Intrinsic Research Articles

Sparse Spike Feature Learning to Recognize Traceable Interictal Epileptiform Spikes.

Interictal epileptiform spikes (spikes) and epileptogenic focus are strongly correlated. However, partial spikes are insensitive to epileptogenic focus, which restricts epilepsy neurosurgery. Therefore, identifying spike subtypes that are strongly associated with epileptogenic focus (traceable spikes) could facilitate their use as reliable signal sources for accurately tracing epileptogenic focus. However, the sparse firing phenomenon in the transmission of intracranial neuronal discharges leads to differences within spikes that cannot be observed visually. Therefore, neuro-electro-physiologists are unable to identify traceable spikes that could accurately locate epileptogenic focus. Herein, we propose a novel sparse spike feature learning method to recognize traceable spikes and extract discrimination information related to epileptogenic focus. First, a multilevel eigensystem feature representation was determined based on a multilevel feature representation module to express the intrinsic properties of a spike. Second, the sparse feature learning module expressed the sparse spike multi-domain context feature representation to extract sparse spike feature representations. Among them, a sparse spike encoding strategy was implemented to effectively simulate the sparse firing phenomenon for the accurate encoding of the activity of intracranial neurosources. The sensitivity of the proposed method was 97.1%, demonstrating its effectiveness and significant efficiency relative to other state-of-the-art methods.

Curdlan/xanthan gum-based composite hydrogel with near-infrared irradiation responsive properties for infected wounds healing

Open wounds are prone to bacterial contamination and delayed healing due to environmental exposure, necessitating the development of advanced wound dressings. Hydrogels are ideal candidates for wound care for maintaining a moist environment which benefits for the cell migration and tissue regeneration. However, conventional polysaccharide hydrogels lack intrinsic antibacterial properties, prompting the incorporation of antibacterial agents. Herein, we present a novel composite hydrogel synthesized from curdlan (CUR) and xanthan gum (XG) via thermal annealing, augmented with MXene and Mg2+ to enhance antibacterial efficacy and promote cellular migration. The results proved that the mechanical properties of the composite hydrogel prepared with CUR and XG are significantly enhanced. Due to the influence of near-infrared irradiation, the antibacterial rates of XC/Mg2+/MX against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are 81.84 % and 89.27 %, respectively. This innovative composite hydrogel offers new insights and avenues in the progress of sophisticated wound healing dressings areas.

PCSK9 promotes vascular neointimal hyperplasia through non-lipid regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and autophagy

We aim to explore the impact of Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and its inhibitor evolocumab on neointimal hyperplasia. Wild type and PCSK9 knockout (PCSK9−/−) mice were subjected to ligation of the common carotid artery, with or without subcutaneous injection of evolocumab. Mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle (MOVAS) cells were pretreated with evolocumab or under siRNA-mediated suppression of PCSK9, and then exposed to platelet-derived growth factor type BB(PDGF-BB), a major promoter of MOVAS transformation to a proliferative phenotype. PCSK9 was upregulated in ligated carotid arteries and PDGF-BB-treated MOVAS cells. PCSK9−/− mice showed decreased intimal area and intimal/media area ratio, downregulation of proliferation and autophagy, which was coincidence with wild-type mice treated with evolocumab. In MOVAS cells fortified with evolocumab or silencing of PCSK9, PCNA, Beclin1, p62, LC3 were downregulated, additionally, EdU-positive cells decreased, cell viability reduced, migration ability was weakened, and the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes decreased after the treatment. We also identified the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling molecules as potential PCSK9 targets mediating proliferative effect in MOVAS cells. To sum up, our results suggest that PCSK9 has intrinsic properties to promote proliferation, migration and autophagy in VSMCs independent of its lipid-regulating role. The proliferative effects of PCSK9 may be mediated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These data provide additional evidence for PCSK9i in cardiovascular disease beyond the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-lowering benefit.

Dissecting current rectification through asymmetric nanopores

Rectification, the tendency of bidirectional ionic conductors to favor ion flow in a specific direction, is an intrinsic property of many ion channels and synthetic nanopores. Despite its frequent occurrence in ion channels and its phenomenological explanation using Eyring’s rate theory, a quantitative relationship between the rectified current and the underlying ion-specific and voltage-dependent free energy profile has been lacking. In this study, we designed nanopores in which potassium and chloride current rectification can be manipulated by altering the electrostatic pore polarity. Using molecular dynamics-based free energy simulations, we quantified voltage-dependent changes of free energy barriers in six ion-nanopore systems. Our results illustrate how the energy barriers for inward and outward fluxes become unequal in the presence of an electromotive driving force, leading to varying degrees of rectification for cation and anion currents. By establishing a direct link between potential of mean force and current rectification rate, we demonstrate that rectification caused by energy barrier asymmetry depends on the nature of the permeating ion, can be tuned by pore polarity, does not require ion binding sites, conformational flexibility, or specific pore geometry, and, as such, may be widespread among ion channels.

Dynamic fibrillar assembly of αB-crystallin induced by perturbation of the conserved NT-IXI motif resolved by cryo-EM

αB-crystallin is an archetypical member of the small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) vital for cellular proteostasis and mitigating protein misfolding diseases. Gaining insights into the principles defining their molecular organization and chaperone function have been hindered by intrinsic dynamic properties and limited high-resolution structural analysis. To disentangle the mechanistic underpinnings of these dynamical properties, we ablate a conserved IXI-motif located within the N-terminal (NT) domain of human αB-crystallin implicated in subunit exchange dynamics and client sequestration. This results in a profound structural transformation, from highly polydispersed caged-like native assemblies into an elongated fibril state amenable to high-resolution cryo-EM analysis. The reversible nature of this variant facilitates interrogation of functional effects due to perturbation of the NT-IXI motif in both the native-like oligomer and fibril states. Together, our investigations unveil several features thought to be key mechanistic attributes to sHSPs and point to a critical significance of the NT-IXI motif in αB-crystallin assembly, polydispersity, and chaperone activity.

Geotechnical and Geophysical Characterization of the Aklesal Dablyang Landslide: Implications for Slope Stability

Landslides constitute one of the principal perils in Nepal, particularly within its hilly and mountainous terrains, where a confluence of geological fragility and climatic extremities engenders precarious landscapes. Such hazards precipitate considerable loss of life and property. This investigation centers on the Aklesal Dablyang landslide in Baglung district, a potent menace to local infrastructure, agricultural domains, and human lives. By deploying a synthesis of geotechnical (laboratory-based soil analysis) and geophysical (Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)) methodologies, the intrinsic properties of the soil and rock substrata within the landslide precinct were meticulously examined. The findings reveal that the landslide comprises predominantly loose colluvial deposits with elevated moisture levels, resulting in reduced shear strength and heightened failure susceptibility. The study accentuates the pivotal influence of hydrological phenomena such as surface runoff and groundwater seepage in aggravating slope destabilization. These results underscore the exigency for efficacious risk mitigation strategies to diminish landslide impacts on vulnerable communities. The Aklesal Dablyang landslide exemplifies the intricate interplay of geological and hydrological dynamics within Nepal’s complex topographical context. This research delineates the geotechnical and geophysical determinants of slope stability, highlighting the prevalence of loose colluvial deposits exacerbated by substantial moisture content, which attenuates shear strength and heightens vulnerability to mass movement. ERT analyses divulged a stratigraphy dominated by clayey sand interspersed with cobbles and boulders, which exhibit pronounced susceptibility to mass displacement during intense monsoonal precipitation—a phenomenon exacerbated by climate change. Anthropogenic interventions, including deficient drainage systems and substandard construction methodologies, further destabilize slopes by escalating pore-water pressure and diminishing soil cohesion. The study accentuates the imperative for integrative risk management paradigms, encompassing resilient engineering solutions, hydrological controls, and community collaboration, to bolster resilience against such geo-hazards.

Magnetic isocyanate-based polyimide composite foam for efficient microwave absorption

Developing and fabricating high-performance microwave absorption materials with excellent comprehensive properties becomes an urgent necessity. In this work, a facile magnetic isocyanate-based polyimide foam with strong interfacial interaction is fabricated by vacuum-impregnating carbon nanotube (CNT)/anisotropic iron flake polyamide acid (PAA)-suspension on the surface of the skeleton. The successful loading of conductive CNT and anisotropic iron flake can facilitate the optimization of impedance matching and the generation of multiple loss mechanisms in foam, endowing it with an efficient microwave absorption performance. More importantly, self-enhancement effect of PAA as the precursor of polyimide significantly reinforces the interfacial interaction between foam and CNT/anisotropic iron flake, due to the similar molecular structure with the isocyanate-based polyimide. The strong interfacial interaction combined with their intrinsic properties further contributes to the improvement of stability and durability, such as high/low-temperature, corrosion, and flame resistance. Therefore, such excellent comprehensive performance makes it possible to become a promising defense material to be applied in harsh marine environments.

Structure tunning of MoS2@Fe3O4 by modulating electron density for enhanced Fenton-like PMS activation: Accelerated Fe (III)/Fe (II) cycle for efficient micropollutants removal

1T-MoS2 is a promising material for regulating the electronic structure of Fe-based catalyst to enhance PMS activation, due to the higher chemical reactivity of the basal plane with excellent intrinsic electronic properties. Herein, an excellent MoS2@Fe3O4 by using 1T- MoS2 as support to tune electronic structure, labeling as 1T-MoS2@Fe3O4, was successfully synthesized for faster and enhanced micropollutants degradation via Fenton-like peroxomonosulfate (PMS) activation. The composite showed remarkable catalytic performance, as evidenced by a removal rate of 1.12 × 10−1 min−1 for caffeine, which was 4.50 times higher than that of 2H-MoS2@Fe3O4, attributed to the robust capacity for Fe (II) regeneration. The efficiency of the 1T-MoS2@Fe3O4/PMS system was affected by pH, PMS and catalyst dosages, as well as water chemistry. Additionally, the potential mechanism for PMS activation was explored, showing that O2• were the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the system due to the electron-rich O sites on the composite, and electron transfer processes play an important role during PMS activation. The Mo (IV) active sites facilitated accelerated Fe (III)/Fe (II) cycle, which promoted the rapid PMS activation. Excellent degradation of micropollutants (MPs) mixture in real secondary effluent was achieved by 1T-MoS2@Fe3O4/PMS system. The possible degradation pathways of caffeine (CAF), ibuprofen (IBP), and carbamazepine (CBZ) were also investigated. This study offers a new perspective on MoS2 as a co-catalyst/support within Fenton-like system.

Influence of wood modification on parameter settings and treatment results in CO2 laser structuring of beech veneers

In this study, the possible influences of thermal modification of wood on the quality of laser texturing of beech veneers are investigated by comparing native and thermally modified samples. By varying the process parameters of a CO2 laser, the surfaces of both types of veneer were textured and the resulting surface roughness and aspect ratios were analyzed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the laser texturing and the quality of the textures produced. The main results show that the thermal modification of the wood influences the cutting widths, the removal depths, and the surface roughness, with thermally modified veneers generally having larger cutting widths and different removal depths compared to native veneers, indicating the influence of the wood modifications on the material physical and chemical properties and their interaction with the laser processing. Furthermore, the study shows how the laser processing parameters—feed rate and laser power—influence the surface quality and structural dimensions of the engraved lines, and establishes that the moisture content of the wood has a significant influence on its thermal conductivity and thus on the laser cutting process. The research work highlights the complexity of laser texturing of wood and emphasizes the need to take into account the change in the intrinsic properties of the material as a result of thermal modification.

Infant skull fractures align with the direction of bone mineralization.

The geometry and mechanical properties of infant skull bones differ significantly from those of adults. Over the past decades, debates surrounding whether fractures in infants come from deliberate abuse or accidents have generated significant impacts in both legal and societal contexts. However, the etiology of infant skull fractures remains unclear, which motivates this study with two main components of work. Firstly, we present and implement a progressive unidirectional fabric composite damage model for infant cranial vaults to represent ductile and anisotropic properties-two typical mechanical characteristics of infant skulls. Secondly, we hypothesize that these intrinsic material properties cause injuries perpendicular to the fiber direction to dominate infant skull fractures, resulting in fracture lines that align with the direction of mineralization in the infant skull. The material model and the finite element (FE) model were verified hierarchically, and this hypothesis was verified by reconstructing two legal cases with known fall heights and implementing the above damage model into CT-based subject-specific infant FE head models. We discovered that the infant skull is more susceptible to injuries within planes perpendicular to the mineralization direction because of the anisotropic mechanical property caused by the direction of mineralization, leading to infant skull fractures aligning with the mineralization direction. Our findings corroborated the several previously reported observations of fractures on cranial vaults, demonstrating that these fractures were closely associated with sutures and oriented along the mineralization direction, and revealed the underlying mechanisms of infant skull fracture pattern. The modeling methods and results of this study will serve as an anchor point for more rigorous investigations of infant skull fractures, ultimately aiming to provide convincing biomechanical evidence to aid forensic diagnoses of abusive head trauma.

Bioinspired Magnetized String with Tension-Dependent Eigenfrequencies for Wearable Human-Machine Interactions.

Flexible and wearable devices have exhibited potential for applications in the fields of human-machine interactions (HMIs) and Internet of Things. However, challenges remain in the improvement of the communication storage capacity with a simplified architecture. Inspired by tension regulation in natural tendons, a single-channel wearable HMI strategy is proposed using the eigenfrequency of magnetized strings as a sensing solution. Based on electromagnetic induction, mechanical vibration of the magnetized string can electrically induce periodical damping signals in the coil that are associated with the intrinsic eigenfrequency property of the string. Using a theoretical vibration model, nonoverlapping eigenfrequencies are precisely customized by designing the dimension/modulus or tension status of the string to broaden the eigenfrequency library. By integrating strings with different eigenfrequencies, multiple commands can be realized with a single communication channel. Moreover, identifiable commands can be flexibly tuned with only one magnetized string by customizing the tensile length (string tension) for eigenfrequency regulation. Demonstrations such as tactile addressing, authentication systems, and robotic control indicate the potential of the interface for multifunctional HMI applications. We expect that this strategy will provide a valuable reference for the future design of wearable HMI interfaces with high storage capacity and controllability in an accessible architecture.

Acute severe ulcerative colitis: using JAK-STAT inhibitors for improved clinical outcomes

Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis (ASUC) is a well-known and potentially fatal disease state, characterized by symptoms of systemic toxicity including fever, severe anemia, elevated inflammatory markers, and autonomic instability. The life-threatening nature of this condition requires clinicians to make prompt diagnoses and take rapid action, either directing patients towards surgical interventions or medical management. Failure to treat ASUC may lead to toxic dilation of the colon, hemorrhage, or sepsis. Current algorithms suggest the use of intravenous (IV) corticosteroids upon diagnosis, with transition to oral corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors upon reduction of severe symptoms for candidates deemed to be amenable to medical management. Within these classes, TNF inhibitors such as Infliximab (IFX) have proven to be the most safe, efficacious, and tolerable for patients. While IFX has much data supporting its benefits in achieving short term remission, there are still high rates of long-term need for colectomy and failure to maintain remission. This is due to interactions between the inflamed gastrointestinal tract, the increased metabolic activity seen in ASUC, and intrinsic pharmacodynamic properties of IFX. Certain novel studies suggest that Janus Kinase (JAK-STAT) inhibitors such as Tofacitinib and Upadacitinib are potent agents to salvage clinical remission achieved by IFX, upon its failure. Here we discuss methods to optimize the dosing of IFX to maximize its efficacy, while exploring recent work done on the safety and efficacy of JAK-STAT inhibitors as a salvage therapy, therefore suggesting a novel treatment algorithm to improve clinical outcomes in medically managed ASUC patients.

Vestibular afferent neurons develop normally in the absence of quantal/glutamatergic input.

The vestibular nerve is comprised of neuron sub-groups with diverse functions related to their intrinsic biophysical properties. This diversity is partly due to differences in the types and numbers of low-voltage-gated potassium channels found in the neurons' membranes. Expression for some low-voltage gated ion channels like KCNQ4 is upregulated during early post-natal development; suggesting that ion channel composition and neuronal diversity may be shaped by hair cell activity. This idea is consistent with recent work showing that glutamatergic input from hair cells is necessary for the normal diversification auditory neurons. To test if biophysical diversity is similarly dependent on glutamatergic input in vestibular neurons, we examined vestibular function and the maturation of the vestibular epithelium and ganglion neurons by immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp electrophysiology in Vglut3-ko mice whose hair cell synapses lack glutamate. The knockout mice showed no obvious balance deficits and crossed challenging balance beams with little difficulty. Immunolabeling of the Vglut3-ko vestibular epithelia showed normal development as indicated by an identifiable striolar zone with calyceal terminals labeled by molecular marker calretinin, and normal expression of KCNQ4 by the end of the second post-natal week. We found similar numbers of Type I and Type II hair cells in the knockout and wild-type animals, regardless of epithelial zone. Thus, the presumably quiescent Type II hair cells are not cleared from the epithelium. Patch-clamp recordings showed that biophysical diversity of vestibular ganglion neurons in the Vglut3-ko mice is comparable to that found in wild-type controls, with a similar range firing patterns at both immature and juvenile ages. However, our results suggest a subtle biophysical alteration to the largest ganglion cells (putative somata of central zone afferents); those in the knockout had smaller net conductance and were more excitable than those in the wild type. Thus, unlike in the auditory nerve, glutamatergic signaling is unnecessary for producing biophysical diversity in vestibular ganglion neurons. And yet, because the input signals from vestibular hair cells are complex and not solely reliant on quantal release of glutamate, whether diversity of vestibular ganglion neurons is simply hardwired or regulated by a more complex set of input signals remains to be determined.

Biomedical Potential of Cellulose: Current Trends and Future Directions

ABSTRACTThe exploration of cellulose, a natural polysaccharide derived from renewable biomass, has seen significant advancements in recent years due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility. This review paper comprehensively covers the latest developments in cellulose and its derivatives as functional biomaterials for various biomedical applications. Emphasis is placed on the intrinsic properties of cellulose, such as its mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical modifiability, which enable its wide‐ranging use in drug delivery systems, wound dressings, tissue engineering, and biosensors. The article further delves into the modification techniques—such as oxidation, esterification, and etherification—that enhance cellulose's performance, allowing it to be fine‐tuned for specialized medical applications, including the creation of scaffolds for tissue regeneration and smart materials for responsive drug release. Additionally, the hybridization of cellulose with inorganic materials offers potential in developing materials with superior antimicrobial properties and improved mechanical characteristics. This review also addresses the challenges in cellulose processing, particularly concerning optimizing its structure for specific applications, while highlighting future opportunities in the field of personalized medicine and intelligent healthcare devices. By examining both the current innovations and future trends, this review highlights the growing importance of cellulose as a sustainable and versatile resource in the biomedical industry.

Bio-Inspired P-type TeSeOx Synaptic Transistor Based on Multispectral Sensing for Neuromorphic Visual Multilevel Nociceptor.

The development of neuromorphic color vision has significant research implications in the fields of machine vision and artificial intelligence. By mimicking the processing mechanisms of energy-efficient biological visual systems, it offers a unique potential for real-time color environment perception and dynamic adaptability. This paper reports on a multispectral color sensing synaptic device based on a novel p-type TeSeOx transistor, applied to a neuromorphic visual multilevel nociceptor. Due to the intrinsic properties of TeSeOx, its narrow bandgap allows for multi-wavelength (405, 532, 655 nm) response, and its oxide semiconductor-based persistent photoconductivity converts optical signals into stored electrical signals, successfully emulating key synaptic characteristics such as excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), multi-pulse facilitation, and the transition from short-term to long-term memory. Additionally, it simulates learning, forgetting, and relearning behaviors, as well as image memory under tricolor light. Finally, using optical signals as a pain stimulus, the fundamental functions of a nociceptor are realized, including "threshold," "non-adaptation," "relaxation," and "nociceptive sensitization". More importantly, by using tricolor light, multilevel pain perception is acheived. These results have the potential to advance fields such as autonomous driving, machine vision, and intelligent alert systems.

The effects of biaxial strain and sulfur/boron doping on the photocatalytic performance of the g-C3N5 system: A first-principles study

Strain and doping are effective methods for enhancing the intrinsic properties of the photocatalyst g- C3N5. This paper investigates the electronic properties, optical characteristics, and changes in Gibbs free energy of g-C3N5 under the combined effects of biaxial strain and sulfur/boron (S/B) doping through first-principles calculations. By calculating the formation energy of the doping system, the optimal doping positions for B/S are identified. The results indicate that intrinsic g-C3N5 exhibits indirect band gap semiconductor properties with a band gap of 1.851 eV. In contrast, S/B doping reduces the band gap, with the S-doped g-C3N5 system (S-g-C3N5) displaying direct band gap semiconductor properties and a band gap of 1.677 eV. The application of tensile or compressive strain induces a red shift or blue shift in the absorption spectra of both the intrinsic g-C3N5 system and the doped system. Tensile strain positions the band edges of all systems favorably, enhancing carrier mobility and redox capability. This study provides valuable insights for the development of photocatalytic carbon nitride through atomic doping and strain modulation.

Editorial: Noble Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Heterogeneous Catalysis

As is well known, precious metal catalysts can be widely used in fields such as environmental protection, energy conversion, food processing, petrochemicals, and fine chemicals due to their unique intrinsic properties and irreplaceable catalytic activities [...]

Combinatorial sputtering synthesis of TbCu7-type Sm-Fe based compounds: A study on phase, composition, and extrinsic magnetic properties

We investigated the effect of composition on the phase and extrinsic magnetic properties of TbCu7-type SmFe-based compounds using a combinatorial sputtering technique. Composition-spread thin films of SmFex (x=6.4–12.7) and SmFexN (x=6.8–12.8) were synthesized using a linear shutter-assisted combinatorial sputtering technique. A high-throughput composition, phase, and magnetic characterization were performed on 18 different locations along the film using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) magnetometry. The optimal composition with the highest fraction of the main phase was found to be in SmFe9.8 and SmFe9.5N and beyond this composition, the α-Fe secondary ferromagnetic phase emerges. The coercive field and remanence of the SmFe9.5N are estimated to be ∼0.8 T and ∼1.2 T, respectively. Further, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) was performed at SmFe9.5N to correlate the microstructure with their extrinsic magnetic properties. Overall, this study demonstrates the impact of composition variation on the phase and extrinsic magnetic properties of TbCu7-type SmFe-based compounds, which can be utilized to tailor magnetic properties for targeted advanced magnet applications.

The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: Galactic Center Search for Scintillated Technosignatures

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence at radio frequencies has focused on spatial filtering as a primary discriminant from terrestrial interference. Individual search campaigns further choose targets or frequencies based on criteria that theoretically maximize the likelihood of detection, serving as high-level filters for interesting targets. Most filters for technosignatures do not rely on intrinsic signal properties, as the radio-frequency interference (RFI) environment is difficult to characterize. In B. Brzycki et al. (2023), we proposed that the effects of interstellar medium (ISM) scintillation on narrowband technosignatures may be detectable under certain conditions. In this work, we perform a dedicated survey for scintillated technosignatures toward the Galactic center and Galactic plane at the C band (3.95–8.0 GHz) using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) as part of the Breakthrough Listen program. We conduct a Doppler drift search and directional filter to identify potential candidates and analyze results for evidence of scintillation. We characterize the C-band RFI environment at the GBT across multiple observing sessions spread over months and detect RFI signals with confounding scintillation-like intensity modulation. We do not find evidence of putative narrowband transmitters with drift rates between ±10 Hz s−1 toward the Galactic center, ISM-scintillated or otherwise, above an equivalent isotropic radiated power of 1.9 × 1017 W up to 8.5 kpc.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-corrosion property of graphitic carbon nitride for carbon steel in acid medium

The present study involved the synthesis of a 2D material known as graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) using solvothermal method and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Gravimetric and electrochemical methods, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), in combination with surface analysis techniques such as SEM, EDS, optical profilometry (OP), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to confirm its anti-corrosive properties. The findings revealed that the effectiveness of g-C3N4 increased proportionally with higher concentrations, reaching its peak potency of 85.0 % at a concentration of 100 ppm. Remarkably, the effectiveness of inhibition increased as the temperature rose until it reached 40 °C, but then decreased as the temperature continued to increase up to 60 °C. Density function theory and molecular dynamic simulation were used to correlate the experimental data to explain the intrinsic properties of g-C3N4 and the adsorption mechanism. The primary mechanism of corrosion inhibition was found to be the adsorption of g-C3N4 onto the steel surface. This was confirmed through surface analysis using SEM, EDS, AFM, OP and computational study.