60-80 years with ASA grade I &amp;II who were scheduled for general surgery in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, CMH Dhaka and CMH Saidpur were included in this study. The patients were divided into three groups of thirty each according to a randomization table.The overall performance of the drugs were assessed by recording the following parameters: 1) Pain on injection. 2) Induction time ( The time from start of injection to the loss of eye lash reflex). 3) Coughing 4. Involuntary motor activity. 5. Apnoea (present/absent). 6. Haemodynamic changes (Heart rate and blood pressure at 2 min before injection, after induction and 1min, 3min and 5min after intubation). 7. Recovery time ( From the end of reversal until the patient responded to vocal command(eye opening, tongue protrution). Results The incidence of pain on injection was greater in propofol group(38%), which was statistically significant(p&lt;0.01). The induction time was significantly longer(p&lt;0.001) in the midazolam group. Incidence of excitatory effects was more common in propofol group(p&lt;0.05). Incidence of apnoeic episodes were significantly greater in thiopentone and propofol group than midazolam group(p&lt;0.05). Propofol caused significant decrease in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure at 3 &amp; 5 minutes after intubation(p&lt;0.001).Neither Thiopentone, midazolam nor propofol caused significant change in heart rate. Recovery time in midazolam group was significantly longer(p&lt;0.001). Conclusion Thiopentone is the drug of choice for induction in elderly patients because of rapid induction, recovery and the least effect on arterial pressure. Propofol has no clear advantage over thiopentone and has the additional problem of a significant decrease in blood pressure. Midazolam, although safe, is clearly not the ideal drug for induction in elderly patients because of slow onset of action and delayed recovery. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19808 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 5-11

Induction characteristic of general anaesthesia in children- a comparative study between sevoflurane and halothane

Background Inhalational induction of anaesthesia remains of fundamental technique in paediatric anaesthesia. Halothane used most frequently for inhalational induction in children. Halothane is not an ideal induction agent because of its potential to cause bradycardia, hypotension and ventricular ectopy. The pleasant nonpungent order of sevoflurane, faster induction of anaesthesia and stable vital signs during induction suggest that it may be a suitable alternative to halothane for use in paediatric anaesthesia. Objectives The aim of study is to compare the induction time and haemodynamic response during induction of sevoflurane and halothane. Methods A total number of 60 patients, age within 1-12 years (ASA grade I &amp; II) were selected randomly into two groups, thirty in each group. Group A induction was done by halothane and Group B induction was done by sevoflurane. Anaesthesia was induced with 60% N2O and 40% O2 and starting inspired concentration of halothane was 1% or sevoflurane was 2% followed by stepwise increases in the inspired concentrations of either sevoflurane (1.5-2% increments) or halothane (0.5-1% increments) every three to four breath until the patients no longer blinked in response to touching the eye lashes. Arterial pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SPO2) were recorded every minute for 3 minutes during induction and induction time was recorded. Results Induction time was significantly shorter in the sevoflurane group compared to the halothane group (P &lt; 0.001). In haemodynamic profile heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly reduced in halothane group while no significant changes were observed in sevoflurane group during induction period (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion The study concludes that induction of anaesthesia was faster with sevoflurane than halothane. Vital signs were stable with sevoflurane during induction period. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v24i1.19794 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2011; 24(1): 13-17

Anesthetic effect of inhaling Sevoflurane by different induction methods

Objective To compare the anestheticl effects of inhaling sevoflurane by different induction methods.Method 90 patients undergoing endotracheal intubation for elective operation from January 2012 to December 2012 in the Department of General Surgery were randomly divided into a vital capacity technique group (Group Ⅰ,n=30),a tidal volume technique group (Group Ⅱ,n=30),and an increasing concentration group (Group Ⅲ,n=30).8％ of sevoflurane and 4L/min oxygen flow were used for inducing anesthesia (for Group Ⅲ,the sevoflurane concentration was gradually increased by 1％ every 25 s).1.5-2.0 mg · kg-1 · h-1 propofol and 1-2 μ g · kg-1 · h 1 remifentanil were used for continuous anesthesia.Diastolic blood pressure (DBP),systolic blood pressure (SBP),mean arterial pressure (MAP),heart rate (HR),pluse oxygen saturation (SpO2),muscle relaxant effects,and adverse effects were observed before and after the induction.Results There were no statistical differences in all the indexes before anethesia induction(T1) between the three groups.The disappearing times of eyelash reflex were (83.2 ± 23.18) s,(110.3 ± 26.740 s,and (142.6 ± 25.14) s in Group Ⅰ,Group Ⅱ,and Group Ⅲ,respectively,with stitistical differences between each two groups.The DBP,SBP,MAP,and HR of the three groups decreased after anethesia (compared to T1,P＜0.05),but there were no statistical differences between the three group at the same time (P＞0.05).The SpO2 of the three groups increased after anethesia(compared to T1,P＜0.05),but with no statistical difference between the three groups at the same time (P＞0.05).Patients in the three groups showed similar restored times of muscular relaxation.There was no statistical differences in the incidence of adverse reaction between the three groups (10.0％ for Group Ⅰ,6.7％ for both Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ,x 2=0.310,P＞0.05).Conclusions There were no statistical differences in anesthetic effect and between the three induction methods of inhaled sevoflurane.The induction time of vital capacity technique was the shortest. Key words: Sevoflurane; Inhalation anesthesia; Induction methods

ED50 of dexmedetomidine nasal drip in induction of hypnosis in children during computed tomography

To explore the 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) of dexmedetomidine nasal drip in the induction of hypnosis in children during computed tomography (CT). A total of 34 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)I-IIautistic children scheduled for brain CT examination were studied. The induction was made by dexmedetomidine nasal drip and the ED₅₀ of dexmedetomidine determined by up-and down sequential experiment.When eyelash reflex became lost or Ramsay score was ≥ 4 in 1 hour after dosing, hypnosis was achieved. The study ended after 8 crossovers (successive "accept" and "refuse"). Among them, the ED₅₀ of dexmedetomidine was 1.76 µg/kg (95% confident interval:1.64-1.88 µg/kg). The ED₅₀ of dexmedetomidine nasal drip is 1.76 µg/kg in the induction of hypnosis in children.

English

BACKGROUND: Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the second leading cause of non- traumatic childhood cataracts in India. While nuclear cataract is the most common abnormality reported in CRS, congenital glaucoma is a rarer manifestation. CASE REPORT: A 34weeks low birth weight, male neonate was born by vaginal delivery with normal APGARS. The neonate had sparse hypo pigmented hair over the scalp, along with hypopigmented eye brows and eye lashes. There were erythematous lesions over palms, soles and groin region. Eye examination revealed bilateral nuclear cataracts along with buphthalmos. The neonate also had clinical manifestations of PDA, which was confirmed by 2-D Echo. Systemic involvement was seen as hepatosplenomegaly and bilateral cryptorchidism. Hence CRS was suspected and further evaluation was done. There was thrombocytopenia, mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with elevated transaminases. Neurosonogram was normal and there were no intra cranial calcifications. TORCH profile in both mother and baby showed elevated rubella IgM levels confirming CRS. The neonate received supportive and symptomatic treatment. DISCUSSION: congenital nuclear cataracts are reported in 60-80% of CRS, while buphthalmos is rarely seen, more so in neonatal period. PDA occurs in 50% of CRS and two-thirds have hepatosplenomegaly. Rubelliform rash is infrequent in neonates with CRS. CONCLUSION: We report a preterm low birth weight, male neonate with congenital rubella syndrome and its rare manifestations.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome II, expanding the clinical spectrum

We report a 4.5year old Egyptian male child, fourth in the order of birth of healthy remote consanguineous parents. He has typical facial as well as skeletal features of Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) II. The facial features included bilateral downward slanting palpebral fissures, bulbous nose, long filtrum, retromicrognathia, sparse hair in the scalp and thick eyebrows. The skeletal features included retarded bone age, cone shaped epiphyses of the phalanges and multiple exostoses. The patient has also growth retardation, moderate mental retardation and hyperlaxity of the right knee joint. However our patient has some features not reported in TRPS II patients. These included bilateral partial ptosis, long eye lashes, preauricular skin tag, short 2nd right finger, short metacarpals of both thumbs. So we have to expand the clinical spectrum. Karyotype demonstrated 46,XY,del 8(q23.3-q24.1).

Effects of over the lower edge of the tarsal joint continuous suture fixation combined with orbital entire complex on eyelid epicanthus

Objective To investigate the continuous suture through the lower edge of the tarsal joint fixation orbital reconstructive eyelid superfluous skin treatment efficacy.Methods 50 cases of abject epicanthus clinical data were retrospectively analyzed from June 2009 to June 2013 in our hospital by the hospital ethics committee approved,which had a total of 100 eyes.According to the numbering method,they were randomly divided into control group and observation group,each 50 cases.Control group was given through the lower edge of the tarsal continuous suture fixation,while the observation group was treated on the basis of control group combined with joint orbital entire complex treatment.Therapeutic effects were compared,pain,treatment before and after each measurement indicators and lower eyelid skin complications and so on.Results After treatment,the control group redundant lower eyelid skin correction,eyelash contact with the cornea and corneal epithelial healing of eye damage were respectively 39 (78.00％),10 (20.00％) and 43 (86.00％),while the observation group were 49 (98.00％),1 (2.00％) and 50 (100.00％),the above parameters were statistically significant differences (x2 =5.559,16.839,3.840,P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01) ; According to VAS pain score,VAS scores before and after treatment were statistically significant (t =5.271,12.593,P ＜0.05,P ＜ 0.01),and the observation group after treatment VAS scores after treatment compared with the control group,the difference was statistically significant(t =4.399,P ＜ 0.05) ; Before and after treatment from the eyelid folds distance,flat as the lower eyelid away from the eye position,head lower eyelid skin flap in eyelid,head tilt eyelashes,inner canthal angle,outer canthal angle,inner canthal folds,palpebral fissure height,head of small tears on the pitch,orbicularis muscle eyelid width,eyelid orbicularis muscle thickness and orbital orbicularis muscle thickness differences were statistically significant,and the observation group after treatment with these indicators compared to the control group after treatment,the differences were statistically significant (t =4.292,5.828,4.135,5.099,4.723,5.002,6.717,8.092,7.038,8.056,3.129,7.043,P ＜ 0.05) ; the course of treatment in both groups would be lower eyelid retraction,ectropion and eyelid scar concurrent disease control group complication rate was 20.00％,which was significantly higher than that of the observation group(6.00％),the difference was significant statistical significance(x2 =13.283,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Over the lower edge of the tarsal joint continuous suture fixation treatment of orbital reconstructive eyelid superfluous skin effect is significant,with low complication rate,which is worth to be promoted in clinical and applied. Key words: Over the lower edge of the tarsus; Continuous suture; Orbital entire complex; Eyelid epicanthus

Demodex folliculorum: Diagnostik und Therapie im klinischen Alltag

Demodex folliculorum is an ectoparasite found in eye lashes. A Demodex-associated blepharoconjunctivitis is common. Demodex are diagnosed via microscopy in a drop of oil after epilation of a few eye lashes. You can often watch the mites in movement under the microscope. Treatment includes lid hygiene and metronidazole gel 1-2 %. The treatment often improves the symptoms of the patient. Demodex folliculorum is often found in patients with persistent blepharoconjunctivitis. Every ophthalmologist should have a microscope to find the mites. Then you will be able to treat the patients in an early stage.

English

AIM: This study was conducted to compare the speed of induction, intubation, and speed of emergence with sevoflurane and halothane in pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: All the patients had full preanesthetic check-up and the routine investigation (complete blood count, urine albumin) was done. Patients were kept fasting for 6 hrs. for solid food, 4hours for semisolid and 2 hours for liquid. They were randomly divided into Gr S and Gr H each comprising of 30 patients each to receive sevoflurane and halothane with 60% nitrous and 40% oxygen respectively by inhalation. On arrival in the operation theatre, the standard monitors were applied including an electrocardiogram, pulse oximeter, non-invasive blood pressure and precordial stethoscope and the baseline readings of respective parameters were taken. Anesthetic induction was done with face mask application using incremental dosing of 0.5% for halothane and 1% for sevoflurane every three to five breath to deliver maximum inspired concentration of upto 5% halothane(maximum inspired concentration) or 8% sevoflurane (maximum inspired concentration). Spontaneous ventilation was maintained till loss of eye lash reflex. Following the loss of the eyelash reflex, the vaporizer concentration was decreased to 4% for sevoflurane and 0.86 % for halothane (approximately 2 MAC). Intravenous catheter was inserted. Inhalational agent at the same concentration was given until the loss of corneal reflex. After the intravenous line was secured, inj pentazocine 0.3 mg/kg was given. The patients were intubated with appropriate size endotracheal tube only after the loss of corneal reflex. After successful intubation, intravenous vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg was administered for muscle paralysis and the anesthetic concentrations was adjusted at 1.3 MAC with N2O (0.56% halothane and 2.6% sevoflurane). Time intervals measured: (induction time, intubation time, emergence time) were measured. Vitals recorded: Heart rate, systolic, diastolic blood pressures, and SpO2. The depth of anesthesia was assessed clinically by evaluation of changes in heart rate, and blood pressure during surgery and these were maintained within 20% of baseline values. RESULTS: Induction time was significantly shorter with Gr S(mean(SD) 136.0(19.343)secs) than with Gr H (mean (SD) 156.09(10.651)) secs) (P=0.0001). Intubation time was significantly shorter with Gr S (mean (SD) 242.400(9.940) secs) than with Gr H(mean(SD) 265.769(12.039) secs) (P<0.0001). Time to emergence was significantly shorter in Gr S (mean(SD) 217.667(22.831)secs) than with Gr H(mean(SD) 450.5(18.407) secs) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We found that sevoflurane is an excellent agent for inhalational induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients. It facilitates a rapid induction of anesthesia, found to be 20 seconds faster than halothane in our study. Emergence time is

Analysis of outcomes of secondary intraocular lens implantation in open-globe injury after vitrectomy

To explore the time and method of secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in open-globe injury after vitrectomy and to analyze the efficacies and relative factors of the treatment. This is a retrospective case series study. Clinical data of 78 eyes of 78 patients with open-globe injury who underwent secondary IOL implantation after vitrectomy in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2007 to 2012 were analyzed. There were 27 eyes of 27 patients with penetrating injury, 36 eyes of 36 patients with intraocular foreign body (IFB), 4 eyes of 4 patients with ocular rupture, and 11 eyes of 11 patients with endophthalmitis. The IFB included magnetic foreign body in 23 eyes of 23 patients, glass foreign body in 6 eyes of 6 patients, and eyelash foreign body in 7 eyes of 7 patients. Thirty-one eyes of 31 patients were tamponadewith silicone oil, and 47 eyes of 47 patients were tamponadewith C3F8 during vitrectomy. The methods of IOL implantation included posterior chamber IOL implantation in 32 eyes of 32 patients and sulcus-fixed IOL implantation in 46 eyes of 46 patients. The examinations before IOL implantation mainly included visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscope, direct and indirect ophthalmoscope, visual electrophysiology, corneal endothelium, B scan, ultrasound biomicroscope and intraocular pressure. Four eyes of 4 patients underwent suturing of peripheral iris, and 5 eyes of 5 patients underwent suturing of iris laceration. The visual acuity ranged from light perception to 0.1 before vitrectomy. The mean follow-up time was 15 ± 3 months with a range from 6 to 36 months. The mean interval between IOL implantation and vitrectomy was 2.5 ± 0.2 months with a range from 1.5 to 6 months. The best corrected visual acuity was from 0.1 to 1.0 after vitrectomy. The uncorrected visual acuity ranged from 0.1 to 0.8, and the best corrected visual acuity was from 0.1 to 1.0 after IOL implantation. The postoperative complications mainly included mild anterior chamber exudates in 4 eyes of 4 patients, temporary intraocular pressure elevation in 7 eyes of 7 patients, and recurrent retinal detachment in 2 eyes of 2 patients. The appropriate interval of secondary IOL implantation in open-globe injury after vitrectomy is important. Posterior chamber IOL implantation is performed in eyes with integrity of posterior capsule, and IOL sutured in the sulcus in eyes without posterior capsule support. It is safe and effective for secondary IOL implantation in open-globe injury after vitrectomy.

Congenital atrichia with papular lesions

Congenital alopecia has broad differential diagnosis and poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. It is a rare form of irreversible alopecia inherited autosomal recessively. Atrichia congenita with papular lesions represents a complex and heterogeneous group of genodermatoses characterized by irreversible complete hair loss soon after birth, and associated with the development of keratin-filled cysts over the body. We report a case of 4-year-old boy presenting with complete loss of hair over scalp, eye brows, eye lashes, and body since birth. Patient also had papular lesions over body.

Acute sialadenitis of parotid gland: Anaesthesia mumps

Acute sialadenitis of parotid gland: Anaesthesia mumps