Extreme Positions Research Articles

Encountering Goddesses in Late Antiquity: Notes on Metamorphoses of Mythic Figures in Religious Storytelling

ABSTRACT: The imagined universe of the people of Late Antiquity was heavily populated by gods. Even the broader philosophical trends and monotheistic foundation of Judaism and Christianity had failed to entirely diminish their power. How then did Jews and Christians cope with such a backdrop presence of “other gods”? Earlier research suggested that Jewish attitudes, which found their way into early Christian sources as well, fluctuate between accommodation and rejection. Following analysis of Jewish and Christian Late Antique literary traditions dealing with gods, and more specifically, goddesses, this article aims to demonstrate that such “fluctuation” resulted – in addition to the extreme positions – in a variety of middle of the road strategies. These strategies point to a keen harmonizing impulse to absorb—via domestication—motifs with mythic religious vitality from the broader cultural repository.

The analysis of the jump ring on the surface of a thin wall copper tube by drawing with a floating plug

The defect of the jump ring on the surface of the thin wall copper tube by drawing with a floating plug was analyzed, experiment was based on a direct reading spectrometer, metallographic microscope, SEM, and 3D surface topography instrument. Research shows that: when the plug position was over the extreme for-most position, the copper tube was extruded between the drawing die and mandrel, forming a localized necking state; when the plug position was over the extreme rear-most position, the copper tube was drawing in the empty sinking state. The plug does not play a finishing affection, which causes local projections of surface materials. The jump ring macro showed a ring bamboo section scar with bright and dark, micro performance for the uneven wall thickness.

Baseball Arbitration as a Suitable Alternative for Construction and Real Estate Disputes

Baseball Arbitration (or Final Offer Arbitration (FOA)) is a dispute resolution mechanism to resolve controversies where each party submits a final offer. The arbitral tribunal must then decide by picking only one of these proposals. Given the arbitrators’ powers’ limitations, these proceedings are usually shorter and less expensive than traditional dispute resolution mechanisms. In addition, contrary to conventional arbitration, parties tend not to assume unrealistic or extreme positions, which could promote amicable settlement since it is an all-or-nothing proceeding. FOA could effectively resolve monetary disputes in industries where parties seek to preserve the commercial relationship while avoiding unnecessary delays. Therefore, Baseball Arbitration could be advantageous in the construction and real estate sectors. However, most arbitral institutions do not have specific rules for conducting Baseball Arbitration proceedings. This article proposes a model clause for parties wishing to submit their disputes to FOA. In our proposal, the arbitrator will receive the parties’ final offers and then issue its reasoned award, asserting the rationale to choose one offer over the other. Arbitration, Baseball Arbitration, Final Offer Arbitration, ADR Mechanisms, Construction Disputes, Construction Arbitration, Real State Disputes, Real Estate Arbitration, Model Clauses

A Modern Defense of Simple Rules for a Complex World

My 1995 book Simple Rules for a Complex World articulated a general proposition that, in most situations, simple legal rules perform better in two key dimensions: (1) they are simpler to interpret and enforce, and (2) they generate efficient incentives on the parties to whom they apply. I then applied that view to matters of general legal theory, to matters of environmental law, and to disputes over labor. These principles apply to all forms of legal regulation, but in this Article, I shall limit my analysis to the five articles in this Collection. These are by Richard Revesz on global warming, Cynthia Estlund on the contract at will, Lior Strahilevitz and Rebecca Hansen on labor organization efforts on company property, Lee Anne Fennell on price discrimination, and Franita Tolson on the independent state legislature theory. The Revesz Article takes an extreme position on responses to global warming that misses the inherent cyclical nature of the underlying determinants of global warming, and thus calls for prompt intervention in energy markets that is likely to prove far more costly and socially destructive than the current energy markets dominated by fossil fuels. The Estlund Article imposes unworkable restrictions on the ability to hire and fire that cannot work especially in two key contexts: both start-ups with high turnover rates as well as mass layoffs. Hansen and Strahilevitz defend an unduly aggressive application of statutes of limitations that would, if adopted, make it vastly more difficult to mount any challenge against virtually any regulation. I then offer a brief and sympathetic comment on Lee Ann Fennell’s price discrimination analysis, which demonstrates the ability of standard contractual forms to facilitate beneficial cooperation in a wide variety of market situations. Finally, the Tolson Article on the independent state legislature theory does not present challenges to the Simple Rules issue, but it does illustrate the perils often inherent in overly clever approaches to constitutional interpretation. A close examination of these articles shows how the dangers of complex legal rules, and the corresponding benefits of simple legal rules, are as relevant today as they were some 28 years ago.

Abstract Number ‐ 234: Bilateral Non‐Painful Stimulus‐Induced Decerebrated Posturing In A Bilateral Pontine Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report

Introduction A 38 year‐old right‐handed female is a fully functional teacher with past medical history of hypertension, type II Diabetes Mellitus, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and infertility. She presented to our emergency department (ER) on the same day she was discharged twice from a local ER for acute onset persistent non‐fluctuating left‐sided weakness and painful bilateral leg spasms that woke her from sleep. Patient had pertinent exam findings of moderate pharyngeal dysarthria, mild right nasolabial flattening, mild weakness of left upper extremity (LUE), and stereotyped, painful tonic extensor posturing of the bilateral lower extremities associated with back arching and extensor response of bilateral toes. NIH Stroke Scale was 10. Methods We conducted a review of patient clinical documentation. Results MRI Brain showed anterior asymmetric bilateral pontine ischemic strokes at the ventral pontomedullary junction. MRA brain with black blood sequencing revealed multifocal vasculopathy at the right V4, mid‐basilar and left M1 segments. An angiogram showed Moya‐moya type collaterals. Tonic posturing and spasms persisted for several hours requiring muscle relaxants and benzodiazepines for symptomatic management. Unfortunately, the patient had worsening LUE weakness, inability to swallow and was found to have total vocal cord paralysis. She was intubated for airway protection and after failing extubation required tracheostomy and percutaneous gastrostomy placement. Initial workup revealed poorly controlled hyperlipidemia (LDL 162) and diabetes (A1c 8.7%), CRP 7–9, hypercoagulable panel and transthoracic echocardiogram were unremarkable. Lumbar puncture was also unremarkable (CSF TNC 2, RBC 3, glucose 116, protein 35, Enterovirus and HSV 1,2 PCR, Streptococcus antigen and VDRL were negative). Anticoagulation was started for an incidental right lower lobe subsegmental pulmonary embolism. Ultimately, the patient was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation (IPR) with a Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 4, on day 19th of hospitalization with some improvement in oral intake and decannulation of tracheostomy. Conclusions Movement disorders caused by strokes have been described in the literature. In their majority, they are secondary to a supratentorial injury. There have been some cases published of infratentorial, unilateral lesions that have caused different types of involuntary movements. More specifically, two papers described tonic spasms seen in pontine strokes. To our knowledge, this is a novel description of a case of bilateral pontine ischemic stroke that causes painful tonic spasms associated with decerebrate rigidity or posturing. Our hypothesis is that given the localization of the strokes in the anterior area of the inferior segment of the pons there may be involvement of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and rubrospinal tracts which may be responsible for this presentation. Posterior circulation strokes can be missed about 9–14% of the time, possibly due to atypical presentations. We believe that presenting this case can help to improve the current available literature on this topic.

Forecasting the 2020 and 2024 U.S. presidential elections

AbstractAmerican popular and Electoral College presidential elections are forecast for 2020 and 2024, employing auto‐regressive time series and cross‐section probit models. Predictions are between the Republican and Democratic parties, not named persons. Year 2020: In July 2020, the Democrats' two party popular vote was predicted to be 52.7%. They received 52.2%. The cross‐section Electoral College model showed Democrats could not win the White House without winning all of Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Nevada, which they did with 306 Electoral Votes. Year 2024: Democrats are predicted to win the 2024 presidency with 272 electoral votes, including Nevada's six votes and most of the large states they won in 2020. Democrats are predicted to win 53.7% of the popular vote. Fed's policies are expected to reduce inflation to 5.5%. Trump announced his candidacy in November 2022; however, other candidates are announcing for 2024. Trump's extreme positions in office and erratic behavior after losing in 2020 and then encouraging the January 6 insurrection are experiences Democrats can exploit. Events occurring after December 31, 2022, do not influence the predictions presented here.

Executive power in European Union politics

AbstractIn the multilevel system of the European Union (EU), national governments have been empowered at the expense of parliaments. We study the executive power shift in EU politics in the formation of national preferences. This article shows that governments are more likely to integrate parliaments and external actors, such as other governments and EU institutions, when they advocate extreme bargaining positions in EU negotiations. We theoretically develop this argument and provide an empirical study of Eurozone politics, covering the preference formation of 27 EU member states. The analysis shows that the executives are overall the dominating power: most of the time, governments form national preferences on their own. When governments integrate additional actors, they mostly rely on external actors and do so to avoid blame and to shift responsibility. These findings question whether the integration of national parliaments in EU politics indeed addresses democratic accountability concerns.

Culture from the Slums: Punk Rock in East and West Germany by Jeff Hayton

Reviewed by: Culture from the Slums: Punk Rock in East and West Germany by Jeff Hayton Joe Perry Culture from the Slums: Punk Rock in East and West Germany. By Jeff Hayton. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. xvii + 364. Cloth $100.00. ISBN 978-0198866183. At "the first and only museum dedicated to the world's greatest Punk band, the Ramones," fans and curious visitors can find over 1,000 artifacts that span the band's history: rare photos, posters, instruments, and "stage-worn clothing" including Joey Ramone's gloves and CJ Ramone's "blood-stained finger tape" (https://www.ramonesmuseum.com/). The museum and its extensive website explore all things Ramone—yet as Jeff Hayton explains in the opening pages of his history of German punk, it is surprisingly located in Berlin, not New York, where the band rose to fame. Indeed, as Hayton shows, Germans on both sides of the Berlin Wall had unique affinities for punk rock. Although the subculture had its apotheosis in the 1970s and [End Page 176] 1980s, German punk music, books, films, couture, and concerts continue to attract impressive audiences. "Punk has always been a minority taste," writes Hayton, "but its influence upon German life has been profound" (3). In Culture from the Slums, he tells us why. The alternative identities and communities forged by punks in both East and West Germany helped youths find meaning and purpose in their lives. Mainstream society was "inauthentic," but punk was a vehicle for genuine and independent institutions and lifestyles. Punks challenged conformity in different ways in the capitalist West and the communist East, but on both sides of the Iron Curtain, they forced the state and society to respond to their provocative acts and ideologies. As a "motor for social change," Hayton concludes, punk's impact encouraged both Germanys to shape more heterogeneous and pluralistic societies (8). The book opens with chapters on the transnational origins of the German punk scenes in the FRG and the GDR, and on the diverse beliefs and practices of East and West punks; it concludes with an epilogue on "Memory and Meaning" that explores punk's legacy for politics and culture in the Berlin Republic. In both East and West, authenticity, individuality, and difference (Anderssein), as counterpoised to familiar conventions, were foundational. In the GDR punks repudiated the conformist society shaped by "real-existing socialism." In the FRG they attacked consumer-driven, democratic capitalism. Even as they celebrated creativity and experimentation, punks embraced ideologies of rejection. They targeted conformity, the 1960s generation, school and family, the socio-political status quo, and "modern life" itself. Punks continually policed the boundaries of the subcultural community, condemning those who lacked the requisite authenticity. "Living means more than simply existing," wrote a Hamburg-based punk fanzine, "Are you living?" (63). Culture from the Slums next recounts the history of punk in the FRG and the GDR in fine detail. Punks were always a small minority of youths—perhaps 0.05 percent in West Germany in 1981—but their influence on the social imaginary was far greater than their physical presence. By 1980 Western punk was an established movement, but it was already riven by fractures over art and politics. Making experimental music and singing in German pushed the boundaries of popular culture, helped liberate German rock from Anglo-American hegemonies, and gave voice to postindustrial, Cold War anxieties. But Kunstpunks, who sought radical new sounds, clashed with Hardcores, who favored harder beats and extreme political positions. The schism was exacerbated by the incorporation of punk genres into the increasingly commercialized Neue Deutsche Welle in the early 1980s. When the emergence of the so-called Fun Punk abandoned marginality for commercial success, Hardcore punks turned to violence against police, neo-Nazi skinheads, and even themselves. Although the subculture remained, by the mid-1980s it was exhausted as a viable way to transform the mainstream from the margins. [End Page 177] In East Germany, floundering official attempts to manage the small but tenacious punk scene moved from tolerance to repression to integration across the 1980s. At first, the Stasi tolerated—but closely observed—the tiny number of East German punks. After a concert that...

Lower Extremity Posture Assistive Wearable Devices: A Review

Many work-related tasks demand able-bodied employees to assume uncomfortable postures for long periods. This can lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The situation demands the employees to be physically empowered while ensuring their agility and flexibility. In that context, wearable bodyweight support systems have come to the forefront as a futuristic solution to reduce the stress on the human body when assuming sitting and/or crouched postures. Recently, heightened attention on these posture assistive devices was evident with an increasing number of products, patents, and research articles. However, reviews of such wearable posture assistive devices for the lower limbs are lacking in the literature. Thus, this article specifically focuses on reviewing existing methods and technologies to assist workers in the industrial or service sectors to work in uncomfortable or crouched postures. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews method was used to identify and analyze 43 unique designs from research and patent databases. The critical review of the technologies was performed after classifying these devices into commercial phase, lab/research phase, and conceptual design phase. This review has comprehensively covered the trends and patterns of the modern developments in posture assistance and includes future directions for the research community. Holistically, this article serves as a reference to set up a benchmarking system for wearable posture assistive devices.

Revisiting RANS prediction of transitional flow on T3A flat plate subject to various freestream turbulences

A laminar–turbulent transition subject to a freestream turbulence involves highly complex flow mechanisms, which have received considerable interest in the past decades. Accurately predicting such complex physical phenomena is significantly challenging using computational fluid dynamics solvers, particularly in industrial engineering applications. In this study, the capability of two transitional turbulence models—k−kl−ω and k−ω−γ−Re˜θt—to predict a T3A plate transition scenario was revisited. First, the predicted boundary layer data was compared to ERCOFTAC experimental measurements. Subsequently, a transitional flow subject to constant and sinusoidal freestream turbulences was systematically investigated. Under a constant freestream turbulence, the two models exhibited opposite tendencies of the transition starting and ending positions with the increase in Refst. However, there were still some similarities between the results of the two models. When the length scale was fixed, the transition area moved upstream with increasing turbulence intensity. The transition zone was more sensitive to a small length scale than to a considerable length scale. The dynamic boundary layer under the sinusoidal combination condition was less disturbed than the sinusoidal turbulence intensity and the sinusoidal specific turbulence dissipation rate. Regardless of the type of sinusoidal freestream turbulence the boundary layer was exposed to, increasing the oscillation frequency significantly disturbed the transitional flow. It was observed that the inertia effect of the dynamic onset point was enhanced by increasing the oscillation frequency. Concurrently, a significant phase delay occurred, and the delay time was approximately proportional to the oscillation frequency. The extreme position of the transition onset close to the leading edge of the plate was not affected by the oscillation frequency, whereas it depended on the sinusoidal variable. However, the extreme downstream transition onset point was significantly affected by the oscillation frequency.

Prehistoric Astronomical Observatories and Paleoclimatic Records in Bulgaria Estimate Astroclimate during 4000–4500 BCE: A Critical Assessment

Prehistoric astronomical observatories include a specific type of rock-cut monuments from the Mountainous Thrace in Bulgaria, with a specific shape and orientation in space, which are part of the characteristic representatives of the archeoastronomical sites on the Balkan Peninsula from the period of 4000–4500 BCE. Earlier societies focused on the triad “astronomical instrument”—celestial objects—trained observers. When choosing sites for the construction of oriented stone complexes for astronomical observations, prehistoric people were interested in the number of clear days and nights within the tropical year, which is connected with the paleoclimate of the region and to the astroclimate, which determines the possibility of observing heavenly bodies. Here we examine 13 prehistoric astronomical observatories using the methods of archaeoastronomy in order to determine the period of their operation. Since the existence of a large number of such objects is indirect evidence of a good astroclimate, we make an assessment of the paleoclimate in the relevant era in the Bulgarian lands in order to find out if it was suitable for astronomical observations. The estimations are made according to the geological data and solar insolation luminescence proxy records of the evolution of cave speleothems from Duhlata cave in the village of Bosnek, Pernik municipality, which is still the only available experimental record of past solar insolation in Europe covering the last 20,000 years. The number of clear days and nights are estimated, and a critical assessment of the possibility of successful observations of the Sun during equinoxes and solstices is made using the methods of “horizon” astronomy and meridional culminations. It is also shown that the climate at the end of the Ice Age was cooler than today. About 11,700 years ago (11,700 radiocarbon years before 1950 CE or 11,700 BP), the climate began to warm, and forest vegetation developed on the territory liberated from the glaciers. During the Upper Atlantic (6–8 thousand years BCE), the average annual temperature on the Balkan Peninsula and in particular in Bulgaria was about 2–2.5 °C higher than it is today. This climate allows some very good astroclimatic conditions for observations of the Sun near the horizon and increases the accuracy of the observational data in determining the time of occurrence in its extreme positions on the horizon. We show that changes in climate (and astroclimate accordingly) influence the type of prehistoric astronomical observatories.

Challenges for anaesthesia for robotic-assisted surgery in the elderly

Steep and reverse Trendelenburg positions are often used in robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) to improve surgical access. The elderly are particularly vulnerable to the cardiovascular effect of the combination of pneumoperitoneum and these extreme positions. Falls in both cardiac output (CO) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) caused by pneumoperitoneum are enhanced in reverse Trendelenburg. Hypotension with dangerous cerebral and myocardial hypoperfusion may occur. Caution should be exercised in patients with low cardiac reserve and the degree of peri-operative risk should dictate the level of haemodynamic monitoring employed. The effects of pneumoperitoneum on CO are less pronounced in the standard Trendelenburg position due to gravity, but head-down combined with pneumoperitoneum can increase both MAP and systemic cardiovascular resistance. However, in patients with impaired myocardial contractility, the head-down position may lead to cardiac failure. In addition, the adverse respiratory effects of pneumoperitoneum, which include reduction of pulmonary compliance and functional residual capacity, may be exacerbated by steep Trendelenburg. At the same time, hypercarbia resulting from CO2 insufflation can lead to an increase in stasis of brain blood flow and intracranial pressure with possible repercussions on cognitive functions in the elderly. Another problem is the increase in intra-ocular pressure during steep Trendelenburg, and injury to the optic nerve has been reported after robot-assisted prostatectomy. Finally, strategies to use the lowest possible pneumoperitoneum pressure are considered to reduce possible complications. Moreover, the extreme positions should be limited only to the time strictly necessary for surgery and should be avoided in high-risk patients.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МЕТОДІВ ВИПРОБУВАНЬ ГІДРООБ’ЄМНОГО РУЛЬОВОГО КЕРУВАННЯ ТРАКТОРІВ

Abstract Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to increase the level of technical readiness of tractors based on indicators of the technical state of steering by improving the process of its diagnosis. In order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to substantiate the estimated indicators and develop a method of testing the hydrovolume steering of tractors using the method of partial accelerations. Research methods. The methodological basis of the work is the use of the method of partial accelerations. This method is based on the transition from the vector sum of forces in space to the vector sum of accelerations in space. This makes it possible to preserve the physical essence of the obtained vector equation describing the motion of the dynamic system. The method of partial accelerations, in contrast to classical methods, involves reducing the equations of dynamics to the equations of kinematics (principle of kinemodynamics). Further research is based on this principle. The results of the study. A method of testing hydraulic volumetric steering of tractors using the method of partial accelerations has been developed. The time of rotation of the tractor wheels from the extreme position to the extreme position is an indicator for diagnostics. It was established that the duration of turning the tractor wheels from the extreme position to the extreme position is correlated with the accelerations that occur in the front and rear half-frames of such a tractor. The rotation accelerations of the rear half-frame are more pronounced, compared to the accelerations of the front half-frame. This is explained by the different values of their mass index. Measurement of the indicator is possible using the method of partial accelerations. For this, measuring complexes based on accelerometers are used. Conclusion. The implementation of methods for assessing the quality of tractor steering units and the units developed according to the proposed methodology will allow for an accelerated assessment of their compliance with technical conditions and traffic safety during tests and in operation. The application of partial accelerations method makes it possible to make a conclusion about the technical condition of the elements and nodes of the hydraulic steering of the tractor without the presence of a special platform for running tests. As a diagnostic indicator, the longitudinal component of acceleration that occurs when the guide wheels turn is proposed. The labor intensity of tests using this method is reduced by 3.28 times compared to the known ones, and the consumption of working fluid is also reduced by 2.7 kg, as the operation of disassembling units is eliminated. Key words: tractor, hydraulic power steering, test, turning time, condition indicator, method.

Partisan Confidence Model for Group Polarization

Models of opinion dynamics play a major role in various disciplines, including economics, political science, psychology, and social science, as they provide a framework for analysis and intervention. In spite of the numerous mathematical models of social learning proposed in the literature, only a few models have focused on or allow for the possibility of popular extreme beliefs' formation in a population. This paper closes this gap by introducing the Partisan Confidence (PC) model inspired by the foundations of the well-established socio-psychological theory of groupthink. The model hints at the existence of a tipping point, passing which the opinions of the individuals within a so-called “social bubble” are exaggerated towards an extreme position, no matter how the general population is united or divided. The results are also justified through numerical experiments, which provide new insights into the evolution of opinions and the groupthink phenomenon.

The Revue International Anarchiste's World Survey (1924–1925)

The Revue International Anarchiste's World Survey (1924–1925)

Language-based transfer learning approaches for part-of-speech tagging on Saint Petersburg Corpus of Hagiographic texts (SKAT)

The article describes an experiment about training a part-of-speech tagger using artificial neural networks on the St. Petersburg Corpus of Hagiographic Texts (SKAT), which is being developed at the Department of Mathematical Linguistics of St. Petersburg State University. The corpus includes the texts of 23 manuscripts dating from the 15th–18th centuries with about 190,000 words usages, four of which were labelled manually. The bi-LSTM, distilled RuBERTtiny2 and RuBERT models were used to train a POS tagger. All of them were trained on modern Russian corpora and further fine-tuned to label Old Russian texts using a technique called language transfer. To fine-tune transformer-based language models it was necessary to tokenize the texts using byte pair encoding and map tokens from the original Russian-language tokenizer to the new one based on indices. Then the model was fine-tuned for the token classification task. To fine-tune the model, a tagged subcorpus of three hagiographical texts was used, which included 35,603 tokens and 2,885 sentences. The experiment took into account only the tags of the parts of speech, the classification included seventeen tags, thirteen of which corresponded to parts of speech, and the remaining four marked punctuation marks. To evaluate the quality of the model, the standard metrics F1 and Accuracy were used. According to automatic evaluation metrics, the RuBERT model showed the best result. Most of the errors were related to incorrect generalization of linear position patterns or to the similarity of word forms in both the extreme left and extreme right positions.

L’imperceptible – Merleau-Ponty

What does the imperceptible mean? Is not such a question unavoidable for Maurice Merleau-Ponty, who is an illustrious thinker of perception? In this paper, I demonstrate that the French philosopher, in his published texts and unpublished manuscripts, provides an insightful reflection regarding the phenomenon of imperceptibility, which permeates some main domains of his thought. I underscore that his approach is articulated on two intimately related concepts, namely the imperceptible and the imperception. I start by unveiling Merleau-Ponty’s archetypal refusal of two extreme philosophical positions that conceive of the imperceptible, on the one hand, as a purely factitious or factual entity, and, on the other hand, as a radical and absolute reality. This approach leads me to discuss Merleau-Ponty’s keynote conception, namely an imperceptibility that appears paradoxically at work for perception. I show that such an interdependence between imperception and perception typically takes for him the form of a specific chiasm, of which I scrutinize several notable expressions. Lastly, I address Merleau-Ponty’s insightful sketch of an even further sophisticated theory, wherein imperception would be eventually reintegrated within perception itself.

ВЛИЯНИЕ УВЕЛИЧЕННОГО ЗИГЗАГА КОНТАКТНОГО ПРОВОДА НА РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МОЩНОСТИ НАГРЕВА ПОЛОЗА ТОКОПРИЕМНИКА МАГИСТРАЛЬНОГО ЭЛЕКТРОПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА

The objective of the study presented in the article is to improve the mathematical model for calculating power losses in a pantograph slide, in particular, taking into consideration the enhanced values of a contact wire zigzag during the motion of an electric rolling stock. The subject of the study is a pantograph slide. The article provides an example for calculating the slide of a pantograph equipped with carbon inserts, illustrating that the heating of the entire structure of the slide is performed stronger when a contact wire is in the extreme position of the enhanced zigzag, while the distribution of heating along the slide is uneven and the greatest power of resistive heating is observed over the shunts. The obtained results of heating power distribution of the slide allow us to supplement the complex model of a thermal state of the pantograph developed at Omsk State Transport University. The versatility of the model allows to investigate various zigzags of the contact wire and to assess the impact on distribution of traction current along the slide, depending on the installation locations of shunts and their quantity.

Features of the Historical Policy of the LDPR

The LDPR is the oldest of modern Russian political parties, a permanent successful participant in federal elections. Parties occupying extreme positions in the political spectrum are characterized by having their own ideas about the past, which they actively promote. Over the decades of active activity, the LDPR has managed to develop its own distinctive historical policy based on the views of the long-term leader of the party, V. V. Zhirinovsky. The author of the article analyzes the attitude of the Liberal Democrats to the key events of national history, identifies the features of their party policy in the field of memory, compares approaches with other political parties. The main sources were official documents of the LDPR, interviews, books and articles by party leader V. V. Zhirinovsky, publications carried out with the support of the party. Unlike other political parties, the LDPR addresses not only the historical events of the turbulent XX century, although it occupies a major place in the historical policy of the party. The main leitmotif of the national history of the LDPR considers opposition to the collective West, which for centuries after the collapse of the united Christian Church, tried to eliminate a competitor in the face of the East, and in particular Russia. The expansion of the West took place both by force and ideologically, which the party assesses as more destructive. Through the prism of this confrontation, the LDPR considers most of the key events, the most striking example of Western intervention was the 1917 revolutions inspired by him. The party considers the Russian Empire to be the ideal of the state. The formation of the LDPR's historical policy has not been fully completed, and the party has not yet formulated a single point of view on certain issues.

ВІДТВОРЕННЯ ДІАЛЕКТНОЇ ТА РОЗМОВНОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ В АНГЛОМОВНОМУ ПЕРЕКЛАДІ ФІЛЬМУ “ПАМФІР”

У статті здійснено спробу дослідити способи перекладу на англійську мову діалектної та розмовної лексики, яка вживається в українській кінострічці “Памфір”. Предметом дослідження є перекладацькі прийоми та трансформації, які застосовує перекладач для відтворення діалектного та розмовного мовлення. Методом суцільної вибірки було одержано лексичні одиниці для здійснення аналізу перекладацьких трансформацій. Для досягнення поставленої мети, перш за все, було досліджено погляди науковців на проблему перекладу діалектної лексики та різні способи її передачі з однієї мови на іншу. Це дало змогу встановити, що концепції вчених різняться за своїм спрямуванням – від крайнього бачення нейтралізувати діалектизми у перекладі – до іншої крайньої думки – створити штучний діалектний відповідник. За допомогою описового методу, а також аналізу перекладацьких трансформацій було встановлено прагматичну соціокультурну цінність досліджуваних діалектизмів. Результати дослідження засвідчили, що: 1) серед способів відтворення діалектного і розмовного мовлення в українському та англійському перекладах (у вигляді субтитрів) домінує прийом нейтралізації (55,5% та 79,9% відповідно); 2) перевага саме цього виду трансформації в англійському перекладі безпосередньо зумовлена нейтралізацією українського варіанту, що передає озвучувану форму буковинському діалекту, на якому розмовляють персонажі фільму; 3) прийом нейтралізації будь-якої лексики під час субтитрування може бути пов’язаний із технічними особливостями цього виду кіноперекладу, зокрема необхідністю зберегти відповідність між звуковим та текстовим рядом. Проте це не дає перекладачеві волю користуватися цим прийомом надмірно. Проведене дослідження дало змогу зробити висновок, що найбільш адекватним способом перекладу культурно-специфічної діалектної та розмовної лексики є поєднання методів нейтралізації (у тих випадках, де жодна інша трансформація неможлива) з методом компенсації та пошуком наближеного еквівалента з-поміж діалектів мови перекладу. У статті запропоновано варіанти перекладу буковинських діалектизмів та розмовної лексики для досягнення максимальної адекватності у перекладі.