Extrinsic Type Research Articles

Study of the plastic deformation mechanism of TRIP–TWIP high entropy alloys at the atomic level

In this study, the deformation mechanism of Alx(x = 0.5,1.5)CrCoFeCuNi high entropy alloys (HEAs) during uniaxial tension at various strain rates and temperatures at the atomic scale was investigated. For this purpose, an atomic model of AlxCrCoFeCuNi HEA was built for melting and quick quenching and their mechanical behaviors were investigated. Based on polyhedral template matching (PTM) analysis, it was determined that for both the Al0.5CrCoFeCuNi and Al1.5CrCoFeCuNi, body cantered cubic (BCC) atomic structures were formed after solidification. The obtained stress–strain curves were discussed based on phase transformation from BCC to face-centered cubic (FCC) structure and vice versa (transformation-induced plasticity, TRIP), dislocation structure evolution, stacking fault (both intrinsic and extrinsic types, ISF/ESF) formation, and twinning/detwinning occurrence. It should be noted that SFs were detected based on HCP structure inside the FCC phase. The results were compared with experimental findings by a focus on nanotwins (NTs) and stacking faults (SFs) interaction with dislocations, and the effect of phase transformation on the promotion of twining boundaries. Finally, two plastic deformation mechanisms of TRIP-induced TWIP and TWIP-induced TRIP during stress fluctuation are shown and discussed.

High-throughput fabrication and semi-automated characterization of oxide thin film transistors

High throughput experimental methods are known to accelerate the rate of research, development, and deployment of electronic materials. For example, thin films with lateral gradients in composition, thickness, or other parameters have been used alongside spatially-resolved characterization to assess how various physical factors affect the material properties under varying measurement conditions. Similarly, multi-layer electronic devices that contain such graded thin films as one or more of their layers can also be characterized spatially in order to optimize the performance. In this work, we apply these high throughput experimental methods to thin film transistors (TFTs), demonstrating combinatorial channel layer growth, device fabrication, and semi-automated characterization using sputtered oxide TFTs as a case study. We show that both extrinsic and intrinsic types of device gradients can be generated in a TFT library, such as channel thickness and length, channel cation compositions, and oxygen atmosphere during deposition. We also present a semi-automated method to measure the 44 devices fabricated on a 50 mm×50 mm substrate that can help to identify properly functioning TFTs in the library and finish the measurement in a short time. Finally, we propose a fully automated characterization system for similar TFT libraries, which can be coupled with high throughput data analysis. These results demonstrate that high throughput methods can accelerate the investigation of TFTs and other electronic devices.

Relations between life-goal regulation, goal orientation, and education-related parenting - A person-centered perspective

Research on goals and goal regulation often takes place in specific contexts (career goals, educational goals, or life goals). The purpose of this study was to examine relations between different types of goal regulation in specific contexts and their prediction from education-related parenting. Therefore, we analyzed data from 663 18-year-old high-school graduates, trainees, and their parents participating in the BiKS German longitudinal school study. We specified three latent classes of life-goal regulation (by using four regulation categories: extrinsic, introjected, identified, and intrinsic regulation) with a latent class analysis and examined their correlations with types of goal orientation. Especially for the latent classes with high extrinsic or high introjected regulation, we found relations with more extrinsic types of goal orientation (performance-approach goal orientation). In addition, education-related parenting behavior during secondary school predicted the different latent classes of life-goal regulation. The results are discussed in the context of self-determination theory.

How Long a Motivation May Last?

Motivation is a kind of goal which ones could have over short or long terms in life. It could include both intrinsic and extrinsic types. Intrinsic motivations are composed of long term goals which associated with the internal individual‘s motivation whereas extrinsic motivations are empowered by external environments. Correspondingly, with considering the individual endurances, the type of hardships in different types of motivations is varied. In this between, the individual devotion in relation to their goal is determinate factors. Some people devoted their entire life to their goals, so how determinate you are?

The Influence of Religiosity on Consumer’s Green Purchase Intention Towards Green Hotel Selection in China

ABSTRACT Prior studies have mostly focused on examining consumer’s green purchase attitude-behaviour gap by utilising the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) models. However, the relevant literature has revealed controversial results, further emphasising the need to integrate novel theories or theoretical perspectives in this particular research field. The scarcity of scholars who pays attention to the influence of religiosity upon consumer’s green hotel decision-making process in non-western countries, such as China, is especially evident. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between the religiosity of both intrinsic and extrinsic types, green purchase attitude (GPA), and green purchase intention (GPI) towards green hotel selection. A conceptual research model based on the TRA and TPB has been proposed. A total of 426 valid questionnaires were collected from domestic tourists that currently stay and were staying at green hotels to empirically test the generated hypotheses using SPSS and Structural Equation Modelling. The results indicated that GPA significantly and positively influenced GPI, extrinsic religiosity positively and significantly influenced GPA. Furthermore, GPA displayed full mediation effects on the relationship between extrinsic religiosity and GPI. The practical and theoretical implications were discussed accordingly, as well as the limitations associated in this work.

A successful delivery process of green buildings: The project owners’ view, motivation and commitment

The project owners are at the centre of sustainability decisions to drive the implementation of sustainable building features in the construction industry. Despite this, the existing studies on the successful delivery of green buildings have only focused on the views of other construction project participants such as Architects and Contractors, while project owners are left out. To fill this gap, this study developed a conceptual framework of the synergy between owners’ motivation and commitment towards successful delivery of green buildings. The framework was empirically tested by exploring the views of 10 purposively selected project owners in the Australian construction industry. The findings revealed that while project owners’ motivation increases their commitment towards successful delivery of green building projects, the intrinsic type of project owners’ motivation is more effective than the extrinsic type. The extrinsic type of motivation is less effective due to the lack of harmonization in the existing incentive policies and programs for driving green building development in the Australian construction industry. The study concluded that, similar to other construction project participants, project owners have specific roles in the area of sustainability performance towards the successful delivery of green building projects. By implication, this study tinkers the Australian government to revisit the policy landscape for enhancing green building practices. Additionally, this study has demonstrated the need for active participation of project owners in the delivery of green building projects, and shown how the active participation of project owners can be enhanced through motivation in the construction industry.

Школьное благополучие младших школьников: мотивационные и образовательные предикторы

The goals of modern education go beyond mastering cognitive skills, competencies and knowledge. An equally important result of education is the child's school well-being, his/her positive attitude towards school, learning, teachers, and his/her own potential. This study is dedicated to the exploration of internal and external predictors of well-being in Russian elementary schoolchildren (N=1006).It assesses the impact of the learning system (developmental/traditional), satisfaction with relationships with teachers, and intrinsic and extrinsic types of academic motivation on school well-being and academic self-esteem. The results of the study show that the well-being of elementary schoolchildren is based on the positive impact of intrinsic and autonomous motivation and the negative impact of external motivation based on control and demands of teachers and parents. The results also show that the child’s relationship with the teacher and perception of him/her as an interesting person, ready to help and support in the learning process, play an important role in the child’s school well-being and intrinsic motivation. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) confirm that developmental education programs, in comparison with traditional ones, also contribute to school well-being and academic self-esteem of elementary schoolchildren. The practical significance of the study is to take into account the role of both pedagogical (the role of the teacher’s personality and the teaching system) and psychological factors (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) in maintaining the well-being of elementary schoolchildren.

Annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes in homeostasis and injury: implications for regenerative strategies.

Despite considerable efforts to develop cellular, molecular, and structural repair strategies and restore intervertebral disk function after injury, the basic biology underlying intervertebral disk healing remains poorly understood. Remarkably, little is known about the origins of cell populations residing within the annulus fibrosus, or their phenotypes, heterogeneity, and roles during healing. This review focuses on recent literature highlighting the intrinsic and extrinsic cell types of the annulus fibrosus in the context of the injury and healing environment. Spatial, morphological, functional, and transcriptional signatures of annulus fibrosus cells are reviewed, including inner and outer annulus fibrosus cells, which we propose to be referred to as annulocytes. The annulus also contains peripheral cells, interlamellar cells, and potential resident stem/progenitor cells, as well as macrophages, T lymphocytes, and mast cells following injury. Phases of annulus fibrosus healing include inflammation and recruitment of immune cells, cell proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and matrix remodeling. However, annulus fibrosus healing commonly involves limited remodeling, with granulation tissues remaining, and the development of chronic inflammatory states. Identifying annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes during health, injury, and degeneration will inform reparative regeneration strategies aimed at improving annulus fibrosus healing.

Authenticity at Work: Its Relations With Worker Motivation and Well-being

Drawing on Self-Determination Theory (Deci, Olafsen & Ryan, 2017), this study examines the associations between authenticity at work, motivation and well-being, assuming that motivation would at least partly mediate the association between authenticty and well-being. Since authentic behavior refers to the degree to which a person acts in agreement with their true self (i.e., one's own core values), high levels of authenticity at work should relate positively to more intrinsic types of motivation regulation and negatively to more extrinsic types of motivation regulation. Moreover, high levels of authenticity should be associated with higher well-being at work (i.e., higher work engagement and lower burnout). Structural equation modeling using cross-sectional data from 546 participants revealed that self-determined motivation (i.e. autonomous motivation) showed positive associations with authenticity at work and that non-self-determined motivation (i.e. controlled motivation and amotivation) showed negative associations with authenticity at work. The positive associations increased in strength with increasing self-determined motivation. A similar – but reversed – pattern was found for the negative associations. Parallel mediation analysis revealed that self-determined motivation partially mediated the relationship between authenticity and well-being at work.

STUDENTS’ SOCIOCULTURAL COMPETENCE FORMATION DURING EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Sociocultural competence became an integral part of the process of foreign language teaching. Relevant knowledge of the culture and social realities of collocutors helps maintain contacts and promotes a successful interaction. The objective of the article is to further study the concept “students’ sociocultural competence” as well as the ways of its formation during extra-curricular activities. To complete this task a number of methods were applied: theoretical – to survey, analyse the problem under study and empirical ones (observation, interview) to study the peculiarities of the academic process. Various factors that influence the formation of the competence were analyzed. The author also investigated the efficiency of S. Krashen’s hypotheses (the acquisition-learning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the input hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis, the affective filter hypothesis) in the process of foreign language and culture learning not only during in-class but also out-of-class activities. Special attention is paid to the affective factors which influence this process - self-esteem, inhibition, risk-taking, anxiety and motivation. The author dwells upon the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic types of motives, and upon the importance of an integrative type as compared to an instrumental type of motivation in the process of sociocultural competence formation. Different examples of individual, group ad mass extra-curricular activities conducted at the Department of English aiming at fostering students’ communicative competence are provided. The author came to the conclusion that extra-curricular activities, together with in-class work, stimulate the formation of students’ sociocultural compet

Strategije suočavanja, samopoštovanje i anksioznost kod djece s astmom

The paper presents investigation aimed at establishing the effects of chronic asthma with children and their everyday adaptation to health problems. Children at the age of 11 and 17 suffering from extrinsic type of asthma underwent examination. The results show that asthmatic children use and estimate active strategy as the most efficient one in confronting with health problems, revealing their capacity to control their illness through active confrontation. Significant relations, i.e. connections between anxiety and self-respect using strategies of confrontation with health problems, have not been defined in investigation.

Individual Difference in Goal Motives and Goal Content: The Role of Action and State Orientation

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether hesitant or preoccupied people (state-oriented) have different goal content and motives compared to initiative or disengaged people (action-oriented). People rated the degree of autonomous versus controlled feelings for extrinsic or intrinsic types of goals. Results showed that action-oriented people had a higher autonomous motive than state-oriented people for intrinsic goals, but not for extrinsic goals. Moreover, action-oriented individuals were related to a more internalised goal content (intrinsic goal) than state-oriented individuals. Implications for goal internalisation are discussed.

Sensitive skin is highly frequent in extrinsic atopic dermatitis and correlates with disease severity markers but not necessarily with skin barrier impairment

BackgroundSensitive skin is a condition of cutaneous hypersensitivity to environmental factors. Lactic acid stinging test (LAST) is commonly used to assess sensitive skin and composed of four distinct sensations (pain, burning sensation, itch, and crawly feeling). A link between sensitive skin and barrier dysfunction has been proposed in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. However, clinical and laboratory factors that are associated with sensitive skin remain unelucidated. ObjectiveTo investigate relationship between sensitive skin and AD-associated markers. MethodsForty-two Japanese AD patients and 10 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled. AD patients were divided into extrinsic (EAD; high IgE levels) and intrinsic (IAD; normal IgE levels) types. We conducted 1% LAST by assessing the four distinct sensations and calculated the frequencies of sensitive skin in EAD, IAD, and HS. We also performed clinical AD-related tests, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visual analogue scale (VAS) of pruritus, and quality of life, and measured laboratory markers, including blood levels of IgE, CCL17/TARC, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and eosinophil counts, and concentration levels of serum Th1/Th2 cytokines. Filaggrin (FLG) mutations were examined in 21 patients. These values were subjected to correlation analyses with each of the four sensation elements. ResultsAccording to the standard criteria for LAST positivity, the frequencies of LAST-positive subjects were 54.8% and 10.0% in AD and HS, respectively (P=0.014). EAD patients showed a significantly (P=0.026) higher frequency of positive LAST (65.6%) than did IAD patients (20.0%). Among the four LAST sensation elements, the crawly feeling and pain scores positively correlated with VAS of pruritus, total serum IgE, mite-specific IgE, CCL17/TARC, and/or LDH. There was no association of the LAST scores with serum Th1/Th2 cytokine levels. Notably, neither TEWL nor FLG mutations correlated with LAST positivity or any sensation scores. ConclusionsThe frequency of sensitive skin is higher in EAD than in IAD. Sensitive skin is associated with AD severity, but not necessarily with barrier condition.

JAPANESE STUDENTS’ MINDSET AND MOTIVATION IN STUDYING ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND READING

This study probes the intrinsic and extrinsic types of the motivation of Japanese University students and sheds light on their mindset and beliefs about learning English Grammar and Reading. During 2016, a survey was administered to 260 students at a University in Tohoku, Japan. The findings revealed that 73% of participan0ts tended to have a fixed mindset with a slight degree of growth mindset while 19% tended to favor a growth mindset with some degree of fixed mindset, 6% with a strong fixed mindset and 2% with a strong growth mindset. This suggests that these students need to be motivated to be more pro-failure and accepting of mistakes to succeed in learning English. During this research, the author also taught with the support of the Family Environment Mode Approach (FEMA) (Ocampo, 2015). The study confirmed that the FEMA approach promoted a feeling of relaxation in at least half the participants during classroom activities, despite the pressures they were facing due to Test of English for International Communication(TOEIC) examination preparation. 98% of these students were also found to be extrinsically motivated in learning English grammar and reading, as they were included in their curriculum.

Defect induced polarization and dielectric relaxation in Ga2–xFexO3

We report dielectric and pyroelectric responses of solid solutions of Ga2–xFexO3 (x = 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25), exhibiting combined relaxations (Maxwell-Wagner type relaxation and Debye relaxation); however, the dominating contribution is found to be from extrinsic Maxwell-Wagner type relaxation. Furthermore, the emergence of polarization in these systems is understood in terms of the thermally stimulated depolarization current effect caused by freezing of defect dipoles associated with charged oxygen vacancies rather than the intrinsic ferroelectric behavior.

MOTIVATION TOWARDS LEARNING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE AMONG FIRST STAGE STUDENTS IN ENGLISH DEPARTMENT AT THE GARMIAN UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION:English language is a widely used language that has gained more popularity in the recent years especially in Iraq. This might be due the essentiality of English language in having a better opportunity in obtaining an educational degree, jobs, scholarships for studying abroad, and travel (Hamza, 2007). The demand for being accepted at the English department, College of Education-Garmian University is rapidly increasing year by year. What motivates them study and choose this department is a question that needs an answer so as be developed and supported or improved. It could be said that this study is vital for both the academic staff and the students, since no scientific research in Kurdistan Region dealing with this topic has been published for academic purposes.The concept of motivation has been studied widely, therefore many theories have attempted describe and define it. For example; Maslow's theory of human motivation (1943), Bandora's social learning theory (1977), and Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory SDT (2011) all addresses the concept of motivation.In this study, motivation will be approached from the viewpoint of SDT. SDT was created and developed by Ryan and Deci (2000). STD is one of the main trends in Learning English as second language motivational research (Kreishan, L. J., & Al-Dhaimat, Y, 2013). Basically, student's motivation is linked with student's tendency take part in classroom activities regarding the learning (Humaida, 2012)SDT Ryan and Deci(2000a, p. 54) define the concept of motivation as to be motivated means be moved do something. A person who feels no impetus or inspiration act is thus characterized as unmotivated, whereas someone who is energized or activated toward an end is considered motivated.The concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation have been studied wieldy. According Lepper (1988), intrinsic motivation is doing some thing because the activity is enjoyable, for the sake of learning, and feeling of achievement. Lepper also stated extrinsic motivation is doing something in order avoid punishment, getting rewards, or family appreciation, or other external reasons.Later, Ryan And Deci publish an article entitled Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions, that clearly defined types of motivation. In both developmental and educational practices, both types of motivation have been broadly studied. In this review, depending on the different contemporary researches and theories, the intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation are explained and clearly defined. Since the intrinsic type of motivation reflects the natural human tendency toward learning and assimilating, it remains an essential construct. However, the extrinsic motivation differs in its relative autonomy from the intrinsic one, thus it can either reflect external control or true regulation of self (Ryan And Deci, 2000).Different research and articles have been published in the area of motivation and its role in learning a foreign language. In some of them, the area of the study is related the study conducted in this research. For example, Al-Dhaimat and Kreishan (2013) wrote an article entitled Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation, Orientation and Achievements in L2 of Arab Learners of English, French and German: A Study from Jordan . Determining the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and orientation of Jordanian undergraduate student towards learning foreign languages were the main purpose of their study. In the study, majoring in English, French, or German at AlHussein Bin Talal University, 166 students completed a questionnaire. The results were opposite expectations, in which no substantial associations among orientation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and achievement were found. In addition, according the instrumental orientation, motivation, and external regulation, significant changes were found among the three groups of students. …

Higher frequency of sensitive skin in extrinsic type of atopic dermatitis than intrinsic type as assessed by lactic acid stinging test

Higher frequency of sensitive skin in extrinsic type of atopic dermatitis than intrinsic type as assessed by lactic acid stinging test

Work values in tourism: Past, present and future

Although work values are important psychological variables in organisations, little research has been done to clarify the way in which work values are conceptualised. We address the need within the field to understand and engage with wider debates within social science literature by presenting an up-to-date review of work values in tourism research and a synthesis of paradigms pertaining to established value models and theories. We reconceptualise work values as a second-order projection of intrinsic, extrinsic, prestige and social types of values in the work settings of tourism. We then test the conceptual validity of this model through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using data from Japanese tourism workers.

Immune Escape via a Transient Gene Expression Program Enables Productive Replication of a Latent Pathogen

How type I and II interferons prevent periodic reemergence of latent pathogens in tissues of diverse cell types remains unknown. Using homogeneous neuron cultures latently infected with herpes simplex virus 1, we show that extrinsic type I or II interferon acts directly on neurons to induce unique gene expression signatures and inhibit the reactivation-specific burst of viral genome-wide transcription called phase I. Surprisingly, interferons suppressed reactivation only during a limited period early in phase I preceding productive virus growth. Sensitivity to type II interferon was selectively lost if viralICP0, which normally accumulates later in phaseI, was expressed before reactivation. Thus, interferons suppress reactivation by preventing initial expression of latent genomes but are ineffective once phase I viral proteins accumulate, limiting interferon action. This demonstrates that inducible reactivation from latency is only transiently sensitive to interferon. Moreover, it illustrates how latent pathogens escape host immune control to periodically replicate by rapidly deploying an interferon-resistant state.

Clinical Diversity of Atopic Dermatitis: A Review of 5,000 Patients at a Single Institute.

PurposeAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic eczematous dermatitis that has a high prevalence and diverse clinical features. Although several hypotheses about its multifactorial pathogenesis have been suggested, the cause is not yet fully understood. A better understanding of the clinical features may helpful inelucidating the pathogenesis of AD.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the questionnaires, medical charts, and laboratory examination results of 5,000 patients diagnosed with AD at a single tertiary hospital in Korea.ResultsThe demographics, allergic comorbidities, family history, severity, and treatment experiences of the patients were analyzed. Most of the patients were adults, 76.3% of whom were classified as havingan extrinsic type of AD. The mean eczema area and severity index (EASI) score was found to be 13.68, and adult patients were found to have higher severity than the other age groups. The anatomical involvements were different among the age groups, with more involvements of the head and neck in adults. The patients reported seasonal changes and stress as the factors that aggravated their symptoms the most. Topical steroids and oral cyclosporine were the most used medications at our clinic, whereas 10.1% of the patients underwent allergen-specific immunotherapy.ConclusionsThis analysis of 5,000 patients would lead to a better understanding of various subtypes and diverse clinical features of AD in Koreans. Distinct characteristics were observed among different age groups; thus, treatment strategies may need to be differentiated accordingly.