Eye Tracking Applications Research Articles

Application of Eye Tracking in Intelligent User Interface

Aiming at the requirement of intelligent user interface state awareness and intention prediction, a method of interactive state classification and intention prediction based on eye tracking is proposed. 5 states of interaction are defined, which are monitoring state, tracking state, decision state, burst state and off-loop state, design induced experiments were conducted to collect eye movement data in each state, a single factor analysis of variance shows that the 7 eye movements in the 5 interactive states has a significant difference. The prediction accuracy of the SVM classification model under category 5 conditions is 77.2%, while the accuracy rate of the classification under category 4 conditions is 85.9%, individual differences also have important effects on prediction accuracy, the accuracy rate of single subjects under category 5 conditions are more than 84%, while under category 4 conditions up to 90%. The research results are of reference value to the design and application of intelligent user interface.

Eye tracking as a debriefing tool in upset prevention and recovery training (UPRT) for general aviation pilots

Upset prevention and recovery training (UPRT) is intended to improve the ability of pilots to recognize and avoid situations that can lead to airplane upsets and to improve their ability to recover control of an airplane that has exceeded the normal flight envelope. To this end, a set of different training contents – from theoretical knowledge of aerodynamics and human factors to practice-based flight training – is necessary. In order to support the debriefing with an objective feedback, and because visual scanning is a core competence, two studies on subjective evaluation of aviation pilots – one conducted in a flight simulator and the other one in-flight – focussed on the practical application of eye tracking as a debriefing tool in UPRT. From a practitioner’s perspective, eye tracking appeared to be a useful method in terms of visualising instrument scanning techniques, supporting the instructor with objective debriefing material and fostering self-awareness in human processes. The discussion recommends adjusted UPRT instructor training and further improvements to eye tracking hardware and software.Practitioner Summary: The article focuses on pilot evaluations of eye tracking as a debriefing tool in UPRT and the identification of critical elements in its use. Eye tracking is a promising debriefing tool for UPRT. The discussion points to desirable improvements of eye tracking hardware and software as well as adjustments to instructor training that are pertinent.

A Method for Localizing the Eye Pupil for Point-of-Gaze Estimation

The estimation of the point of gaze in a scene presented on a digital screen has many applications, such as fatigue detection and attention tracking. Some popular applications of eye tracking through gaze estimation are depicted in Fig. 1. When estimating the point of gaze, indentifying the visual focus of a person within a scene is required. This is known as the eye fix or point of fixation. Finding the point of gaze involves tracking different features of human eyes. Various methods are available for eye tracking, some of which use special contact lenses, whereas others focus on electrical potential measurements. Optical tracking is a nonintrusive technique that uses a sequence of image frames of eyes that have been recorded using video-capturing devices. This technique is popularly known as video oculography.

Eye Movements in Neuropsychological Tasks.

This chapter reviews how recording and analysis of eye movements have been applied to understanding cognitive functioning in patients with neurological disease. Measures derived from the performance of instructed eye movement tests such as the anti-saccade and memory-guided saccade tasks have been shown to be associated with cognitive test performance and the early stages of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Other researchers have taken an ecological approach and recorded the uninstructed pattern of saccades made by patients during performance of established neuropsychological tasks. Studies that have analysed the eye movement strategies used in a number of widely used tests are reviewed, including the Corsi blocks, Tower of London, 'CANTAB' Spatial Working Memory and Brixton Spatial Anticipation test. The findings illustrate that eye movements are not purely in the service of vision, but support visuospatial working memory and forward action planning. Eye movement tests and measures also have potential for application in the assessment and diagnosis of neurological disease and cognitive impairment. Establishing large-scale normative data sets in healthy older adults and use of machine learning multivariate classifier algorithms may be key to further developing eye tracking applications in neuropsychological assessment.

A novel fiber Bragg grating system for eye tracking

Eye movement evaluation is vital for diagnosis of various ophthalmological and neurological disorders. The present study proposes a novel, noninvasive, wearable device to acquire the eye movement based on a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensor. The proposed Fiber Bragg Grating Eye Tracker (FBGET) can capture the displacement of the eyeball during its movements in the form of strain variations on a cantilever. The muscular displacement generated by the eyeball over the lower eyelid, by its swiveling action while moving the gaze on a target object, is converted into strain variations on a cantilever. The developed FBGET is investigated for dynamic tracking of the eye-gaze movement for various actions of the eye such as fixations, saccades and main sequence. This approach was validated by recording the eye movement using the developed FBGET as well as conventional camera-based eye tracker methodology simultaneously. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and the real-time applicability of the proposed FBGET as an eye tracking device. In conclusion, the present study illustrates a novel methodology involving displacement of lower eyelid for eye tracking application along with the employment of FBG sensors to carry out the same. The proposed FBGET can be utilized in both clinical and hospital environment for diagnostic purposes owing to its advantages of wear-ability and ease of implementation making it a point of care device.

Abstracts of the Scandinavian Workshop on Applied Eye Tracking (SWAET 2018)

This document contains the abstracts for the 2018 Scandinavian Workshop on Applied Eye Tracking (SWAET 2018) which was held at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, 23 to 24 August, 2018..

Real-time wide-view eye tracking based on resolving the spatial depth

Current eye-tracking systems include many types that have been applied in numerous applications; however, they are unsuitable for industrial environments such as aircraft cockpits and train cabs. While wearable eye-tracking glasses have a wide field of view, they provide only a relative point of view in a captured video image; thus, they cannot function as a real-time interface to digital monitors. Desktop eye-tracking applications can interact with a single screen in real-time using pre-attached fixed cameras or infrared sensors; however, these applications allow only a narrow field of view. In this study, we developed a novel eye-tracking solution that integrates both the requirement for interaction and a wide field of view. The eye-tracking glasses gather eye movement data while a motion capture device provides data concerning the position and orientation of the head. A spatial depth-resolving algorithm is proposed to estimate the distance from the eyes to the digital screen, making it possible to locate the screens. Our proposed method is a generalized solution for estimating gaze points on wide screens; it is not dependent on specific devices. We tested the method in a virtual environment using unity3d and reached three conclusions: the algorithm theoretically has good accuracy and stability; it cannot be simplified; and when applied in a real environment it should have a satisfying and acceptable usability. Subsequently, we performed experiments in a real environment that validated the theory. Further applications: This type of unique wearable equipment can function as a real-time machine input interface to enhance the machine’s perception of the user’s situational awareness and improve the machine’s dynamic service capabilities.

Analysis of eye-tracking behaviours in a pediatric trauma simulation.

ABSTRACTEye-tracking devices are able to capture eye movements, which are further characterized by fixations. The application of eye tracking in a trauma setting has not been explored. Visual fixation can be utilized as a surrogate measure of attention during the management of a trauma patient. We aimed to determine the feasibility of using eye tracking and to characterize eye tracking behaviours of pediatric emergency medicine physicians during management of a simulated pediatric trauma patient. Each participant was equipped with a head-mounted eye-tracking device during a standardized simulated pediatric trauma scenario. Each session was video recorded, with visual fixations defined as >0.2 seconds, and characterized by start time, duration, and the area of interest. Data from seven videos were analysed; 35% of eye fixations were directed towards the mannequin, 16% towards the monitor, and 13% towards the bedside doctor. Visual eye tracking in a trauma simulation is feasible. Frequency of fixations tends to be highest towards the patient. Eye tracking within trauma simulation may provide new insights into quality improvement and inform advancements in pediatric trauma.

Applying eye tracking and electroencephalography to evaluate the effects of placement disclosures on brand responses

AbstractProduct placement is regarded as a covert advertising strategy because viewers are often unaware of the persuasion attempt when they are exposed to product placement due to the high integration of the commercial content into the media content. In order to guarantee fair communication and prevent viewers from being influenced without their awareness, regulations prescribing proper disclosure of product placement have been issued in many countries. However, there are no consistent findings of the effectiveness of disclosures in prior studies. This study first combined eye‐tracking and electroencephalography (EEG) technologies with self‐reported measures to better understand the effects of disclosures on viewers' brand responses. The results show that (a) disclosure is an effective method to increase viewers' awareness of the embedded persuasive message and brand recognition, while also causing a decrease in brand attitude; (b) viewers exposed to a product placement disclosure tend to show longer fixation time on the placed product and evoke decreased frontal alpha band and increased frontal and right‐hemisphere gamma band compared with those who are exposed to non‐disclosed product placement; and (c) the positive effects of disclosures on the awareness of the embedded persuasive message and brand recognition are mediated by fixation time, and the negative effect of disclosures on brand attitude is mediated by fixation time and right‐hemisphere gamma band. These findings indicate that such eye movement indices and EEG bands can be viewed as reference measures reflecting viewers' cognitive and emotional processing of product placement and disclosures.

Applying Eye Tracking to Identify Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children.

Eye tracking (ET) holds potential for the early detection of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To overcome the difficulties of working with young children, developing a short and informative paradigm is crucial for ET. We investigated the fixation times of 37 ASD and 37 typically developing (TD) children ages 4-6 watching a 10-second video of a female speaking. ASD children showed significant reductions in fixation time at six areas of interest. Furthermore, discriminant analysis revealed fixation times at the mouth and body could significantly discriminate ASD from TD with a classification accuracy of 85.1%, sensitivity of 86.5%, and specificity of 83.8%. Our study suggests that a short video clip may provide enough information to distinguish ASD from TD children.

충동안구운동 평가를 위한 아이트래커의 적용

충동안구운동 평가를 위한 아이트래커의 적용

Biometrics analysis on hazard awareness of construction workers

For many years the construction industry has had a poor reputation for safety standards. In this research, we interviewed construction workers who met with work related accidents over the past 5.5 years and discovered that some of the accidents can be prevented if the workers possess sufficient good hazard awareness. In view of this, this paper mainly sheds light on hazard awareness. It firstly provides a general overview of the factors that lead to construction accidents. Followed by the review of previous studies on construction hazard awareness. It summarizes the experiences of some accidents which are related to the lack of construction hazard awareness according to worker interview responses and subsequently proposes the application of mouse tracking, eye tracking and EEG methods as preventive safety measures, to study the hazard identification of the workers before they work on sites.

Congruence and placement in sponsorship: An eye-tracking application

Sporting events can be announced using sports posters and by disseminating advertisements on the internet, on the street and in print media. But until now, no prior research has measured the effectiveness of sponsorship in sporting event posters. This study uses eye tracking to measure the effectiveness of sporting event posters and proposes considering the level of the viewer's attention as an indicator. This research involves a factorial experiment based on the following variables: congruence, the number of sponsors, and placement of the sponsor's advertisement in a sporting event poster. The results indicate that sponsors positioned in the poster's area of action receive more attention. However, we were unable to prove that congruent sponsors receive more attention, as claimed in the literature. This result could be due to a situation of blindness towards the sponsor. The conclusion section of this paper discusses theoretical conclusions and potential managerial actions.

Observing response processes with eye tracking in international large-scale assessments: evidence from the OECD PIAAC assessment

This paper reports on a pilot study that used eye tracking techniques to make detailed observations of item response processes in the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The lab-based study also recorded physiological responses using measures of pupil diameter and electrodermal activity. The study tested 14 adult respondents as they individually completed the PIAAC computer-based assessment. The eye tracking observations help to fill an ‘explanatory gap’ by providing data on variation in item response processes that are not captured by other sources of process data such as think aloud protocols or computer-generated log files. The data on fixations and saccades provided detailed information on test item response strategies, enabling profiling of respondent engagement and response processes associated with successful performance. Much of that activity does not include the use of the keyboard and mouse, and involves ‘off-screen’ use of pen and paper (and calculator) that are not captured by assessment log-files. In conclusion, this paper points toward an important application of eye tracking in large-scale assessments. This includes insights into response processes in new domains such as adaptive problem-solving that aim to identify individuals’ ability to select and combine resources from the digital and physical environment.

Application of Eye Tracking for Measurement and Evaluation in Human Factors Studies in Control Room Modernization

An important element of human factors engineering (HFE) pertains to measurement and evaluation (M&E). The role of HFE-M&E should be integrated throughout the entire control room modernization (CRM) process and be used for human–system performance evaluation and diagnostic purposes to resolve potential human engineering deficiencies and other human–machine interface design issues. NUREG-0711 describes how HFE in CRM should employ a hierarchical set of measures, particularly during integrated system validation, including plant performance, personnel task performance, situation awareness, cognitive workload, and anthropometric/physiological factors. Historically, subjective measures have been primarily used since they are easier to collect and do not require specialized equipment. However, there are pitfalls with relying solely on subjective measures in M&E such as negatively impacting reliability, sensitivity, and objectivity. As part of comprehensively capturing a diverse set of measures that strengthen findings and inferences made about the benefits from emerging technologies like advanced displays, this paper discusses the value of using eye tracking as an objective method that can be used in M&E. A brief description of eye tracking technology and relevant eye tracking measures is provided. Additionally, technical considerations and the unique challenges with using eye tracking in full-scale simulations are addressed. Finally, this paper shares preliminary findings regarding the use of a wearable eye tracking system in a full–scale simulator study. These findings should help guide future full–scale simulator studies using eye tracking as a methodology to evaluate human-system performance.

If there's a penis, it's most likely a man: Investigating the social construction of gender using eye tracking.

In their foundational work on the social construction of gender, Kessler and McKenna (1978) investigated the relationship between gender attribution and genital attribution. We used digital reproductions of the original stimuli to replicate their findings in the current social context. To further investigate the underlying decision processes we applied eye tracking. The stimuli shown varied in the composition of gender cues: from those more commonly associated with maleness to associated with femaleness. Applying the ethnomethodological approach originally used, participants were asked to decide for each stimulus whether they saw a man or a woman and to indicate subjective confidence with the decision. In line with the original results we found that the genital attribution contributed immensely to the gender attribution. Also, male gender was ascribed more often when the penis was present than was female gender when the vulva was shown. Eye tracking revealed that overall most dwell time as a proxy for important information was dedicated to the head, chest and genital areas of all the stimuli. Total dwell time depended on whether the gender attribution was made in line with the depicted genital, if the genital was a penis. Attributing female gender when a penis was present was associated with longer total dwell time, unlike attributing male gender with a vulva shown. This is indicative of higher cognitive effort and more difficulty ignoring the penis as opposed to the vulva. We interpret this finding in context of the persistent male dominance as well as to the socio-cultural understanding of the vulva as a concealed and therefore seemingly absent organ. In summary, we were able to show that the gender attribution is still closely linked to genital attribution when having a binary forced choice task and that the penis is a special cue in this attribution process.

Aging and attention to self-selected emotional content: A novel application of mobile eye tracking to the study of emotion regulation in adulthood and old age.

Previous studies of attentional deployment to a single stream of experimenter-selected affective stimuli have found that compared to younger adults, older adults attend relatively more to positive and less to negative stimuli, and this can relate to better mood for them. Past studies of situation selection have yielded a contrasting picture of age similarity. In everyday life, attentional deployment is fundamentally and dynamically related to situation selection, but prior studies have investigated them only in isolation. We present new research using mobile eye tracking to test for age differences in selections of emotional stimuli and attention to self-selected choices after a negative mood induction. Younger, middle-aged, and older individuals (N = 150) were either instructed to specifically try to regulate their mood state or not before having their selections, attention, and mood recorded. We used a database-oriented method to analyze fixations to positive, negative, and neutral videos once selected. Findings suggested more similarities than differences among age groups in what material was selected, how participants attended to selected material, and how their choices and attention predicted mood. Situation selection also had a more consistent relationship with mood than attentional deployment. These results suggest that age differences in attention are less apparent when participants have flexibility to avoid and choose stimuli than when viewing a predetermined fixed set of stimuli. Thus, emotion regulation strategies of selection and attention may show more age similarities when they interact than when studied in isolation. (PsycINFO Database Record

Study on Applications of Eye Tracking in Different Fields

The arising technology eye tracking has been blooming not only in the medical field but also in the field of computer science. There are various usages of eye tracking that range from human study, over usability of design, up to controller input of computer interfaces to information security. In this paper, the application of the real-time gaze-base technique eye tracking is introduced with the presented usages. A comprehensive summary shows the progress of this innovative technology. Finally, the challenges and potential directions of this uprising tool are being discussed.

Supplemental Material for Aging and Attention to Self-Selected Emotional Content: A Novel Application of Mobile Eye Tracking to the Study of Emotion Regulation in Adulthood and Old Age

Supplemental Material for Aging and Attention to Self-Selected Emotional Content: A Novel Application of Mobile Eye Tracking to the Study of Emotion Regulation in Adulthood and Old Age

Study on Applications of Eye Tracking in Different Fields

Study on Applications of Eye Tracking in Different Fields